Project Madurai Copyright (c) 2001 All Rights Reserved Oppiyal ilakkiyam (a study of Comparative Literature) by Dr. K. Kailasapathy, M.a., Ph.D. 旼컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴커 � THIS TEXT FILE IS FOR REFERENCE PURPOSES ONLY! � � COPYRIGHT AND TERMS OF USAGE AS FOR SOURCE FILE. � � � � Text converted to Classical Sanskrit Extended � � (CSX) encoding: � � � � description character = ASCII � � � � long a � 224 � � long A � 226 � � long i � 227 � � long I � 228 � � long u � 229 � � long U � 230 � � vocalic r � 231 � � vocalic R � 232 � � long vocalic r � 233 � � vocalic l � 235 � � long vocalic l � 237 � � velar n � 239 � � velar N � 240 � � palatal n � 164 � � palatal N � 165 � � retroflex t � 241 � � retroflex T � 242 � � retroflex d � 243 � � retroflex D � 244 � � retroflex n � 245 � � retroflex N � 246 � � palatal s � 247 � � palatal S � 248 � � retroflex s � 249 � � retroflex S � 250 � � anusvara � 252 � � anusvara (overdot) � 167 � � capital anusvara � 253 � � visarga � 254 � � (capital visarga 255) � � long e � 185 � � long o � 186 � � � � additional: � � l underbar � 215 � � r underbar � 159 � � n underbar � 173 � � k underbar � 201 � � t underbar � 194 � � � � Other characters of the CSX encoding table are � � not included. Accents have been dropped in order � � to facilitate word search. � 읕컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴켸 oppiyal ilakkiyam kal�niti. ka. kail�capati M. a., Ph.D. Etext Preparation: Dr. N. Kannan of Germany, Mr. Ramanitharan Kandiah of New Orleans, USA and Mr. R. Padmanabha Iyer of London, UK Proof-reading: Mr. Mukundaraj Munisamy, Woburn, Ma, uSa Web, PDF versions: Dr. K. Kalyanasundaram, Lausanne, Switzerland Source acknowledgement: Kumaran Publishers, 3, Meigai Vinayagar Street, Vadapalani, Chennai 600 026, Tamilnadu, 1999 (c) Project Madurai 1999-2001 Project Madurai is an open, voluntary, worldwide initiative devoted to preparation of electronic texts of tamil literary works and to distribute them free on the internet. Details of Project Madurai are available at the website http://www.tamil.net/projectmadurai You are welcome to freely distribute this file, provided this header page is kept intact. oppiyal ilakkiyam kal�niti. ka. kail�capati M. a., Ph.D. Oppiyal ilakkiyam (a study of Comparative Literature) by Dr. K. Kailasapathy, M.a., Ph.D. camarppa�am pall性�uka乙ka e춁tu ilakkiya muya웒ika�ai n퉟maiyu�a� vimarcittu �kka� ko�uttu vantavarum i췃aiya 湜attu e�utt贍ari� mu��비ika�i� oruvarum pi웏rmo�iyilakkiya�ka�aik ka윜u maki�ntu ava윜ait ta�uviyum peyarttum tami�ukku a�iceytavarum, pala tu웏i vallunarum惜a k�la쨇e췃a a.na. kantac�mi avarka�atu ni춁ivukku inn�laic camarppikki읂� mu�춙rai 'oppiyal ilakkiyam' e췃a talaippil� tokukkap pe윜u應a ka葺uraika� n惜 pattirikaika�ukku avvapp틊u e�utiyava윜i� cila. potuppa�pu�aiya ippati춐ru ka葺uraika�aiyum o췃u c퉟attokuttap틊u avai 틆a�avu k�lavaraiya웏iyaiyo葺i amaintirukkak k性ki읂�. emakkuk ki�aikkum mikap pa�aiya c惜읃r ceyyu�ka�iliruntu ta웛�lap p�rati p葉alka� varai e춁tu ka黜비�am p�yntirukkak k性al�m. ilakkiyatti� to�arcciyil e춁kku 饍nta nampikkaiyu椿u. atu p튽av� ilakkiyatti� ulakap potumaiyilum acaikka mu�iy�ta nampikkaiyu應ava�. innampikkaika� ne쨇il� ne�u�k�lam�kap patintiruppa춁v�tal�l avvapp틊u e�utu�ka葺uraika�il a�ka�k� ve�ippa�uvatu iyalp�. cum�r irupatu varu�a�ka�ukku mu� y饍pp性am intuk kall�riyi� pa�ittuk ko椿irunta k�lattil kall�rikkup pakkalil na焌ttappe윜a intuc�ta춁m e췃a v�ra 뱉�i웛u e�utal惜묶. e��비u oru c�lai m性avar�yirunta i.murukaiya춙m ivve�utt�rvatti� pa�ku ko椿avar�. i�a�ka췃u payama웙y�tu e춑atu p튽a 퉡퉡틍ell�m e�uti�튾. appo�utu n惜 e�utiya ka葺uraiyo췃u ippo�utu ni춁ivukku varuki웏tu. ulaka ㅰ춊yar cilaratu nalluraika�aik ku웏�p�kka� cilava윜비u oppi葺u va應uvari� m퉙p葉�ai e�uttuk k葉�iyirunt묶. pattir�tiparukku poru� pi�ittirukkav뱝�um; 'va應uvar vi쨇i vi葺�r' e췃a talaippi� cila ka葺uraika�ait to�arntu ve�iyi葺u �kkama�itt�r. a췃u pati춁intu vayatup paruvattil� e�utiyatu poru� 饍amu�aiyat�ka iruntirukka viyal�tu. 惜�l oppun튻kum pa�akkam nilaittu vi葺atu. kall�riyilum pi�춁r palkalaikka�akattilum puttakam v�cikkum ruciy튋pa葺up palavakaiy惜a n�lka�aip pa�ittap틊u mu웛�웙ya oppun튻ku u웫tippa葺atu. n惜 kall�ri m性ava��ka irunta k�lattil퉧� va.v�.cu. aiyaratu kampar�m�ya�am pa윜iya 涉kilat ti웏��yvu n�lve�i vantatu. 퉘av� oppun튻kil 蜃up葉irunta e춁kku ann�l p퉟�kkam嚴�iyatu. tami�il oppiyal �yvu ceyyum pi웏rum e�춁ip p튽av� aiyarukkuk ka�amaippa葺avarka� e춁 ni춁ikki읂�. i췃u aiyaratu oppiyal �yvi� ku웏ini웏ika�ait tu�iya mu웤a�um po�utu aiyaratu celv�kk� ceya웤a�uki웏tu e춁l v뱝�um. oruvakaiyi� p�rkkum p틊u n惜 e�utum ka葺uraika� palava윜ilum ivvoppiyal n튻ku nilai i�aiy비uki웏te춁l�m. ilakkiyamum ata� vi�ai nilam�kiya camut�yamum ulakappotuv惜a niyatika�ukku 튋pa na�appa춁v� e�춙m u�maiyai u�ara u�ara inn튻ku ilakkiyak kalvikkup putiya poru�ait taruvat�yu應atu. ittakaiya ilakkiya n튻kaip pi웏ru�a� pakirntu ko應um muya웒iyi� vi�aiv� ittokutiyu� a�a�kiyu應a ka葺uraika�. oppiyali� tattuva�ka� e췃a muta� ka葺urai viㄴ惜ayukattil ilakkiyatti� nilaiyaiyum oppiyal �r�ycciyi� viㄴ惜ap pa�puka�aiyum �r�yki웏tu. ipporu� pa윜i m묶葉�u n�lka�il n惜 ka윜a웙ntavai ka葺uraiyi� kalantu應a춁. ira椿�vatu ka葺urai tami�il oppiyal ilakkiya �yvu na�antirukkum�윜ai vivarikki웏tu. 1968-�m 性�u ja춁vari m�tam ce�춁iyil na�anta ulakattami犁r�yccik karuttara�kil� i�am pe윜a oppiyal ilakkiya �yvuka� ku웙ttu oru ku웙ppu ata춙�a� i�aittu應묶. tami�il v�rayukap p葉alka� e췃a ka葺urai m튋k�웙ya karuttara�kil� n惜 pa�ittatu 涉kilattiliruntu mo�ipeyarttirukki읂�. n惜k�vatu ka葺urai iru k비p葉uka� e춑atu m耶잀vatu ka葺uraiyi� to�arcciy�ka atu amaintu poru� vi�akka� ceyki웏tu. 'perum peyar ulakam' e췃a aint�vatu ka葺uraiyil pa�an tami�ilakkiyatti웛性um tu웏kkattai jerm惜iya m퉘ulakattu�a� oppun튻ki ira椿i웛um potuv惜a a�ippa�aika�aic cu葺ik k葉�iyirukki읂�. �잀vatu ka葺urai ematu k�la u�arvu pa윜iyatu. kir퉗ka ilakkiyac ceytika� oppun튻ki� paya춑a�uttap pa葺u應a춁. pa�amai p틹웫m pa�pu ematu n�lka�il evv�웫 ceya웤a葺u vantirukki웏tu e춑atu n�m mukkiyam�kak kava춊tta웛uriya poru�. oppiyal �yvu poru� vi�akkattukkup p퉟utavi ceyvatai ikka葺urai k葉�uki웏tu. k�talum ka葺upp葉um kir퉗ka ilakkiyattu�a� oppun튻ki ye�utappa葺u應atu. cittar tattuvam e췃a e葺�vatu ka葺uraiyil cittar marapi춁iyum ata� mukkiyattuvattaiyum k비i葺uk k葉�i c勝a n葉�ut t�v틐ika�u�a� tami�akattuc cittarai oppun튻ki vivarittu應묶. m묶葉焌ciriyar cilaratu n�lka� ikka葺uraiy�kkatti웛up peritum paya춑a葺a춁. o춑atu mutal pati춐췃uvaraiyu應a m耶웫 ka葺uraika� mak�kavi p�rati campantam惜avai. p�rati pa윜iya ti웏��ypuka�il� p틊iya�avu va웤u웫ttappe잀 amca�ka�ai ivai e�utturaikki췃a춁. n�li춊웫tiyil ikka葺uraika�ai e�utu�k�l tu�ai ni췃a mukkiyam惜a n�lka�ai varicaippa�uttiyu應묶. viriva쨇it t퉟nta cilava윜aiy� i�ku ku웙ttirukki읂�. pa�aippilakkiyattilum ti웏��yvu mutaliya a웙vilakkiyat tu웏ika� ayar�ta u�aippai v뱝�i ni웤a춁. na�aimu웏iya춙pavatt�lum n�� payi웒iy�lum� ilakkiyak kalvi cemmaiya�aiki웏tu. ilakkiyam e춑atu ㅰ�틊ayatti� ve�ipp葉alla. ata웛um vara� mu웏iyu椿u. a葺ava�aiyil ku웙ttu應a n�lka�ait tavira v튋u palavum ikka葺uraika�i� uruv�kkatti웛up paya� pa葺irukki췃a춁. ava윜i� cilava윜ai n�lil 涉k涉kuc cu葺iyirukki읂�. ikka葺uraip poru�ka�ai m퉘um �r�ya vi�aipavarkku uc�ttu�ai n�lka� muta웤a�iy�ka amaiyum e춁 nampuki읂�. e춁tu ilakkiya muya웒ika�ukku v�ypp�ka �ciriyarum na�parum amainta춁r. itu e춁kkuk ki�aitta na웤튋�m. 湜attil e춁tu neru�kiya ilakkiya na�parka乙춁 murukaiya�, civattampi, kantac�mi, celvar�ca� mutaliy틆um tami�akattil� rakun�ta�, a�akiric�mi mutaliy틆um pirapala ka�춁�ae�utt贍ar u�uppi 惜anta m�rttiyum pi웏rum m묶葉�ilakkiya�ka�i� payi웒iyum p性�ittiyamum u�aiyavar�. itto�arpuka�i��l n惜a�ainta paya춁i v튋upa�uttip p�rppatu ilakuva췃u. ku웙pp�ka na�parka� murukaiya춙m, civattampiyum inn�lilu應a ka葺uraika�ai e�utu� k�lattu n辰�a carccaika� ceytavarka�. ila�kaip palkalaik ka�akattil� e춁kkut tami�a웙vitta p퉟�ciriyar ka�apatippi應ai tamatu vic�lam惜a u應att�l ulaka ilakkiya�ka�ai 틆nta�antavar. e춁tu oppilakkiya v뱉kaikku u웒�kantantu ura m嚴�iyavar avar. parmi�h�m palkalaikka�akattil� e춁tu �r�ycci m튋p�rvaiy贍ar惜a p퉟�ciriyar tomca� 'na�am葉um kalaikka�a쨇iyam' e췃u va�a�kappa葺avar. oppiyali� tattuva�ka�ai avari�am ka윜atu ma葺uma췃i ava윜i웛u uruva� ko�ukkavum pa�akikko椿묶. ivarka�ukkell�m evv�웫 na췃i k�웫vatu? upac�rattukku app�웤a葺a u應attu na�pukku v�rttaika� 퉡u? pala ca쨇ikaika�ilum pattirikaika�ilum cita웙k ki�anta ka葺uraika�ait tokuttu v뱝�iya m�윜a�ka� ceyyumpo�utu mikka �rvattu�a� utavi ceytavar, e춁tu mu��贍 m性avar惜a ca.katirk�man�ta�. n惜 e�utiyava윜aip pirati ceyvatil ivarum v튋u cilarum ott�cai purinta춁r. e�utt贍a na�parka乙춁 ka蜀cali�ka춙m n�.cuntarali�kamum n�li� amaippup pa윜i �l튰a춁ika� k�웙yutavi춁r. ivarka�ukkell�m e춁tu ma춁muvanta na췃i. ittokutiyil a�a�kiya ka葺uraika�i� perump�l惜avai vevv튋u a�avil� ti춁kara� pattirikaiyil ve�i vantavai. iva윜aik k�lattukkuk k�lam e�utap pa黜um pattir�tipar na�par i.civakurun�ta춙kku na췃i uriyatu. i웫tiy�ka o췃u k�웏 virumpuki읂�. p�rati oru cantarppattil e�uti�惜: "k�riyam mikapperitu, e춁tu ti웏mai ci웙tu. '�kaiy�l' ita춁i e�uti ve�iyi�uki췃묶. pi웏rukku �tarcam�ka a췃u, va�ik葉�iy�ka." payil to웫m p�ratiyi� putumai k性um n惜, imm튋k븍ai ni춁intu ko�ki읂�. inn�lilu應a ovvoru ka葺uraiyum ta춊tta춊 n�l�ka viritte�utakk嚴iyatu. anta vakaiyil ikka葺uraika�ai mu웛u웙ppuraika乙kav� karutuki읂�. e춁tu n�lka�ai ve�iyi�uvata웛u ma춁muvantu �kkama�ittu varum tiru. cellappa�, ka�amuttaiy� �kiy틆ukku a춑u ni웏inta na췃ika�. 'tami�akam' 29, 42vatu o�u�kai ko�umpu - 6. ka. kai poru�a�akkam oppiyali� tattuva�ka� - 1 tami�il oppiyal �yvu - 23 tami� v�rayukap p葉alka� - 48 iru k비p葉uka� - 61 perum peyar ulakam - 79 po� k�lamum putuyukamum - 89 k�talum ka葺upp葉um - 116 cittar tattuvam - 137 cintukkut tantai - 160 p�ratiyum cuntaram pi應aiyum - 196 p�ratiyum m묶葉�uk kavi쨅rum - 219 uc�t tu�ain�lka� - 228 n�l�ciriyar akaravaricai - 242 �ciriyaratu itara n�lka� pa椿ait tami�ar v饍vum va�ip葉um tami� n�val ilakkiyam a�iyum mu�iyum 1. oppiyali� tattuva�ka� nav勝a �r�ycciyi� k性appa�um mukkiya pa�puka�ilo췃u pala tu웏ika� m�웙m�웙 o췃ai yo췃u 嚴uruvip p�tippat�kum. ut�ra�am�ka oru k�lattil mo�in�l e춑atu ilakka�attai �t�ram�kak ko椿a mo�i varal�윜�yv�kak karutappa葺atu.i췃u mo�iyiyali� cila pirivuka�aic cemmaiy�kak ka윜ut t퉟vata웛uk ka�itaviyal, pu應iyiyal, pautikaviyal mutaliyava윜i� a웙vu i췃iyamaiy�tirukki웏tu. atu p튽av� oru k�lattil aka犁r�ycci e춑atu nilattait t빎�i ma웏intu ki�akkum poru�ka�aik ka椿e�uttu vi�akkum payi웒iy�kak karutappa葺atu. i췃u irac�ya춁m, pautikam mutaliya a웙viya윜u웏ika�i� a웙vu peritum v뱝�appa�um oru puttam putiya �yvup pakutiy�ka atu va�arntu varuki웏tu. ippotup p튻ki웛u iyaiya ilakkiyamum ta웛�latti� pi웏tu웏ika�i� t�kkattaip pe윜u varuki췃atu. oru k�lattil kavitai e춑atu karuvil� tiruvu�aiy�r�l pa�aikkap pe윜u i춑am payakkum iyalpo췃� amainta "t�ya" kalaiy�kak karutappa葺atu. i췃� po웙m言aiy�m ka�a춊 cum�r惜a taramu應a kavitai ceyyuma�avi웛uk kavitaik kalai a웙viyali� t�kkattaip pe윜u應atu itil �ccariyappa�uvata웛u o췃umillai. ematu yukam viㄴ惜ayukam. viㄴ惜am ematu v饍kkai mu�uvataiyum e黜a윜a va�ika�ilum vakaika�ilum p�tikki웏tu. �kav� v饍kkaiyi� vi�aiporu乙kavum ila�ciyak ka춁v�kavum amainta ilakkiyam a웙viyali� celv�kkait tavirttu iya�kamu�iyum�? mu�iy�tu. viㄴ惜a yukattilum ilakkiyam ta춁kke춁v틆 i�attaip pe윜� u應atu. 惜�l avvilakkiyatti� ta춎ai niccayam�ka m�윜a ma�aiki웏tu. putiya karuttukka�aiyum nampikkaika�aiyum atu 튋잀la췃ic ceya웤a�a viyal�tu. pa�aippilakkiyam oru pu웏mirukka ilakkiya �yvilum n튻kilum etta춁iy� m�윜a�ka� nika�ntu應a춁. oru ci웫 ut�ra�am k葉�uv튾. ce췃a n�윜性�i� pi웛�웫varai ilakkiya varal�웫 ematu mo�iyil e�uta muya췃avar evarumilar. 묶e춊l, k�lav�r�ycci mukkiyam�kak karutappa�avillai. viㄴ惜ap piriv�kiya uyiriyali� niyatiy�kap pari鎚mak ko�kai t벼웙yataiyo葺i pa�imu웏i va�arcci e�춙� k비p葉u cinta춁iyi� a�kam�ka amainta k�lattil퉧� ilakkiya va�iva�ka�i� t틹웏mum va�arcciyum poru�mai cu葺uva춁v�yi춁. ivv�웫 ilakkiya �yvil vantu pukunta putu mu웏ika�il o췃� oppiyal �yvu. ilakkiyattukku mu�춁t�ka oppiyal n튻ku mo�iy�r�ycciyi� ci웏ppup pa�p�ka iruntatu. ata웛um mu�춁t�ka a웙viya윜u웏ika�i� ta춊cci웏ppup pa�p�kaviruntatu. oppun튻ku mo�iy�r�ycciyai ne웙ppa�uttiya pi�춁r� mo�i �yvu, mo�iyiyal �yi윜u. mo�iyiyal a웙viyali� (Science) antastaip pe윜atu. mo�iyiyalukkup pututtakaimai a�ikkumu� m惜i�aviyal, cam�kaviyal, poru�iyal, puviyiyal mutaliyava윜i웛u a웙viyal antastaik ko�uttatu oppiyal �yv퉧�kum. curu�kak k�웙� atu ce췃avi�amell�m ci웏ppuc ceytu應atu e췃u k�웏l�m. oru vakaiyi� p�rtt�l ematu mo�iyil ma葺uma췃i v튋u pala mo�ika�ilum oppiyal �yv惜atu ilakkiyat tu웏ikkuk k�la� ka�ant� vantu c퉟ntirukki웏tu. oppiya� ca葺am, oppiyal matam, oppiya� kalvi, oppiyal araciyal e춑a춁 틆a�avu va�arccipe윜avaiy�kak k性appa�a oppiyal ilakkiyam ka�aik ku葺iy�ka irukki웏tu e춁l�m. �kav� ata춁ik kava춁m�ka va�arkka v뱝�iyu應atu. i�춐ru vakaiyi� p�rkkum po�utu oppiyal n튻ku ilakkiyakkartt�kka�i�attut to췃uto葺uk k性appa�uki웏tu. pi웏 n�l�ciriya춁ip pa윜iya a웙vum pi웏 n�� payi웒iyum a�ippa�aiyil oppun튻ku�aiya춁v�. mikap pa�a�k�lattavar惜a c惜읃raik ka�akke�ukk�tu vi葺�l ematu talaiy�ya n�l틆ell�m va�amo�iya웙vu�aiy틆�kav� iruntirukki췃a춁r. atu ma葺uma췃u. kampa춁ip p벼웏 pulavarukku va�amo�iy비u ka�춁�am mutaliya tir�vi�a mo�ika�um terintirukkal�m e춁k karuta i�amu椿u. ilakkiyak�raraivi�a ilakka�ak�rarum ilakka�ak�raraivi�ac camaya n�l�rum pa춎o�ip pulamaiyum paranta oppun튻ku mu�aiyavar�yirunta춁r. "t퉣a p葉aiyil ikkatai ceytavar m�va r惜avar tammu�um muntiya n�vi ��rurai yi춑a�i n惜tami�p p�vi ��litu u�arttiya pa�par�" e춁k kampa� n�l varal�웫 k�웫m p틊u ta춁kku mu� va�amo�iyil ir�ma k�taiyaip p葉iya m�varaiyum avaru應um �tikaviy�kiya v惜m�kiyaiyum ci웏pp�kak k�웫ki췃a춁�. m�varaiyum oppun튻ki avaru� v惜m�kiyaiy� t惜 pi춑a윜iruppat�kak k�웫ki잀� kampa�. imm�var惜avar v惜m�ki, viy�car, akattiyar e춑atu malaiy贍a mo�iyilu應a r�macaritam k�웫� ceyti. nakar n薪ku pa�alattil� "te춃o� ka�ant惜 va�aco� kalaikku ellai t퉟nt惜" e췃u kampa� ir�ma춁ik ku웙ttuk k�웫vatu kampa춁tu iru mo�in튻kukku ma윜oru c惜잀kum. �tikaviyi� perumaiyaiyum p퉟�윜alaiyum palapa�app틹웫m kampa� etta춁iy틍i�a�ka�il kataiyamaippu, p�ttira v�rppu mutaliyava윜il v惜m�kiyiliruntu v튋upa�uvata웛u �ti k�viyattai ma춁ttiruttiyamaiy� 퉡uv�kum. kampa춁ip p튽av� ematu yukatti� mak�kaviy惜a p�ratiyum pa춎o�ip pulava��kat tika�nt惜. "y�ma웙nta pulavaril�" e췃u ava� p葉umpo�utu oppun튻kiy퉡惜 ka椿a u�maiyai uraikki췃惜. atup튽ap p西c�li capatattaip p葉iyap틊u ci웒ila i�a�ka�il viy�cariliruntum v튋upa�uvata웛um oppun튻k� 퉡uv�kum. ta웛�la �ciriyar cilar air틄piya mo�iya웙vu�aiyar�tal�l ilakkiyattaip pa�aikkum p틊um vimarcikkump틊um air틄piya ilakkiya�ka�ai ma춁ttiliruttik ko�ki췃a춁r. ilakkiya �ciriyarai vi�a ilakka�a n�l�r oppu n튻ku atikam kai vantavar�yirukki췃a춁r. tolk�ppiyac collatik�rattuc c묶�varaiyar e�utiya uraiyiliruntu orut�ra�am p�rkkal�m: "va�a coll�vatu va�a coll비okkun tami�c colle췃�r�l uraiy�ciriyare춊�, a윜a췃u: okkume췃u collappa�uva춁 orupu�aiya춐ppumaiyum v튋웫maimu�aimaiy惜 ira椿�kal v뱝�um. ivai e�utt惜um poru乙춙m v튋up葉i춎aiy�kiya oru collilakka�amu�aimaiy惜 ira椿u colle춁ppa焌: ata��l ottal y性�aiyatu? oru coll퉧�rma춑atu." c묶�varaiyaratu karuttu orupu웏m�ka, va�a collaiyum tami�c collaiyum oppun튻ki apippir�ya� k�웫nta춎aiy� i�kuk kava춊kkattakkatu. c묶�varaiyar p벼웏 va�a mo�ic c�rpu�aiy틆atu oppun튻ku u�maiyil oppun튻kum ma�� p�vatti춁�ippa�aiyil t벼웙yatalla e춑ataiyum ata� u應�rnta ku웏ivup葉�aiyum pi�춁r k葉�uv묶. 惜�l oppun튻ki� paya� vipar�tam�yamainta p틊um oppun튻ki웛u i췃iyamaiy�tat惜a pa춎o�ippayi웒i ekk�lattum v뱝�appa�uvat� e춑atai ilakka�a uraiyiya윜iya i�amp�ra�arai va춎aiy�kak ka椿ikkum va�a n�웛a�alum te춗ami�k ka�alum nilaika椿u�arnta �ciriyar civaㅰ춁y튻ika� a���ri� pi웏mo�iya웙vi춎aiyaik ku웙pp�kak kuttikk葉�uvatu ma춁� ko�attakkatu. tami� n�l o췃� valla uraiy�ciriyaru應i葺틆 uraiyai �ciriyar karutt�kak ko椿u pi�춙應틆um maya�kuv�r�yi춁r. ivv�웫 uraiy�ciriyarai ma葺anta葺um civaㅰ춁 y튻ika� va�a n�� ka�alai nilaika椿a웙nta c묶�varaiyar e췃u puka�m�lai c嚴�uvatum ku웙ppi�attakkat�. ilakka�a n�l�r ivv�잀ka ivari춙m k嚴iya�avu oppun튻ku�aiyar�y irunta춁r. camayav�tika� tarukkam mutaliya춁va윜il ma웫kkappa�a v뱝�iya춁va윜ai oruvar p�rvapakka� ceyvatu oppun튻ki� utaviyaik ko椿퉧�kum. ma�im퉗alaik k�ppiyattil� palv튋u camayak ka�akkari�am o葺iya camayat tu웫poru� k뱉kum ma�im퉗alai oppun튻ki� paya��ka pauttatti� makimaiyai aiyami췃i a웙ntu ko�vat�kak k葉�uki잀r c�tta��r. caiva citt�nta c�ttira n�lka�ilo췃惜a civaㅰ춁 cittiy�ril parapakkam, cupakkam �kiya iru pakutika�ilum mu웏iy� paracamaya ma웫ppum caiva citt�nta vi�akkamum k�웏ppa�uvata웛u oppun튻ku i췃iyamaiy�tatu. cama�a camayattavar�kiya tolk�ppiyar marapiyalil� tantiravuttika�ai virittuk k�웫mi�attu, oppakk�웏l, ta춌비k�웏l, pi웏춙�ampa葺atu t惜u�ampa�utal e춑a춁va윜ai camaya� c�rnta oppiyali� va�ivanta tarukkattilirunt� e�utt贍ki잀r. ivaiy�vum camayak ka�akkari� mati va�ivanta oppiyalukku ut�ra�a�ka�. ivv�웫 ematu mu��틆 oppu n튻ku�aiyar�yiruntirukkavum ata춁ip putuvat�kak k�웏 v뱝�u� k�ra�am e�춁ve춁c cilar e黜ak k嚴um. ata웛u vi�ai k�웫mukatt惜 nav勝a oppiyali� tattuva�ka�ai vi�akkik k�웏l�m. ik ka葺uraiyi� to�akkattil� �윜al ilakkiyattilum a웙vilakkiyattilum 튋pa葺u應a a웙viyal t�kkattaik ku웙ppi葺묶. nav勝a oppiyal ilakkiyam itt�kkatti� vi�aivuka�il o췃u. nav勝a oppiyalaip pa椿aiya oppiyaliliruntu (avv�웫 k�웏kk嚴um惜�l) v튋upa�uttuvatu ati웛aiy贍um mu웏iy퉧�kum. viㄴ惜a mu웏i viㄴ惜attukku muntiy� pintiy� t벼웫vatalla. atu viㄴ惜atti� u�a� pi웏viy퉧�kum. atup튽av�, nav勝a oppiyal nav勝a mu웏iyi춊췃um t벼웫vatu. viㄴ惜attil mu웏iyaiyum poru�aiyum pirikka mu�iy�tatu p튽a oppiyal ilakkiyattaiyum oppiyal mu웏iyaiyum o췃iliruntu o췃u pirittu vi�a iyal�tu. n�m m퉘� ut�ra�a� k葉�iya ilakkiya �ciriyarum ilakka�a n�l�rum camaya v�tika�um tattam t퉣aikkum iyalpukkum 튋pap poru�ka�ai oppu n튻ki춁r. e춊춙m avarka�i� pirat惜a n튻kam tamatu nampikkaiyai allatu apippir�yattai uyartti u웫tip pa�uttuvat�. cittiy�ril parapakkamum cupakkamum amaittata� n튻kam u�maiyil ku�am n葉ik ku윜amum n葉i ava윜u� mikai n葉i mikka ko�vatalla. atu 틆a�avi웛ut terintu te�ivat�kum. camayav�tiy�kiya cakal�kama pa椿itar meyccamayam�kat t惜kaik ko椿irunta caivattai nilai n葉�uvata웛u itara camaya�ka�ai nir�karikka v뱝�um�tal�l parapakkattai amaitt�r c묶�varaiyar. va�a mo�iyaiyum te� mo�iyaiyum oppu n튻kiyata� paya��ka ira椿aiyum m퉘um 饍am�ka a웙yavillai. m�잀ka, "tami�c col va�ap葉aikka� cell�maiy惜um pa�a col ell�t t퉧atti웛um potuv�kal惜um ivai va�acoll�y 辰�u va�a�kappa�a춁 ve춁l v뱝�um" e췃u oru p�웛비iyuraitt�r. civaㅰ춁 y튻ika� puka�vatu p튽ac c묶�varaiyar va�an�� ka�alai nilai ka椿u�arnta var�yiruttal k嚴um. �yi춙m tami�aiyum va�a mo�iyaiyum oppi葺a p틊u ira椿um pa�춅�u�k�lam�ka arukaruk� va�a�kiyamaiy�l tami�c co웛a�um va�ap葉aikku� ce췃irukkal�m e췃a e黜am avarukkat t벼웏villai. k�ra�am va�a mo�i t퉣ap葉ai e췃a m嚴anampikkaiy�kum. �kav� avaratu oppun튻ku 퉘av� ma춁ttili�am pe윜irunta oru talaiy惜a tap黜ettukku ara�ceyvat�kav� amaintu vi�uki웏tu. avaratu oppun튻kup peyara�avil oppu n튻k퉧a췃i u�maiyil tava잀춁 mu�ivuka�ait tavirkkavum ta�ukkavum mu��튋p葉uka�aik ko椿a t�yirukkavillai. c묶�varaiyar va�a col ell�tt퉧atti웛um potu e춑atu ettu�ait tava잀춁t� atu p벼웏t� ata웛u ma웫talaiy�kat tir�vi�am ulaka mo�ika�il t�y e춑atu. oppiyal mo�i e�춙m peyarait t涉ki��lum t퉣a n퉧app�v性ar p벼읃ratu �yvu n�lka� oru talaip pa�cam惜avaiy�. p�l�r ka黜appa mutaliy�r k�웙yiruppatup튽, t퉣an퉧ap p�v性arukku "irukkum tami�ppa윜u a�avi�a웤�lata췃u" e춁 n�mum k�웏l�m퉧a췃i avaratu oppiyal �r�ycci mu웏iyaip p�r葉�aviyal�tu. ka黜appamutaliy�r k�웫ki잀r: "va�a mo�i e춁k karutappa�um pala co웛a� tami� co웛a鍮 e췃u acco웛a�i� a�ic co웛a�i� va�i ni웫vikk葉�a vallavar...t퉣an퉧ap p�v性ar." ta춊ppa葺a oruvaratu vallamaiyalla mukkiyam, avar kaikko應um �r�ycci mu웏i appa�ukka윜at� e춑at� kava춊kka v뱝�iyatu. cunitikum�r, ca葺arji, pa읃 mutaliya mo�in�l �r�ycciy贍arai ut�ra�attukk�ka e�uttuk ko�v튾. va�a mo�iyil va�a�kum tir�vi�ac co웛a�ai ivarka� e�uttuk k葉�iyirukki췃a춁r. cum�r e�un�윜ukkumatikam惜a tir�vi�ac co웛a� palv튋u k�lap pakutika�il va�a mo�iyi� ce췃a�aintiruppataip p퉟�ciriyar pa읃 tokuttu應�r. 惜�l ivar ivv�웫 k�웫m po�utu tir�vi�am ulakat t�ymo�i e�춙m ta웤erumaiy� allatu va�a mo�i t퉣ap葉ai e�춙m aka�k�ram� ill�tu irumo�ika�aiyum oppan튻ki o췃aiyo췃u p�tittu vantamaiyaic c惜웫 k葉�i ni웫vuvat� n튻kam�yu應atu. atu ma葺umall�tu mo�ika� o췃aiyo췃u evv�웫 p�tikki췃a춁 e�춙m mikap potuv惜a niyatiyai u�arttuvatum avv�yvi� paya��ka amaiki웏tu. 惜�l ivv�yvu ta춊yoru ma춊tari� vallamaiy�kav�, cilarukkut tirupti tarum muya웒iy�kav�, ir�mal y�varum 튋웫t t�mum m튋ko應akk嚴iya �r�ycciy�ka irukka v뱝�um�yi�, �r�ycci mu웏i mayakkami췃iyum a웙viyal c�rntat�yum iruttal avaciyam. ut�ra�am�ka va�amo�ikka� va�a�kum tir�vi�ac co웛a�ai niru�ayikka mu춁inta pa읃 cila na�aimu웏ika�ai m튋ko椿�r va�amo�ikka� payilum oru col, tir�vi�ac coll�yirukkal�m e�춙m aiyam튋pa葺atum mutalil accol tir�vi�a mo�ik ku�umpattil� evv�웫 parantu k性appa�uki췃atu e춑ata춁i n튻ki��r. va�a tir�vi�a mo�ika�ilum accol va�akk�웫�aiyat�yi� atu tir�vi�ac coll�ka iruttal k嚴ume췃u 틆a�avu tu�int�r. ata� pi�춁r accol intiy�vilu應a �riya mo�ika�il ettakaiya va�akk�웫�aiyatu e춑ata춁i n튻ki��r. ata� pi�춁r pi웏 int�-�riya mo�ika�il evv�웫 va�a�kuki웏tu e춑atai �r�ynt�r. �riya mo�ika�ilum intiy�vi웛u ve�iy퉧u應a int�-air틄piya mo�ika�ilum ata� varal�웫 tiruptikaram�ka ill� vi葺�l atu tir�vi�attilirunt� tir�vi�a mo�iyo췃ilirunt� va�a mo�ikkuc ce췃iruttal v뱝�um e춁t tu�int�r. ata� pi�춁rum va�a mo�i n�lka�il� ekk�lattiliruntu ac col payi췃u varuki웏tu e춑ata춁i niccayappa�uttik ko椿�r. ivaiy�va윜i� i웫tiy�kav� ac col 튋att饍a i�춁 k�lattil� tami�ilirunt� allatu m�lat tir�vi�attilirunt� va�a mo�ikkuc ce췃atu e춁 oruv�웫 tu�intu k�웙��r. m튋k�웙ya �r�ycciyaik kava춊tt�l p퉟�ciriyar pa읃vukku "va�amo�i e춁k karutappa�um cila co웛a� tami�c co웛a鍮 e춁 ni웫vik k葉�um vallamai" a췃i oru mo�iyiliruntu i�춐ru mo�ikkuc co웛a� pu�ai peyarvataik ka椿a웙yum mu웏i kaivarap pe윜amai pula��kum. itai i�춙� ci웙tu vi�akkuv튾. ta춊yoru ma춊ta춙�aiya ta춊c ci웏pp惜a �윜alai m�ttiram ivv�r�yccikku a�avu k튽�kak ko椿�l atu potuv惜a niyatika�ukkuk ka葺uppa焌ta to췃�ki vi�uki웏tu. avv�웏췃ic cila vitika�i춁�ippa�aiyil na�ai mu웏ika� a춙葺ikkap pa葺�l avvitika�aip pi춑a윜um m性ava� eva춙m avv�r�ycciyaic ci웙ya a�avil묶um ceytal mu�iyum. mu�int�l atu potuv惜a paric�la춁iy�ka amaiki웏tu. viㄴ惜ap paric틊a춁ika�ai etta춁i p퉟um etta춁i ta�avaiyum ceyyal�m; avva�ippa�aiyil퉧� pa�ippa�iy�ka a웙vu viruttiya�aiki췃atu. mo�iy�r�ycci pa윜iya ivvut�ra�am a웙viyal mu웏i evv�웫 ceya웤a�uki췃atu e춑atai 틆a�avu vi�akkuki웏tu e춁 e黜uki읂�. ilakkiyattil immu웏i peruma�avu ceya웤a�uvatu oppiyal �yviyal�kum e춊춙m atai vivarikkumu� m튋k�웙ya viㄴ惜a mu웏iy�tu e춁c curukkam�kak k�웏 v뱝�um. oru poru�ai allatu nika�vai viㄴ惜i k�rntu n튻kik ku웙ttuk ko�va춁va윜ait taravuka� e춌i읃m. oru poru�aip pa윜iya taravuka�u�a� pi웙torutokutit taravuka�ai oppun튻kum po�utu iya웛aiy惜a orumaipp葉uka� cilava윜aiyum potuk ku�a�ka�aiyum k性ki읃m. at�vatu pala mu웏i avat惜itta taravuka�i췃um cila potu mu�ivuka� a췃i vitika� vakukkappa�uki췃a춁. cila camaya�ka�il taravuka�aip pe웏 mu�춁r� 퉡�vatoru potumu�ivai allatu vitiyai �kam�kak ko�ki읃m. ata춁iy� karutuk븍 e춑ar. paric틊a춁iyi춑틊u ki�aikkum mu�ivu muta웛o椿a karutuk븍 cariy� tava잀 e춑ataik k葉�um. �yi춙m karutuk븍, �yvi웛u muta윜퉣aiy�ka amaiyum. viㄴ惜attukku ovvum ivv�yvu mu웏iyai oppiyal �r�ycciyi� m�lam kalai ilakkiyattu웏ikkum 튋웏t�ka n�m amaittuk ko應a iyalum. ita춁ic ci웙tu viritturaikkal�m. viㄴ惜a �r�ycciyil� e�uk븍 mukkiya i�am vakikki웏tu. potuv�ka viㄴ惜ika� iru a�ippa�ai meymmaika�ait tamatu �r�yccika�ukku muta웤a�iy�ka 튋웫k ko�var. na�appavaik kell�m k�ra�am irukki웏 te춑atum or� ta춎aiy惜a k�ra�a�ka� nilaimaika� m�잀tirukkum惜�l or� m�tiriy惜a paya춁iy� a�ippa춁 e춑atum avarka� 튋kum iru e�uk븍ka�. mutal�vatu e�uk븍 mu�iva윜a �r�yccikku 퉡uv�kavum nampikkaiyum �kkamum a�ikkum caktiy�kavum amaiki웏tu. ira椿�vatu e�uk븍i춁�ippa�aiyil vevv튋u viㄴ惜ika� ku웙ppi葺a paric틊a춁ika�ait tirumpacceytu carip�rkka va�i pi웏kki웏tu. ivviru e�uk븍ka�ai ilakkiya �r�ycciy贍a춙m mu춌嚴�iy� 튋웫k ko�vata웛u ta�aiyetuvumillai. oru n�l ku웙ppi葺a k�lappakutiyil� t벼웫vata웛u 퉡ukka� iruttal v뱝�um. ulakam uyya v뱝�ume춑ata웛�kat tiruvu�a� ko椿a periy�r ti蠢re춁 aru�ic ceyvatu ilakkiyam e췃a ait�kattai n�kki, k�ra�a k�riya niyatikku� ilakkiyattai a�akka ivve�uk븍 utavuki웏tu. atu muta� paya�. k�ra�am iruttal v뱝�um e췃u nampi��l akk�ra�attaik ka椿upi�ikka ayar�tu u�aittalavaciyam. ut�ra�am�kat tami� ilakkiya varal�윜il� c惜읃r ceyyu�ka� cittirikkum v�rayukattai ya�uttu, a웏viyal n�lka�um ava윜ukku a�ippa�aiy惜a t�maik k비p葉um ata� ve�ippa�aiy惜a ci�u�kitta춁mum t벼웏k k性ki읃m. v�rayukatti� k性appa葺a na�춁mpikkaik k비p葉uka� ata� ve�ippa焌춁 pula춊춑a v뱉kaiyum ka�ipp�rvamum ilakkiyatti춊췃um ma웏intu vi�uki췃a춁. avai t벼웫mi�attum i�itturaikkappa�uki췃a춁. ittakaiya o�ukkaviyal uraikkum n�lka� t벼웏ttakka k�ra�am iruttal v뱝�um. ata춁i oppuk ko椿�l akk�ra�attaik ka椿a웙ya v�ypp튋pa�um. piray�caip pa葺�l k�ra�attai a웙vatu u웫ti. k�ra�attait t뱉a muyalavum varal�윜up p�rvai tavirkka mu�iy�tav�웫 vantamaintu ko�ki웏tu. atu ma葺umall�tu varal�윜u a�ippa�aiyi� k�ra�ak�riya �yvaip paya� pa�uttumpo�utu ku웙ppi葺a n�lka�i� t틹웏tti웛up poru乙t�ra cam�ka araciyal nilaimaika� k�ra�ika乙ka amaiki췃a춁. ik k�ra�ika� pu웏nilaiyil vaittu n튻kiy�r�yattakka춁. iya웛ai a웙viya윜u웏ikkuriya mu웏ika乙m 'c틊itta웙yum ta춎ai,' 'ta웒�rpa윜a nilai,' 'mayakkami춎ai' mutaliya춁 ikk�ra�ika�ukkup pa�p�yamaiki췃a춁. iva윜ait taravuka乙kak ko應uv튾. ki�aitta taravuka�i� a�ippa�aiyil a웏 n�lka� t벼웏웛uriya c養amaivaiyum untalka�aiyum niyatika乙kak karutik ko�ki읃m. i춊, m퉘� k�웙ya ira椿�vatu e�uk븍aik kava춊pp튾: or� m�tiriy惜a k�ra�a�ka� or� m�tiriy惜a paya춁iy� a�ikkum e춑atu. itu paric틊a춁ikku emmait t嶪�uvatu tami� v�rayukattaip p튽av� kir퉗karatu v�rayukamum amaintiruntatu. avv�잀yi� a�kum v�rayukattaiyo葺i a웏n�lka� e�unta춁v� e춁p p�rkkal�m. at�vatu otta k�ra�a�ka� otta paya춁iya�ittu應a춁v� e춁c carip�rkkal�m. a�kum a웏n�lka� t벼웙yirukkak ka椿�l ematu �kam allatu karutuk븍 pi�aiya윜atu e춁k ko椿u ata춁i ilakkiya varal�윜u vitika�ilo췃�kkal�m. u�maiyil v�rak�viya�ka� p葉iya c惜읃� h튾arai ya�uttu h�ciyo� p벼웏 a웏n�웤ulavar kir퉗kattil� t벼웙춁r. ematu a웏n�l�ciriyaraip p튽a avarum pe� ve웫ppu, pula춁�akkam, i웏i pakti mutaliyava윜aip peritum va웤u웫tti춁r;pur性ak kataika� peruva�akkup pe윜a춁. kavi쨅r p틊akarka乙ka m�웙춁r. iva윜aiyell�m u윜u n튻kum p틊u tami�ilum kir퉗kamo�iyilum or� ta춎aiy惜a c養nilaika� or� m�tiriy惜a ilakkiya vakaiyait t틹웫vittamai u웫tippa�um. ita� paya��ka ilakkiyattukku 틆 ulakap potumai 튋pa�uki웏tu. ivva�ippa�aiyil퉧� oppiyal ilakkiyam ulakap potuv惜a ilakkiyatt비u o췃upa�uki췃atu. oppiyal ilakkiya �yvu mu��비ika�il oruvar惜a teyi�(Hippolyte Taine, 1828-1893), oppiyal ilakkiyam i웫tiyil ulaka ilakkiyak k비p葉�i웛u emmai i葺uc cellal v뱝�um e췃� karuti��r. patto춑at�m n�윜性�il v饍nta teyi�, oppiyal ilakkiya �r�ycciy贍a� kava춁� celutta v뱝�iya poru�ka�aik ku웙ppi�umi�attu, i춁m, c養amaivu, k�lam, ma춁tti웏� e춑a춁va윜ai va웤u웫tti��r. c養amaivil� puviyiya� k�ra�ika� a�a�kum. iva윜i� cila i췃u attu�aic ci웏ppu�aiyava��kak ko應appa�uvatillai. cila putiya k�ra�ika�ai n�m i췃u c퉟ttuk ko應utal k嚴um. 惜�l "ilakkiya �r�ycciyai oru viㄴ惜ap paric틊a춁i p튽a na�attavum, ata춁ic carip�rkkavum, m퉘um m퉘um tiruttamu웏c ceyyavum" mu�iyum e췃u 性ittaram�kak k�웙yavaru� oruvar teyi�. ikk�윜ilum mu웏i, a�uttam pe웫vataik kava춊kkal�m. ita� mukkiyattai evva�avu va웤u웫tti��lum takum. pa�aiya viㄴ惜attukkum putiya viㄴ惜a n튻kukkumu應a v튋up葉�ai i�kuk k�웫tal poruttam. tokutta웙mu웏i mu웛�lattilirunt� vevv튋u vakaiyil va�a�ki varuki웏tu. ematu pa椿ai n�l틆 k�웫m k葉ciya�avai tokutta웙mu웏iyaic c퉟ntat�. 惜�l pa�aiya tokutta웙mu웏iyil karutuk븍 mukkiyam pe웏villai. ammu웏iyil iya웛aiyil y�vum ma웏intu ki�appat�kavum, ava윜ait t뱉ik ka椿u pi�ippat� oruvar ceyyak k嚴iyat�kavum karutappa葺atu. ivva�ippa�aiyil퉧� pa椿aiya a웙v�r�ycci iyal (Epistemology) amaintatu. itu viㄴ惜atti� t틹웏ttaip pe윜iruppatu p튽ak k性appa葺�lum u�maiyil viㄴ惜attukku mu웤a葺a n튻k퉧�m. 묶e춊l pa椿aiya tokutta웙mu웏iyum a웙vu �r�ycci iyalum nav勝a viㄴ惜attukkup p틊iya a�ippa�aiyum, ne웙yum �k�. nav勝a viㄴ惜atti� ci웏ppiyalpuka�il o췃u i�aiya잀ta paric틊a춁iy�kum. ipparic틊a춁ika�ukku anucara�aiy�kat tu�ikaram惜a karutuk븍ka� kaikko應ap pa�uki췃a춁. iva윜i� paya��kat t�m�kat t벼웫m u�maika鍮ya췃ip putiya u�maika�um nilai n葉�ap pa�uki췃a tokutta웙mu웏iyum a웙v�r�ycci iyalum m嚴a nampikkaika�aiyum i웏ik k비p葉uka�aiyum vimarca춁� ceyya utavak k嚴um. 惜�l putiya putiya karutuk븍ka�i� a�ippa�aiyil to�arntu paric틊a춁ika� na焌ttip poru�ka�ukki�aiy� putiya u웏vuka�aiyum to�arpuka�aiyum k性pata웛u ma葺umi췃ip putiya poru�ka�aiy� ka椿upi�ikka avai utav�. inn�윜性�i� mu웤akutiyil 튋pa葺a viㄴ惜appura�ciy惜atu ata웛u mu웤a�a nilaviya viㄴ惜a mu웏ika�ai va�akka웏c ceytatu. c�rpuk ko�kaiyum, co葺uk ko�kaiyum, u�ap pakupp�yviyalum putiya �r�ycci mu웏ika�ai i췃iyamaiy�ta춁v�kki춁. ematu campirat�yam惜a ilakkiya �yvu muntiya tokutta웙mu웏iyai ottat�kav퉧u應atu. ilakkiya�ka� m퉡aika乙l uruv�kkappa葺u應a춁. ava윜i� ci웏nta karuttukka� k�웏ppa葺irukki췃a춁. n�웤ayi웒iyu應벼oruva� ivvilakkiya�ka�aip pa�itt�l vi�aya�ka�ait terintu ko應al�m. ituv� potuv惜a nampikkaiy�yk k性appa�um. ita� tarukkar�tiy惜a mu�iv�ka oruva� y�vumu�arntava��ka irupp惜 allatu o췃un teriy�tava��yirupp惜. 惜�l nav勝a viㄴ惜i t惜 ceyki췃a muya웒iyell�m �kak k嚴iya a�avil u�maiyi� oru pakutiy� e췃u u�arki잀�. pa�aiya kalvi mu웏ippa�i oruva� ilakka�a ilakkiyatti� varampu ka椿ava��kak ko應appa�al�m. 惜�l i췃u avv�웫 karuta mu�iyum� mu�iy�tu. ut�ra�am�kat tirukku웏�ai e�uttuk ko應uv튾. ita춑�l ill�ta epporu�um illai e�춙m kuru葺u nampikkai oru pu웏mirukka tirukku웏�aik karaika椿avar�kap palar puka�ap pa�uvataik k性ki췃튾. ku웏�ilu應a �yirattu munn�윜u muppatu p�kka�aiyum 틊iyu�arntavarum u應a춁r. �yi춙m ku웏� pa윜iya pala �t�rac ceytika� t�mum i�춙m emakkut te�iv�kat terintila. ku웏� t벼웙ya k�lam, ata� n튻kam, atu e�utturaikkum v饍kkait tattuvam, ata� mo�i nilai, ata��ciriyar matam, ku웏� k葉�um camut�ya n튻ku, ila�ciyam, ata� ku웏ip葉uka�, mura�p葉uka�, e춑a춁 p벼웏 poru�ka�ukkut t�rkkam惜a vi�akkam k�웏p pa�avillai. ita춁it ta춊yoru ma춊ta� ceytu mu�ikkal�m e춁 e黜uvatum tava웫. 묶e춊l nav勝a viㄴ惜am aiyami췃ik k葉�uvatu p튽a "p�ra�a a웙vu enta oruva춁tu cinta춁ikkum app�웤a葺at�kum." tiruva윜uva m�laip pulavarum ta웛�lak karutturaik�rar cilarum k�웙yu應ava윜ai m�ttiram ku웏� pa윜iya mu�inta mu�ip�kak ko應a viyal�tu. atu ma葺umalla. i췃u ku웏� e�upp�r kaippi應aiy�kavum irukki웏tu. m�웫pa葺a karuttukka�ukkuk ku웏�p�kka� i�ama�ippataik ku웏� uraiy�ciriyar� emakkuk k葉�iyu應a춁r. innilaiyil ku웏乙r�ycci itu k�lavarai, k�웙yatu k�웏l�kav�, a췃ik kutarkkam�kav� iruntu varuki웏tu. ivvavala nilaiyiliruntu irutalaik ko應i e웫mpu nilaiyiliruntu ku웏乙r�ycci vi�utalaiya�aintu paya춙應at�y amaiya v뱝�um惜�l putiya �yvu mu웏i kaikko應appa�al v뱝�um. mo�iyiyal, varal�웫, camut�yaviyal, oppiya웒amayam, meyyiyal, araciyal mutaliya pala tu웏iyaic c퉟ntavarum o췃u c퉟ntu y�varum a�k�karikkum vitimu웏ika�ukk튋pa �r�ynt�l oruv�웫 u�mai tulakkama�aiyum. curu�kak k�웫vat�yi� mu웏i tiruntav뱝�um. 惜�l mu웏i ceya웤a�uvata웛u muta윜퉣aiy�kak karutuk븍ka� avaciyam. karutuk븍ka� ka춁vil� t벼웫va춁valla. antar�tm�vi� kural itu. vi�ayattil attu�aip paya춁�ikk�tu. ivvi�attil� oppiyal n튻kum, c惜웫ka�um kaiko�uttu utavak k嚴iya춁. tirukku웏�aip p벼웏 pi웏 a웏n�lka�aip pa윜iya ceytika� a춁ittum k�rntu avat惜ikkat takka춁. tammapatam, ko춑�ciyas p틊a춁ika�, m�rkkas aur퉘iyas cinta춁ika�, va�amo�it taruma c�ttira�ka� ku웙pp�kak kau�ilyaratu arttac�stiram mutaliya춁 ku웏乙r�yccikku utavuva춁. iva윜aip pa윜iya ceytika�aiyum ka�akke�uppata� m�lam inn�lka�ukki�aiy퉧u應a o윜umai v튋웫maika�ai mutali� k性�al k嚴um. ata� pi�춁r iva윜i� va�arcci o�u�ku pa윜ic cila potu niyatika�ai vakukkal�m. or퉡a춎ai v�ynta niyatika�ai o췃�ka niraippa�uttuvata� m�lam k嚴iya vi�akkam 튋pa�uki웏tu. teyvappulamait tiruva應uva��ri� ta춊tti웏maiyoru pu웏mirukka "or� m�tiriy惜a c養nilaika� nilaimaika� m�잀tirunt�l or� m�tiriy惜a" n�lait t틹웫vikki췃a춁 e�춙m a�ippa�ai u�mai nir�pa�am�ki웏tu. ata� v�yil�kav� ku웏� u�maiy惜a ulakap potumaiyaip pe웫tal mu�iyum. ma윜aiya n�lka�ilum ci웏ntatu e춑ata��l ku웏�ukku ulakap potumai var�tu. ma윜aiya a웏n�lka�i� k性appa�um pa�puka鍮 tiruntiya va�ivatti� k性appa�uki췃a춁 e춑ata��l퉧� ata웛up potumatippu 튋pa�um. appo�utut惜 ku웏�i� potuppa�pum ta춊cci웏ppum evar�lum 튋웫k ko應appa�um. ituk�lavarai perump惜maiy惜a ematu tami� �r�ycciy贍ar ku웏� ulakil퉧� talai ci웏nta v饍viyal n�l e�춙ma�ippa�aiyil� tamatu �yvuka�ai na焌tti vantu應a춁r. ivva�ippa�ait tappe黜atti��l or퉣a�i k性ap葺a oppu n튻kum arttama윜up p틐vi葺atu. 묶e춊l o췃aip pa윜i apippir�yam k�웏vatu viㄴ惜a mu웏iya췃u. �ciriyar oruvar k�웙yu應atu p튽a, "uyiru應a poru�ka� m�tu �valum, avai evv�웫 ulakiya� poru�ka�u� a�a�kuki췃a춁 e춑atu pa윜i �rvamum k葉�uki췃惜퉧a췃i, avai 묶 uyiru�a� irukki췃a춁 e췃a k밸vikku viㄴ惜i i�a� ko�ukkam葉焌�. ava춙kkup poru�ka� m�t� kava춁m-ava윜i� pe웫matiyil a췃u". ita춁iy� vi�ayac c�rcci allatu pu웏nilai meymmai e춁 viㄴ惜am k�웫ki웏tu. oppiyal ilakkiya �r�yccikku itu mikavum v뱝�appa�uvatu. ill� vi葺�l ematu n�l�yvu mu윜ilum akanilaippa葺at�kivi�um. ita춁i orut�ra�att�l vi�akkuv튾. ma�벼ma鰍yam p�yirattil cuntaram ,pi應aiyavarka� "va應uvar ceytiruk ku웏�ai ma웫va웏 na춌u�arnt틆ka� u應uvar� manuv�ti yorukulattuk korun�ti" e춁p p葉uki췃a춁r. tirukku웏�aiyum manutaruma c�ttirattaiyum oppun튻ki ku웏� na췃u, manutarumam t�tu e춌i잀r �ciriyar. itu u�maiyil oppu n튻kalla. 묶e춊l ku�atti� a�ippa�aiyil apippir�ya� k�웏ppa�uki웏tu. 惜�l poru�ka� nallavaiy� allatu ke葺avaiy� e춑atai a웙vatut惜 viㄴ惜atti� n튻kama췃u. manutarumatti웛um ku웏�ukkum v튋up葉iruppatu u�maiy�. 惜�l cuntaram pi應ai k�윜uppa�i manutarumam iru�; ku웏� o�i; i�tu porunt�tu. manu oruvakaiy惜a cam�ka튋웏t t饍vai 튋웫k ko椿�l, ku웏乙ciriyar i�춐ruvakaiy惜a 튋웏t t饍vai 튋웫kko應uki잀r. �ka iruvarum 튋웏t t饍vai nir�karittavar allar. atil� potumai k性appa�uki웏tu. 惜�l cuntaram pi應ai k�윜uppa�i ku웏� 튋웏t t饍vai 튋k�tatu e춁v� atu pa윜iya �r�ycci an�vaciyam�yp p튻i웏tu. p튻avum ku웏� pa윜iya mu웒�yv惜a ma춁ppativu u웫tippa�uki췃at퉧a췃ip putiya vi�akkam etuvum pe웏ppa�avillai. nallatu ke葺atu e췃a t�rppu u�maiyil a웏viyal campantam惜atu. atu ma葺umalla. avv�웫 t�rppukk�웫vatu nilaiyiyal n튻ki� vi�aiv�kamu應atu. 惜�l nav勝a viㄴ惜am� iyakkaviyal n튻kai �t�ram�kak ko椿atu. ulakaik ka椿a웙ntu vivarippatu ma葺umi췃i ata춁i emakk튋웏v�웫 amaikkavum nav勝a viㄴ惜am muyaluki웏tu. atu p튽av� vi�umiya ilakkiyattaik ka윜a웙vatu ma葺umall�tu ata춁ip putiya k빎atti� p�rttup putiya poru�aik ka椿a웙yum va�i k性av뱝�um. iya웛aiyaiyum camut�yattaiyum m�윜a virumpupavarka� ammuya웒ikku muta웪퉣aiy�ka ava윜i� iyakkavitika�ait te�intu terivatup튽a, ilakkiyattaip p�ra�am�ka namat�kkuvata웛u ata� iyakkavitika�ait terintu ko應al i췃iyamaiy�tatu. iyakkavitika� vi�ayac c�rp惜avai;pu웏nilai meymmaiy惜avai. e춁v� ava윜ai na춌u vi�akkik ko應uvata웛u ma춁ttil� pacaiyiruttal�k�tu. vaittiya� ettu�ai mu�춅ccarikkaiyu�a춙m, p�tuk�ppu�a춙m cattira cikiccai ceyki췃惜� attu�ai ta웒�rpa윜a mu웏iyil ilakkiya �r�ycciyai m튋ko應a v뱝�iyu應atu. avv�웏췃i ematu conta viruppu ve웫ppuka�aik ka葺uppa�utt�tu ava윜ait tu�aik ko�v튾惜�l pu웏nilaikkuriya u�maika�aik ka椿a웙ya viyal�tu. ita춁i orut�ra�a m�lam vi�akkuv튾. tami� v�ra yukattil� aracarukkum pulavarukkum attiyanta u웏vu nilaviyatu. pulavaraip p틹웙 v饍nta춁r ma�춁r. avarka�ukku varaiy�tu va�a�ki춁r. p性ar, vi웏liyar, pulavar mutaliy틆aip purattalaip p性�aka� e춁k ko椿a춁r. ic ceytika� c惜읃r ceyyu�ka�iliruntu pe웏ppa�uva춁. iva윜aik ka黜u윜a ta웛�la e�utt贍ar cilar pulavaraip p뱝utalum ko�aiyum ka윜틆aip p틹웫talum pa�antami� ma�춁ratu ta춊c ci웏ppiyalpuka� e춁k k�웏var�yi춁r. amma葺il nill�tu pulavaraipp틹웙 v饍nta pa�pu pa�antami� ma�춁ri�attu m�ttiram k性appa�uvatu e췃um t튋웏m�kak k�웙춁r. ittakaiya e黜amum k�윜um i춁ppa윜iliruntum mo�ippa윜iliruntum e�uva춁. 惜�l oppiyal ilakkiya �r�ycci va�i ni췃u n튻kump틊u tami� v퉚tarkk� uriya immarapu pi웏 camut�ya�ka�ilum k性appa�um. pa椿ait tami� ma�춁rka� pulavaraip p틹웙yataip p튽av� pa�a�k�la vel�, airi�, jerm惜iya, kir퉗ka aracarum pi웏rum pulavaraip perumatippu�a� na焌tti춁r. e춁v� tami� v퉚taratu aru�ku�attaip puka�ntu v辰 perumai ko應uvata웛ap patil�kap pur�ta춁 camut�ya�ka�il� ma黜贍 v퉚tarum pi웏rum pulavaraic ci웏ppittamaikkuk k�ra�am k性a mu웤a�utal viv퉗am惜a ceyal�kum. ulaka ilakkiya�ka� palava윜ai nu�ukiy�r�ynta tirumati. n틆� c葉vik k�웫ki잀r: e�uttukkalaip payi웒iya윜up perump�lum v�y mo�i ilakkiyattaiy� paya춑a�uttum makka� kavitaiyaiyum col va춎aiyaiyum mika uyarv�ka matittal iyalp�. atu ma葺umall�tu ematu k�lattil va�a�kum vekuja춁 c�ta춁�ka�ukkup patil�ka accamut�ya�ka�i� pulavar� vi�a�ki춁r. ikk�윜aik karutuk븍�kak ko椿u ematu c惜읃r ceyyu�ka�ai �r�ynt�l u�maiy�yirukkak k性p튾. pur�ta춁 camut�ya�ka�il� ma춊ta춁tu a웙vu mu�uvatum ceyyu� va�ivil퉧� iruntatu. mantiram, m�yam, v惜an�l, varal�웫, pur性am, a웙viyal, iya웛aiya웙vu mutaliya y�vum pa�춅�u�k�lam�kac ceyyu� va�ivil퉧� va�a�ki vanta춁. pulam e췃a colli� poru�aik kava춊tt�l icceyti pula��kum. pulam e췃�l intiriyam, intiriya u�arvu, a웙vu, k�rmati, tuppu, n�l, v퉡am, i�am e췃ell�m poru�pa�um. pulamai e춑ata웛uk kalvi, meyㄴ惜am ceyyu�iya윜um �윜al e췃a poru�u椿u. pulamaiy틆 e췃�l kavi, kamaka�, v�ti, v�kki e췃a n�lvakaik kalviy贍arum, ka윜틆um, nipu�arum karutappa�uvar. pulavarai a웙var e췃um a�aitta춁r. atu ma葺umall�tu kir퉗kar ap튽틍um, tami�ar muruka춙m� pulamaik ka�avu�ar e춁 nampi춁r. itu k�ra�am pa윜iy� tirumuruk�윜uppa�aiyil, "puraiyanar ill�p pulamaiy틐", "na춎o�ip pulavar튋�", "a웙nt틆 co� malai", "n�la웙 pulava" e췃ell�m perum peyar muruka� tutikkappa�uki췃惜. pulamait teyvatti�am pulavar �윜up pa�uttappa�utal iyalp�. ivv�웫 muruka춁tu paktarka乙kavum v�ymo�i vallavar�kavum ka葺uraiy贍ar�kavum vi�a�kiya pulavaraic carvak쨅r�kak karutip pur�ta춁 camut�yam p틹웙yatil viyappetuvumillai. oppiyal ilakkiya �r�ycci ivvi�akkam pi웏kka va�i ceyki웏tu. atai vi�uttut tami�apim惜att�l ma�춁ri� ci웏ppiyalpu p퉏uvatu ma�amai ma葺u mall�tu u�maikkup pu웏mp惜atum�kum. pa윜u ka黜ai ma웏ikk�vi�i� pa�amaikkum putu vi�akkam k性al�m. viㄴ惜atti� pa�puka�il o췃u atu 'irukka v뱝�um' 'irukkappa焌tu' e췃a co웛a�i� poru�ukkuk ka葺uppa焌tat�kum. pa�a�k�la ilakkiya �yvu perump�lum ilakka�am p튽a vitimu웏iyilamaintatu. "an nilai maru�ki� a웏mutal�kiya mummuta� poru�kum uriya ve춑a" a웏m poru�i춑ame�춙m m耶웫 muta� poru�kum �ciriyam, va쨇i, ve�p�, kali e췃a n�lvakaipp�vum uriya춁 e춁k k�웫vatu vitimu웏i. 'iruttal v뱝�um'. 'iruttal�k�tu' e춑a춁va윜i웛um nallatu ke葺atu e춑a춁va윜ukkum neru�kiya to�arpu椿u. �kav� viㄴ惜i vitippatilum vivarittu vi�akkuvataiy� ci웏nta mu웏i ye춁kkarutuki잀�. 묶e춊l putup putucc惜웫ka�um ceytika�um ki�aikkak ki�aikka viㄴ惜a vi�akkattai m�윜iyamaikki췃惜. iruttal v뱝�ume춁 oru vitiyaik ko椿�l atu m�윜a mu�iy�tat�ki웏tu. 惜�l viㄴ惜atti� a�ippa�aiyil o췃u viㄴ惜a vitiyai enn퉟amum m�윜iyamaikka v뱝�iya nilai 튋pa�um e춑at�m. vitippa�i n�m etirp�rppata웛u m�잀춁 oru nika�vu ka椿upi�ikkappa葺�l innilai 튋pa�um. cila camaya�ka�il avvitiyai a�iy비u kaivi�av뱝�iyum n퉟um. putiya nika�vi웛u 튋pap putiya vi�akkamum vivara�amum amaiki췃atu. ita웛틆 ut�ra�a� k葉�uv튾: kir퉗ka �ti kaviy�m h튾ar tamatu itik�cattai e�uti��r e췃a nampikkaiy� pala k�lam�kak kir퉗ka ilakkiya a웙쨅ri�aiy� nilavi vantatu. avv�웫t惜 atu irukka v뱝�um e춁 avarka� virumpi��r. uyar ta춊k k�viyam�kiya iliy�tu, ot�ci mutaliya춁 na춊miku n�karikam ce�ittu va�arnta k�lap pakutiyil mak�kaviy�l e�utap pe윜irukka v뱝�um e춁k ko椿a춁r. 惜�l kir퉗ka uyar ta춊k k�viya�ka�ai k퉣alam y�k튰il�viya v�ymo�ip p葉alka�u�a� ta웒eyal�ka oppu n튻kiya 틆 amerikka �r�ycciy贍ar avviru tokutip p葉alka�um peritum ottirukkakka椿�r. v�y mo�ip p葉alka�ai avar k�t�rak k뱉�u ava윜aip p葉iya pulavarka�atu uttika�aik k葉ciya�avaiy�l a웙ntirunt�r. u웫tiy�kat terinta v�y mo�i ilakkiyappa�puka� palavum e�utiya춁v�ka nampappa葺u vanta cemmaic惜웏 k�viya�ka�il k性appa�um p틊u e�춁 ceyvatu? kir퉗ka k�viya�ka�um v�ymo�ip p葉alka乙ka va�a�ki vantu pi웛�lattil� e�uttil po웙kkappa葺iruttal k嚴um e췃a e黜attaik karutuk븍�kak ko椿u, iru tokuti n�lka�aiyum m퉘um nu�ukkam�ka �r�ynt�r. aiyattukki�ami췃ik kir퉗ka k�viya�ka� v�y mo�ip p葉alka鍮 e췃u teriya vantatu. varavum ataip putuk ko�kaiy�ka vakutt�r. nampikkaiyil v饍nta kir퉗ka ilakkiya ulakam nampa ma웫ttatu. 惜�l putiya ko�kaiyai vekuk�lam etirkka mu�iyavillai. putuk ko�kaiyaik k�웙ya milma� pari viㄴ惜a mu웏iyai-oppiyal �yvu mu웏iyaik kaiy性�amaiy�l퉧� avaratu vi�akkam u�maiy�yamaintatu. mutalil� 밸a춁� ceytavarka� pi�춁r u�maiyai 튋웫k ko應a v뱝�iya nirppantam 튋pa葺atu. parikkup pi� vant틆 avarai viㄴ惜iy�kav� p틹웫ki췃a춁r. v뱉jeri e춑�r "pari h튾ar �r�yccikku v�ynta 焌rvi�" e췃�r. k�ppe췃ar e춑ar, "avaratu ka椿upi�ippi� meymmai iyuki�i� ni웫viya meypp蜃uka�i� u�mai p벼웏tu" e췃�r. ipp�r葉�uka�ukku vi�akkam v뱝焌m. pariyi� putiya vi�akkam avarukkut terinta a�avil c惜웫ka�ukku 튋잀ka iruntatu. 惜�l pari ata춁i mu�inta mu�ip�kak karuti��r allar. ta춁tu "vi�akkam" u�maiy�ka iruntu, m퉘um putiya vi��kka�ukku vi�aiya�ikkakk嚴iya putiya �r�yccika�ukku va�ik葉�um e춁 e黜i maki�nt�r. avaratu ka椿u pi�ippilum p�rkka im ma�� p�vam� avaratu viㄴ惜a n튻kai ve�ikk葉�uvat�yu應atu. "묶e춊l putiya vi�aya�ka�ai a웙vatil viㄴ惜ikku應a �rvam orup틊um tiruptippa�uvatu ki�aiy�tu." tami�ar�ycci ta웤틊u應a nilaimaiyaik ka椿u ma춁 ni웏ivu a�aipavarka� ikk�윜ai u�춙tal takum. oppiyali� tattuva�ka� ivv�잀ka, ivai tami�il� ta�aittu va�ar�maikkuk k�ra�a�ka� y�vai e춁c ci웙tu cintitt�l poruttam�kum. tami�ari�aiy� peruva�akk�yu應a tattuvam avaratu varal�윜u�arvi� ta춎ai. i췃aiya camut�ya nilai mutaliya춁 ittu웏iyi� va�arccik ku웏ivukkuk k�ra�a�ka乙yu應a춁. ikk�ra�ika�i� cila a�uttu varum ka葺uraika�il �r�yappa葺irukki췃a춁. ivvi�attil� tu�aik k�ra�am o췃aik ku웙ppi�a virumpuki읂�. ematu nav勝a ilakkiyap pa�aippum, ti웏��yvu mu웏ika�um perump�lum 涉kila n�l va�i varuva춁v�. ita� vi�aiv�ka 涉kila ilakkiya marapi웛性um ku웏ip葉uka� pala emmattiyilum paraviyu應a춁. iva윜il o췃u oppiyal ilakkiya �r�ycciyi� t饍nta nilai. pire쨇ukk�rar, jerm惜iyar, ra�yar mutali�틆u�a� oppi葺upp�rkkum po�utu 涉kil퉧ar ittu웏ikku �윜iya c퉣ai perumaip pa�attakkatalla. oppiyal ilakkiyam e췃a co윜o�arai 1848il puka� pe윜a ti웏��yv贍ar �r춁l� (Matthew arnold, 1822 - 1888) 涉kilattil� muta� mutal�ka va�a�ki��r. �r춁l� pire쨇u ilakkiyat ti웏��yvu mu웏ika�aip peritum matittavar. ammo�iyil ipporu� taru� co윜o�ar e춁v�, (1829) paya춑a�uttappa葺atu. ivarka�ukkum mu�춁t�ka jerm惜iyar 'oppumai ilakkiyat tu웏i' e�춙m co윜o�araip piray튻ittirunta춁r. �r춁l� ce췃a n�윜性�i� na�uppakutiyil ikkaruttai 涉kil퉧arukku a웙mukappa�uttiya p틊um atu 饍am�ka v퉟耶웏villai. 惜�l amerikk�vil� oppiyali� ku�antaiy惜a cam�kaviyal ce�ittu va�arntamaiy�l ann葉�il oppiyal ilakkiyamum ku웙ppi�attakka�avu apiviruttiya�aintatu. kir퉗ka ilakkiya �r�ycciyil pura�ci ceyta milma� pari 틆 amerikkar�yiruntatu ta웒eyal nika�cciya췃u. �yi춙m i�kil�ntu k퉙piri�j palkalaikka�akap p퉟�ciriyar�yirunta ec.em.c葉vik e춑�rum avaratu m性aviyum ma춁iviyum惜a n틆� c葉vik e춑�rum c퉟ntu e�utiya ilakkiya va�arcci (The Growth of Literature) e�춙m p�riya n�l inn�윜性�il� 涉kil퉧arukku m�ttiramall�tu ulaki� pala p�ka�ka�ilu應a �r�ycciy贍arukkum �tar�am�ka iruntu vantirukki웏tu. tami�il es. vaiy�purippi應ai e�utat to�a�kiya ilakkiya utayam e췃a n�lum v튋u cilavum mu웛�웙ya n�li��l untappa葺a춁v�. e춊춙m cum퉟iya ilakkiya �yv贍ar惜a ki읂mar, ra�ya ilakkiyam, kir퉗ka ilakkiyam e춑a춁va윜ai �r�ynta pari, l비 mutaliya amerikkar c葉vik tampatika�i� makatt惜a n�laip paya춑a�uttip paya춁�aintataip p튽a 涉kil퉧ar evarum paya춁�aintiruppat�kat teriyavillai. 涉kil퉧ari�attuk k性appa�um ipperu�ku웏ip葉u ku�iy튋웏k kalviyi� paya춌a�il o췃�ka emmi�aiy� nilaittu vi葺atu. ita춁i u�arnt�l ikku웏ip葉�ai nivirtti ceyyac cilar�vatu muyalakk嚴um. oppiyal ilakkiyam emmi�aiy� p틊iya�avu va�ar�maiy�l viㄴ惜a mu웏ika� ilakkiyak kalviyil i�am pe잀tatu ma葺umi춁웙 틆a�avukku 涉kil퉧ari�am k性appa�uvatu p튽a ematu ilakkiyatti웏��yvum p�ra�attuvam pe웏m葉焌tirukki웏tu. ipporu� ku웙ttu re춊vell�k, 틇�i춚�ra� �kiya iruvarum ilakkiyak ko�kai (Theory of Literature) e�춙m n�li� ku웙ppi�uvatu poruttam�kak k性appa�uki웏tu. el. ku類웙y� cuntaramatiyi� mo�i peyarppait taruki읂�: "potuv�ka or ilakkiyattaip p�r葉�utal, cuvaittal, atil �rva� k葉�utal p벼웏vai ta춊ppa葺a mu웏iyil ilakkiyattai iracippavarka�ukk� uriyavai e춁 otukkappa葺u應a춁. e춁v�, ti�am惜a ilakkiyap pulamai pe웫m ilakkiyak kalviyi춊췃u, ivai aka윜appa葺u應a춁;innilai varuntattakkatu. ivv�웫 ilakkiyap pulamai orupu웏mum ilakkiyattaip p�r葉�um nilai ma웫pu웏m�ka amainta ira葺ai nilai, o�u�k惜a at� a�avil ilakkiyap p튻ku�aiya p�r葉�u �yvi웛u uriya va�ivakaika�ai amaikk�tu. kalaiyai atilum ku웙pp�ka ilakkiyak kalaiyai evv�웫 a웙ntu te�iyakk嚴iya nilaiyil ka웤atu e춑at� piracci춁i." ilakkiyak ko�kai e췃a n�li� �ciriyarka� e�uppiyu應a piracci춁i emmavaraiyum etirn튻kuki웏tu. m튋k�웙ya �ciriyarka� t�m e�utiya picci춁ikku i웫kkum vi�ai tiruptikaram惜atalla. ilakkiyatti� u應�rnta iyalpuka�ai �r�yvat� takka �yvu mu웏iye췃um, oppiyal ilakkiya �yvu ilakkiyattukkup pu웏mp惜a ceytika�aiyum vakaika�aiyum pukuttuki웏tu e춑atum ivarka� karutt�kat teriki웏tu. teyi� p벼웏 oppiyal ilakkiya �yvu mu��비ika�ai ikka黜비�attil퉧� ivarka� ta應i vaikki췃a춁r. 惜�l a웙v�r�ycciyaiyum a�akiyalaiyum v튋upa�uttum ira葺ai nilai p뱝appa�um varai ippiracci춁i t�r�tu. e춊춙m tavirkka mu�iy�tapa�i ilakkiya�ka�i� ulakap potumaiyai oppum re춊rvall�kkum avaratu cak�vum pi춚arum�웫 k�웙yu應a춁r: "ulaka ilakkiya�ka�i� varal�웫 pa윜iya ko�kaiyil cikkalka� palavirukkal�m. �yi춙m ilakkiyattai mu�umaiy�kak karutuvatum mo�i v튋up葉uka�aik karut�tu ilakkiyatti� va�arcciyaik k性a v뱝�iyatum mika i췃iyamaiy�tavai. potu ilakkiya varal�윜u vallunaratu n튻ka�ka�aiyum �rva�ka�aiyum n�m mu�춁r� pi춑a윜iyirukka v뱝�um. ipp틊u k�lam ka�antu vi葺atu. ilakkiya varal�윜ai oru tokuppu e췃a nilaiyilum t퉏a varaiya웏iyaik ka�antu amaintatu e췃a nilaiyilum i춊m퉘 t惜 e�uta v뱝�um. ipporu�il n�m oppu ilakkiyattai amaippata��l namatu a웙쨅rka�atu mo�iyiyal ti웏� ata웛u mikat t퉣ai. m퉘um namatu n튻kai viriv�kka v뱝�um. n葉�u u�arvuka�aik ku웏ittuk ko應a v뱝�um. itai e�it�kap pe웏 iyal�tu. e춊춙m kalaiyum makka�i춁mum evv�웫 o췃�ka i�aintu應a춁v� atu p벼웫 ilakkiyamum o췃�. ikkarutti� a�ippa�aiyil� varal�윜u ilakkiyatti� a�ippa�aik karuttukka�, ilakkiya uruva�ka�, ilakkiya vakaika� �kiyava윜i� varal�웫 ulaka ilakkiya�ka� a춁itti웛um potuv惜a oru varal�웫 e춑atu te�ivu. y�ppamaippi� varal�웫 antanta mo�iyi� amaipp비u neru�kiya to�arpu�aiyatu. e춊춙m avaiyum ell� mo�ika�ukkum potuv惜avai...." u�춊�attu u�ara v뱝�iya ikkaruttu�a� ikka葺uraiyai mu�ittal virumpattakkat�kum. 2. tami�il oppiyal �yvu cam�pa k�lam varai tami�a웙쨅ri� kava춁m oppilakkiyattu웏iyi� cellavillai. n�lka�i� k�lav�r�ycciyil퉧� avari� cinta춁i ce췃atu. cuntarampi應ai, civar�capi應ai, vaiy�purip pi應ai, ir�kava aiya�k�r, c벋aiyar, kiru巷ac�mi aiya�k�r, ir�cam性ikka��r mutaliya tami�ilakkiya �r�ycciy贍ar, c惜읃r ceyyu�ka�i� k�la v�r�yccil퉧� tamatu ti웏maika�aic celavi葺a춁r. oru vakaiyil ipp튻ku, tavirkka mu�iy�tat�y amaintatu e췃u k�웏l�m. ce췃a n�윜性�i� na�uppakutiyil퉧� pa�antami� n�lka� - at�vatu c惜읃r ceyyu�ka� acc튋at to�a�ki춁. peyara�avil ma葺um a웙yappa葺irunta p葉�um tokaiyum tami�t t�tt� ci.vai.t�m틊aram pi應ai avarka�i� arum perum muya웒ika乙l ulakai e葺ipp�rkkat to�a�ki춁. t�m틊aram pi應ai k葉�iya p�taiyil mu��튋ic ce췃�r u.v�. c�min�taiyar. ci.vai. t�vi� muta� muya웒i 1885il uruvam pe윜atu. ira椿性�uka�ukkup pi�춁r aiyar tamatu patippu muya웒iyait to�a�ki��r. ve�ivanta n�lka�ai �t�ram�kak ko椿u pa椿ait tami�ar v饍viyalai �r�ynta춁r. vi.ka춁kacapaip pi應ai, iva윜i웛u muta윜퉣aiy�kap pa�antami�il n�lka�i� k�lam nir�ayikkappa�a v뱝�iyat�yi윜u. patipp�ciriyarukkup pi춚antavarka� k�lav�r�ycciyil ami�ntu p틐i춁r. ita� k�ra�am�ka ilakkiya iraca춁iyum, ti웏��yvum, oppiyal n튻kum p틊iya�avu mukkiyattuvam pe웏villai. e춊춙m, oppiyal ilakkiyatti� pa�paiyum paya춁iyum k�latti웛uk k�lam cilar cu葺ik k葉�at tava웏villai. ivaru� 'tami� m性ava�' p틄 p�tiriy�r talaiy�yavar. 1885 il at�vatu c惜읃r ceyyu�ka� pala accuv�ka춁m 튋umu�춁r� avar m퉘varum�웫 e�uti��r: "pa�aiya tami�k k�ppiya�ka�aip p�rkkum po�utu, ava윜ukkum ava윜i웛uc camam惜a kir퉗ka ilakkiya�ka�ukka mu應a o윜umai pula��ki췃atu. uruvattilum, u應a�akkattilum, camut�ya nilaimaiyilum perum o윜umaika� k性appa�uki췃a춁." pala varu�a�ka�ukkup pi�춁r (1923) p퉟�ciriyar es.kiru巷ac�mi aiya�k�r itupa윜ik ku웙ppi�ukaiyil, ematu c惜읃r ceyyu�ka�il oru pakutiy惜a pu웏pp葉alka� h튾aratu k�viyatti웛u a�inilaiy惜a kataip p葉alka�ai (Lays) ottu應a춁 e췃�r. aiya�k�raivi�a oru pa�i m퉘� ce췃u oppiyal n튻ki웛uk k�lk븍vi犁 na焌ttiyavar p퉟�ciriyar e�.k�.citt�nt�. 1927-l ve�i vanta tamatu Heroic age of india e췃a n�lil�, pu웏 n惜�윜up p葉alka� pi웏mo�ika�i� k性appa�um v�rap p�kka�u�a� oppu n튻kattakka춁 e췃�r. "poru�amaitiyilum kavit� ne웙yilum tami�ilakkiyam惜atu pi웏 mo�ika�ilu應a v�rayukap p葉alka�u�a� oppu n튻ki �r�yappa�a v뱝�iyatu" e췃�r avar. citt�nt�vi� k�윜aip pi춑a윜ip p퉟�ciriyar vaiy�purippi應ai tamatu k�viya k�lam (1952) e췃a �r�ycci n�lil, Heroic age e춁ppa�um v�rayukattaic c�rnta춁v�ka u應a춁 ematu pu웏pp葉alka� e췃u ku웙ppi葺u應�r. atu ma葺umall�tu, at� n�lil oppiyal ilakkiya �r�ycciyi� i췃iyamaiy�maiyaiyum ma춁ttil patiyum vakaiyil va웤u웫ttiyu應�r. "ka�춁�am, telu�ku, malaiy贍am e췃a m耶웫 mo�ika�ilum mu웏iy� nalla payi웒iyu�aiya ka�춁�arum, telu�karum, malaiy贍ika�um va�amo�iyilakkiyam pa윜iya a�avil takutiyu應avarka乙yirupp�rka�. 惜�l, ta웛�lattu應a tami�a웙쨅rka�aik ku웙ttu ivv�웫 colla mu�iyum�te췃u a쨇uki읂�. tamatu t�y mo�iyait tavira, pi웏 tir�vi�a mo�ika� pa윜iya a�avil, inta a웙쨅rka�il ovvoruvarum a웙y�maiy�� p蜃ikkap pe윜u, tam nilaiyu�ar�tu irukki췃�rka� e췃ut惜 colla v뱝�um. va�a mo�iy� ivarka�ukku v퉙p�ka u應atu. viy�car, v�lm�ki, k贍it�ca� e춑avarka�aip pa윜iyum, va應uvar, kampa� e춑avarka�aip pa윜iyum, tikka黜�, na�춁yy� e춑avarka�aip pa윜iyum, pamp�, ra���, po��� e춑avarka�aip pa윜iyum, e�uttacca춁ip pa윜iyum, a웙y�tava춁it tir�vi�a mo�ika�ilo췃il묶um vallava춅췃u evv�웫 k�웏 mu�iyum? inta a웙y�mai namatu n葉�il n蜃ittirukkumpa�iy�ka vi�akk嚴�tu. tir�vi�a ilakkiya�ka�aiyum intiya ilakkiya�ka�aiyum oppun튻kik ka윜ava춙�aiya kalviya웙vu mikavum parantu應at�yum ce�ippu應at�yum iruttal orutalai. inta oppun튻kuk kalvi namatu a웙쨅ru�aiya ku웫kiya ma춁pp惜mai e�춙m ti黜iya cuvarai i�ittut takarttu vi�um. accuvarai ara鎚kak ko椿u nam a웙쨅rka� ma웏intu v饍a mu�iy�tu. ivvakaik kalviyi� m퉘 e�unta �r�yccikku oru putiya poru�maiyum putiya perumaiyum 튋pa�um. nammu� ovvoru mo�iy贍arum pi웏 tir�vi�a mo�ika� ovvo췃ilumu應a ci웏nta ilakkiya�ka�aiyum va�a mo�i ilakkiya�ka�aiyum ka윜u a춙pavittup parasparam na춎atippait t뱉ikko應utal v뱝�um." y�ma웙nta varaiyil vaiy�purip pi應ai avarka�aip p튽 camayam v�ykkump틊ell�m oppiyalai va웤u웫ttiya tami�a웙쨅r v튋u y�rumillai. v튋틆 i�attil avar k�웫ki잀r: 'va�amo�i n�lka類�u ma葺um ivvakai oppu n튻ku amaintu vi�akk嚴�tu. 涉kilam mutaliya mu웤튻ku mo�ika�ilum 'k�viyam' e췃a karutt비u ottu應a ilakkiya�ka� u應a춁. iva윜i� t틹웏mum varal�웫m tami�k k�viya varal�웫 mutaliyava윜ai u�arta웛up paya춑a�uva춁v�m. �kav�, oppun튻ku mu웏i mika virintu cellutal v뱝�um." m튋k�웙ya p퉟�ciriyar y�varum oppilakkiyatti� c�ttiyak k�윜i춁it to葺uk k葉�i춁r퉧a췃i, t�m appa�iyaic ceyta춁r allar. ka�anta patt性�uk k�lattu� palkalaik ka�a�ka�il na�ant튋iya �r�yccika� cila ittu웏iyil va�ik葉�iyu應a춁 e췃u k�웏l�m. 'pa�antami� ilakkiyattil iya웛ai' e췃a 涉kila n�lil� (1953) va�a. ta춊n�yaka a�ika� kir퉗ka, ilatt勝 kavitaika類�u tami�iya웛aik kavitaip pakutika�ai 涉k涉ku oppun튻kic celki췃a춁r. ila椿a� palkalaik ka�akattil� tami� virivuraiy贍arakavirukkum kal�niti j�.�r.m�r, tamatu e葺ut tokai n�lka� pa윜iya �r�ycciyuraiyil, kir퉗ka v�ymo�iyilakkiyatti웛um tami�p p葉alka�ukkamu應a oppumaiyaic cu葺ik k葉�iyu應�r. intiya cinta춁iyum ur�ma s柱ykku v�tamum e췃a p퉟uraiyil (1962) va�a. ta춊n�yaka a�ika�, ku웙pp�kat tami�ilakkiyattilirunt� c惜웫ka� k葉�iyu應�r. ur튾ap p퉟aracukkum tami� n葉�i웛um na�anta v性ipatti� pi�춁�iyil iru n葉uka�ilun t벼웙ya uyar ila�ciya�ka�i� o윜umai v튋웫maika�ai �r�yntirukki췃�r. cisar�, kuyi췃iliya�, ce춅k�, ka윜alas mutaliya ur튾a ilakkiya kartt�kka�ukkuc camam惜avar�kavum, ci웒ila poru�ka�aip pa윜iya a�avil avarka�ai vi쨇iyavar�kavum tami�k kavi쨅r vi�a�kuki췃a춁r e췃u v�t葉uki잀r a�ika乙r. iya웛aiyaip pa윜iya n�li� k性appa�uvatu p튽av� itilum viriv�ka �r�yak k嚴iya pakutika� pala u應a춁. 1962 - il 焌k�ar cupa m性ikkam ve�iyi葺a tami�k k�tal pa윜iya �r�ycciyuraiyilum, kir퉗ka ilakkiya�ka� k葉�um pe�maiyait tami�c c惜웫ka�u�a� oppi葺uk k葉�uki췃�r. ivai y�va윜aiyum vi�akk嚴iya a�avil kir퉗ka k�viya�ka�aiyum, tami�p pu웏pp葉alka�aiyum, oppi葺u ikka葺urai �ciriyar e�utiya �r�ycciyurai 1966-il parmi�ham palkalaikka�akatti� kal�nitip pa葺atti웛�kac camarppikkappa葺atu. Tamil Heroic Poetry e�춙m peyaril atu ve�ivantu應atu. ivvi�attil� v튋u cila muya웒ika�aiyum ku웙ppi�utal poruttam�yirukkum. tami�il vimarca춁k kalaiyait ta�춙�arv비u muta� mutali� kaiy性�a va.v�.cu.aiyar tamatu kampar�m�ya�a �yvu n�lil, kampa춁iyum pi웏 k�viya kartt�kka� cilaraiyum oppi葺u應�r. h튾ar, verjil, mil�a� �kiy틆 aiyaratu kava춁tti웛u� akappa葺avarka�. aiyari� muya웒i pala n튻ku�aiyat�ka viruntatu. oppiyali� a�ippa�aiyil kampa춁it t�kki ni웫ttuvatu m�ttirama췃i, 'k�viya camatk�rattaip pa윜i vist�ram�ka vivarittu應a' m묶葉�ut ti웏��yv贍arait tami� n葉�u v�cakarukku a웙mukappa�uttuvatum. avaratu n튻kam�kat teriki웏tu. i췃u pi��튻kip p�rkkum p틊u, aiyaratu perumuya웒iyi� ni웏iku웏ika�aip pu웏 nilaiyil vaittu �r�ya v�yppirukki웏tu. vi�utalaikku v�rattu�a� u�aitta t�virav�tiy惜a aiyar vimarca춁ttilum t�virav�tiy�kat t惜 irunt�r. ir�m�ya�attai, "kampan葉焌�v�r e�utiya tivya kirantam" e춁 varu�ikkum aiyar, kampa춁ip puka�um p틊u ava춁i ulaki� talaiy�ya k�viyakartt� e췃� k�웫ki잀r. "kampa춙�aiya r�m�ya�am惜atu ma윜a kavika� e�utiya r�ma caritaika�aiyum tami�il e�utappa葺a itara k�viya�ka�i� perump�l惜a va윜aiyum k嚴a 'veyili�ait tanta vi�akko�ip튽 �kkivi葺atu. itu m�ttiramalla. kampa r�m�ya�am惜atu h튾ar e�utiya iliy�taiyum, virkkiliya� e�utiya 묶ayitaiyum, mil�a춙�aiya cuvarkka na亢am e췃a k�viyattaiyum, viy�sa p�ratattaiyum ta춁kk� muta��l�ka irunta v�lm�ki r�m�ya�attaiyum k嚴a, peru�k�ppiya la�ca�atti� amca�ka�u� a�퉗am�y ell�va윜ilum ve췃uvi葺atu e췃u colluv튾." ikk�윜u a�uttan tiruttam�kak kampa춁i ariy�ca춁ttil 튋웫n takaimaiyatu e춑atil aiyamillai. entavitam惜a tayakkamumi췃it tamatu mu�ivaik k�웙 vi�uki췃�r aiyar. emakku maki�ccitarum mu�ip�ka iruppi춙m, aiyaratu cut퉏a pakti varampu ka�antirukkum� e췃a e黜am ikk�윜aip pa�ikkumpo�utu e춁kku 튋pa�uvatu椿u. 惜�l, aiyar e�uttukk葉�um c惜웫ka� avvaiyattaip p튻kavalla춁. e춊춙m, ivvi�attil oru vi�ayattaik k�웏l�m. aiyar ivv�웫 e�utiyatu p튽av� avaratu u윜a na�pa�惜a p�ratiyum, "y�ma웙nta pulavaril� kampa춁ip p튽 va應uvarp튽 i�a�k� vaipp튽 p�mita춊l y涉ka�um� pi웏ntatillai u�mai ve웫m puka�cci yillai" e췃u urattup p葉i�惜. ita춁ip p�rkkumi�attu mo�ip pa윜um t퉏appa윜um 틆a�avukku ivarka�ai uyarvu navi웒iyil �kkuvittu應a춁 e춁k karutat t벼웫ki웏tu. 묶e춊l aiyar nu黜u�arvum n�la웙vum c�lap pe윜a vimarcakar; avva웙vup payi웒i k�ra�am�ka orup�� k비�ta caman튻kuk kaivarap pe윜avar. �yi춙m anniyar葉ciyai etirttu ni췃a a웙쨅r palaraip p튽a intiyap p�rampariyatti� perumaiyai ulaka웙yac ceytal v뱝�ume췃a av� avarukkumiruntatu. tammai 性�a 涉kil퉧araiyum avar p벼웏 pi웏 air틄piyaraiyum vi�a, t�m perumai mikka kalai, ilakkiya, tattuva p�rampariyattukku v�ricuka� e췃u k葉�uvatil 튋att饍a ell� intiya a웙쨅rum 蜃upa葺irunta춁r. tilakar, r�jv葉�, r惜a朱, aiyasv�l, pa椿ark�r, p僊ki, k뱉kar, k빙�l, maj�mt�r mutaliya varal�윜�ciriyaraik kava춊tt�l ivvu�mai te윜e춁p pula��kum. m묶葉焌r mikavum cil�kittup p퉏iya ku�iyaracu mu웏i pa椿aikk�la intiy�vil- puttar pi웏nta k�latti웛u mu�춁t�ka, ci웏ppu윜u vi�a�kiyatu e췃u v�ti葺�r k�.pi. aiyasv�l. avaraip p튽av� pi웏rum vevv튋u tu웏ika�il pur�ta춁 intiyari� perumai p퉏i춁r. m묶葉焌r k惜� e춑avaraic ci웏nta tattuva v�tiy�kak ko椿葉i��l, avari춙m ca�karar ci웏ppu mikkavar e춁vum, atup튽av� 乏kspiyari춙m k贍it�ca춙m kampa춙m m퉙pa葺avarka� e춁vum ipp퉟a웙쨅rka� v�tam purinta춁r. "kampa 춅췃oru m惜i�a� v饍ntatum k贍it�ca� kavitaipu 춁intatum umpar v惜attuk k븍aiyum m勝aiyum 틆nta �ant틆 p�skara� m葉ciyum nampa rutti웏 l비oru p性i춊 ㅰla m�til ilakka�a� ka椿atum impar v饍vi� i웫ti ka� �u�maiyi� iyalpu �arttiya ca�kara� 튋웏mum a�춁 y�vum a웙ntilar p�ratat t涉ki lampayil pa應iyu� p튻unar" e췃a cuyacaritaiyil p�rati p葉ump틊u, ivarka�i� kuralaiy� k뱉ki읃m. kampa춁i ulaka mak�kavi e춁 aiyar k�웙yataip pi춑a윜i v튋u cilarum avv�웫 k�웙 vantu應a춁r. 惜�l oppiyali� pa�pum paya춙m etu ci웏ntatu e춁t t�rppa�ippatu ma葺um alla. oppumaikak惜a k�ra�ika�aik ka椿a웙vatum, oppumaika� t벼웏k k�ra�am�yirunta pakaippulattai vi�a�kikko�vatum, ilakkiya�ka�aip pa�aikkum karttarka�ukkum c養alukkumu應a parasparat to�arpi춁i a웙ntu ko�vatum oppiyali� pa�puka乙m. aiyar ava윜ai atikam kava춊ttat�kat teriyavillai. anta�avukku avaratu oppun튻kuk ku웏ip葉u�aiyat�. m묶葉�u ilakkiya�ka�ilu� ci웏ntavai intiya ilakkiya�ka� e췃u palar k葉�a muya췃ataip p튽av� va�a mo�ilakkiya�ka�ilu� ci웏nta춁 tami�ilakkiya�ka� e췃u ni웫vap palar muya췃u vantu應a춁r. �riyar-tir�vi�ar piracci춁iyi� ve�ipp葉�kat t벼웫m ipp틊aikku iru c�r�raiyum p�tittup p틊ittu應atu. c�tiyi춁�ippa�aiyilum camayap pirivi춁�ippa�aiyilum mo�iya�ippa�aiyilum perumai p퉏um ipp튻ku, ilakkiya matipp蜃�aip peruma�avu mali춁ppa�uttiyu應atu. kampar�m�ya�attaiyum po웫tta�avil �riyar-tir�vi�ar p�cal惜atu. v惜m�ki-kampa� p비�iy�ka uruve�uttu應atu. ita��l i췃uvarai nit惜am惜a oppiyal �yvu na�appata웛ut ta�aika� iruntu varuki췃a춁. p�.v�. m性ikkan�yakkar e�utiya "kampa� pu�ukum v惜m�ki v�ymaiyum", ve.pa. cuppirama�iya mutaliy�r e�utiya 'ir�m�ya�a u應uraip poru�um te�춊ntiya c�ti varal�웫m' e춑a춁 p벼웏 n�lka� ir�m�ya�a �yvu ticai tava웙ya ta춎aiyaik k葉�uki췃a춁. inn튻ka nilaiyi춁�ippa�aiyil퉧� "tir�vi�a�惜a ir�va�a춁tu" perumaiyai u�arttum 'ir�va�a k�viyam' e�untatu. ita��ciriyar pulavar ku�antai. ittakaiya vipar�tap p튻kuka�aiyell�m p�rkkump틊u, va.v�.cu.aiyar muta윜ara vimarcakar�ka m�ttirami췃i, oppilakkiya �yvu mu��비iy�kavum tika�vata� k�ra�attai u�aral�m. ir�m�ya�attai ma葺umall�tu pi웏 ilakkiya�ka�aic cuvaittap틊um, aiyaravarka� tamatu 饍nta ilakkiyap payi웒i k�ra�am�ka oppun튻kil 蜃upa葺�r. tami�il� 퉡묶umo췃aip pa�ikkumpo�utu, ata웛u nikar惜a pi웏mo�ic celva�ka� avarukku ni춁ivil� t벼웙춁. n�m m퉘� k�웙yav�웫 vivaram�ka ava윜ai avar oppu n튻ki��rallar. �yi춙m oppun튻ka mu춁intamaiyo췃� avaratu parantu virinta p�rvaiyaik k葉�uvat�yu應atu. p�rva varal�윜u mu웏i, c�tic c養cci mu웏i e췃a n튻ka�ka�u�a� ir�m�ya�attaik ka웤avar malinta c養alil�, u�an�l mu웏iyaiyum ci웤a mu웏iyaiyum tu�aik ko椿u akk�ppiyattai �yntu cuvaitta aiyar ta춊cci웏ppu�aiyavar�. kampa춁it tavira, pi웏 tami�k kavi쨅rai oppiyali� a�ippa�aiyil aiyar n튻kiya vitatti웛u e�uttukk葉焌ka nav勝a mak�kavi p�ratiyi� ka黜a� p葉�u ira椿�m patippi웛u (1920) avar e�utiya mu�춙raiyi� cila pakutika�aik ku웙ppi�al�m: "n�yaka n�yaki p�vattaip pa윜i i�kuc cila mo�ika� k�잀tu vi�a mu�iyavillai. ipp�vatt�l pakav惜ai va�ipa�um mu웏i to췃uto葺up paktarka乙lum kavika乙lum a춙carikkappa葺u varuki웏tu. r튾a� katt튽ikka matattil� k嚴a a�iy�r varkkattai n�yakiy�kavum ki웙stuvai n�yaka��kavum p�vittu e�utiya st틊tira�ka� pala u�a. namatu p�kavatattil k틄ikaika�i� up�kkiy惜a�ka�ell�m ipp�vattait ta�uvi e�utappa葺u應a춁v�.... 惜�l inta p�vattai 贍uvatu kattiyi� k�rpp�katti� m�tu na�appataip p벼웏 ka亢am惜a k�riyam. oru varampu irukki웏tu: ata웛u appu웏m ippu웏m p틐vi葺�l acantarppam�ki vi�um. �r� p�vakatattilu� k嚴a k틄ik� up�kki y性a�ka�il cukapakav惜 ivvarampai a�ka�k� ka�antu vi葺irukki잀r e춑atu e춁tu t饍nta apippir�yam.... ceyiri췃i ipp�vattaip p葉uvatu an퉗am�y ac�ttiyam... namatu kaviyum c�r�ram惜a k�talaiy� atikam�ka var�ikki잀r... 惜�l, cukap pirammam� ni웫tta mu�iy�tat惜a tar�cu mu춁iyai nam �ciriyar ni웫ttavillai e췃u n�m ku웏i k�웏l�m�? m묶葉�ilakkiya�ka�ai ma葺uma췃i, intiya mo�ika� pi웏va윜ilu應a ilakkiya�ka�aiyum poruttam惜a cantarppattil oppun튻kit t�m �r�yum n�lukku vi�akkam k�웙��r aiyar e춑ata웛u m튋k�웙ya pakuti takkavoru tiru亢�ntam�kum. �yi춙m aiyar e�utiya ci웫kataika�ai n튻kum p틊um, ti웏��yvuk ka葺uraika�aiyum n�lka�aiyum n튻kump틊um pa�ipp틆 ma춁ttaik kavarvatu avaratu nilaiy惜a m묶葉�ilakkiyap payi웒iy�kum. te췃al비u m퉘k�윜aiyum a웤utam�kak kalant嚴�iyavar aiyar. anta vakaiyil, appa�iyai vevv튋u a�avil� to�arntu ceytu varupavar惜a a.c勝iv�car�kava�, r�.�r�.t퉏ika�, pi.�r�., �i.k�.ci. ka.n�.cuprama�ya�, puracu p�lakiru巷a�, rakun�ta�, es.ir�makiru巷a�, ci.cu. cellapp�, mutaliy틆ell�m aiyar marapil� vantavarka鍮. curu�kakk�웙� nav勝a 涉kila vimarca춁 mu웏iyum uttika�um aiyar tami�ukku a�itta aru�ko�aika� e춑atil entavita aiyapp葉umillai. aiyaratu k�latti웛up pi� m묶葉�uk k�viya�ka�aip pa윜iya �yvu pala putiya ne웙ka�i� ce췃u應atu. e춊춙m avari� KaMBaRaMaYaNa - a STuDY e췃a n�l i�춙m ci웏ppu�a� vi�a�kuki췃atu. aiyar ivv涉kila n�lai 튋att饍a n�웤att및u 性�uka�ukku mu�춁r (1921-22) pel�ri ci웏ik kaitiy�ka irunta k�lattil e�uti��r. e췃� ve�i vantirukka v뱝�iya ivvariya �r�ycci n�l cum�r m耶웫 tac�pta�ka�ukkup pi�춁r� (1950) accuv�ka춁m튋i ve�iyulakai e葺ip p�rttatu. aiyar n�lai e�utiyata웛um ku웙ppi�um m묶葉�uk k�viya�ka� pa윜iya �yvuka� palkip peruki vantu應a춁. ci웏pp�ka kir퉗ka �ti kaviy�m h튾ar pa윜i vimarca춁m mu윜ilum putiya p튻kil virintu應atu. iliy�tu, 勝iyit, cuvarkka n�kkam, v�lm�ki ir�m�ya�am e춑a춁va윜aiyell�m or� ta춎aiya춁v�kak ko椿u oppun튻ki vimarca춁� ceyt�r aiyar. pel�ri ci웏iyil p틊iya n�lka� ki�aikk�ta i�armikunta c養nilaiyil e�utik ko椿irunta v밸ai, pire쨇u n葉�uc corpo� palkalaik ka�akattil� �r�ycci m性ava��ka irunta milma� pari e췃a amerikkar h튾ar pa윜iya �r�ycciyaip pura�cikaram惜a p�taiyil celuttiya �yvuk ka葺uraiyai uruv�kkik ko椿irunt�r. atu k�lavarai ulake�kilumu應a kir퉗ka ilakkiya a웙쨅rka� h튾ar tamatu k�viya�ka�ai e�uti��r e췃u ti�am�ka nampi vanta춁r. matak k비p葉u p튽a nampikkaiya�ip pa�aiyil nilavi vanta karuttai v퉟비u c�ytt�r pari. cerp� ku읃�iya�-te춃il�vik-v�ymo�iyilakkiya�ka�ai nu�ukkam�ka �r�ynta pari, ava윜i웛um h튾aratu peyar�l va�a�kum kir퉗ka �tik�viya�ka�ukkumu應a attiyanta o윜umaika�aik ka椿�r. k性avum h튾araip pa윜iya putiya vi�akkam pi웏ntatu. patt性�uka�ukkup pi�춁r (muppatuka�il) tamatu mu�ipaik k�웙��r. kir퉗ka ilakkiya �r�ycciy贍arum perum p퉟�ciriyarum atircciya�ainta춁r. 惜�l h튾aratu pa�aippu 뱉�ile�ut� v�ymo�ik k�ppiyam e�춙mu�mai u�arappa�al�yi윜u. verjili� 勝iyit, mil�a춁tu cuvarkka n�kkam mutaliya춁 ceya웛aiy�kat t틹웫vikkappa葺a ilakkiyak k�ppiya�ka� viy�caratu mak�p�ratattaip p튽a, h튾aratu iliy�tu mu춎u웏i itik�cam allatu iya웛ai itik�cam e춁ppa�um. oru kavi쨅��l orumu웏iyil p葉appa焌tu, palak�lam�kap pala pirat퉏a�ka�il 涉k涉k� va�a�ki vanta kavitaip pakutika� oru ku웙ppi葺a c養nilaiyil tira椿u va�ivam pe웫vat� va�arcci itik�cam e춁ppa�um. 勝iyit, cuvarkka n�kkam, kampar�m�ya�am mutaliya춁 "kalaipa윜iya niyama�ka�um, p葉�iyal marapuka�um varaiya웏ippa葺a k�lattil" pi웏ntavai. ta춊yoru peru�kavi쨅춁tu m퉡�vil�catti웛um kalaiyu�arccikkum ka�a쨇iyam�ka vi�a�kuva춁. iya웛ai itik�ca�ka�um ilakkiyak k�ppiya�ka�um pi웏ppi��l v튋惜avaiy�tal�l avaipa윜iya vimarca춁�ka�um v튋惜avaiy�yiruttal v뱝�iyatu iyalp�. ita춁i va웤u웫tti��r milma� pari. parikkup pi� vanta pe�ar�, tomsa�, ne柱p튽os, l비, k퉟k mutaliya �r�ycciy贍ar h튾aratu k�viya�ka�ai v�ymo�ip p葉alka乙kav� ko椿u tamatu n�ta춁 �yvuka�ai na�attiyu應a춁r. ulaka mu�uvatum p�rv�ka ilakkiya�ka�aip putiya n튻kil �r�yavum, oppu n튻kavum ivarka� mu춁intu應a춁r. iva윜i� paya��ka v�y mo�ip p葉�iyal (Oral Poetics) 饍amum akalamum a�aintu varuki웏tu. u�maiyil h튾aratu kavippa�pu kampa춊la췃i, mu웛�lac c惜읃ri�attil퉧� k性appa�uki웏tu. kampa춁i verjilu�a춙m, mil�a춙�a춙m, t�nt틐u�a춙m oppi�al�m. h튾aru�a� or� va�i oppi�al�m�yi춙m, ata��� pe웫m paya� ku웏iv�. aiyar mu웛u웙ya p�kup葉�ai a웙y�tavar�tali�, k�ppiya�ka� y�va윜aiyum oruc퉟a vaittu oppu n튻kiyu應�r. atu avari� ku윜am� ku웏ip葉� alla. 묶e춊l pariyi� �yvuka� piracittam�ku mu�춁t�kav� (3.6.1925) avar ak�la mara�ama�aint�r. avar ceyyat tava웙yatai avarukkup pi춚ant틆 cilar ora�avu nivirtti ceytu應a춁r e춁l�m. �yi춙m aiyar k葉�iya va�iyil varum tami�a웙쨅r palar, iya웛ai itik�cattukkum, ilakkiyak k�ppiyattukkum, u應a a�ippa�ai vittiy�cattaic cevva�� u�arntu應a춁r e춁k k�웫vata웛illai. aiyarukkup pi춚antavarka� e�utiyu應a n�lka�il es.ir�makiru巷a춊� kampa춙m mil�a춙m, citampara rakun�ta춊� p�ratiyum �elliyum, a黜�malaip palkalaikka�akattaic c퉟nta vi.caccit惜anta� e춑�r 涉kilattil p�ratiyaiyum, vi�ma�, �elli, k蜃s mutaliy틆aiyum oppi葺u e�utiya �r�yccik ka葺uraika�um, ikka葺uraiy�ciriyar p�ratiyaiyum t�k�raiyum oppun튻ki e�utiya iru mak�kavika� e췃a n�lum, ji.v惜m�kan�ta� e춑�r ma�iv�cakaraiyum r�mi e췃a p�rac�ka ma웏iㅰ춁k kavi쨅raiyum oppi葺u 涉kilattil e�utiya ka葺uraiyum ku웙ppi�attakka춁. iva윜aivi�a i�춙m e� ka黜i� pa焌ta춁vum iruttalk嚴um. citampara rakun�ta� e�utiyu應a ka�kaiyum k�viriyum ku웙ppi�attakka oppiyal ilakkiya n�l�. t�k�raiyum p�ratiyaiyum oppu n튻ki e�aip비uki웏tu inn�l. iva윜aivi�a, p퉟�ciriyar a.c勝iv�car�kava�, tiru.ki.cantirac퉗ara� �kiy틆 avvapp틊u e�utiya cila ka葺uraika�um ittu웏iyila�a�kuva춁. �yi춙m ivai ci웫 tu�ika鍮. ivvi�attil� oppun튻ku ma�틄�vam pa윜i 틆 eccarikkai ceyyat t벼웫ki웏tu. pa�aiya ilakkiya�ka�ai oppun튻ki �yv틆 cilar�. 惜�l ta웛�la ilakkiya�ka�ait ti웏��yv틆 palar. ta웛�la ilakkiya va�iva�ka�u應um pu춁ikatai, n葉akam e춑a춁va윜aip pa�ittu apippir�ya� k�웫v틆 i�춙m palar. innilaiyil tami� e�utt贍arai m묶葉�u e�utt贍aru�a� to�arpu pa�uttiyum oppi葺um ma葺umatippi췃ip p튻um p튻kil� p퉏uv틆 palarirukki췃a춁r. emmavarkku 涉kilap payi웒iyum k밸viyum� atikam�tal�l, air틄piya ilakkiya kart�kka�u� 涉kil퉧ar� mu춎�tirika乙yk ko應appa�uki췃a춁r. e춊춙m, i�aiyi�aiy� pi웏 air틄piyar cilarum e�utt贍appa�uvatu椿u. pa�aiya n�val�ciriyar sko�, n葉ak�ciriyar per�葉咸, putumai e�utt贍arka� l틆a춖, j틐s, k�tari춎惜s �p�l�, jerm惜iya e�utt贍ar k�pk�, mutaliy틆 a�ikka�i ku웙ppi�appa�upavarka�. ut�ra�am�ka, kalkiyai v�l�ar sko윜u�a� oppi葺u應a춁r; jeyak�nta춁i �i.ec. l틆a춃u�a� oppi葺u�a�a춁r. 틆a�av묶um ti葺am惜a opp�yvi� paya��kava췃i m퉘e�unta v�riy惜a ma춁ppativuka乙kav� ittakaiya opp蜃uka� amaintuvi�uki췃a춁. p튽iy惜a ivvopp蜃uka� ku웙ttup putumaippitta� oru ka葺uraiyi� pi춚arum�웫 naiy性�iy�ka e�utiyu應�r: "묶 atu m퉘 n葉�u�a� oppi�a v뱝�iya k�riyam� teriyavillai. namm�r n�yar 비�al i�liyaiyum, paramacivam pi應ai 비�al t튰aiyaiyum ha�li� p�mars pisk틊tu�a� ve윜ikaram�ka oppi葺u ve�ivarum karuttukka�aik k性appe웫m p�kkiyam e춁kku ituvarai cittikkavillai." putumaippitta춁tu vayi윜ericcal ve�ippa�ai. ivv�웫 e�utum "�ciriyarka�ait tami�n葉�u per�葉咸, tami�n葉�u m�ppas惜" e췃u va�a�kupavarka� u�maiyil pi웏n葉�u ilakkiya kartt�kka類�u oppu n튻kuki잀rka� allar; ma웏imukam�kat tamatu t饍maiyu�arcciyaik k葉�ik ko�ki췃a춁r. ivarka�i� perump�l惜틆, ilakkiyattaip po�utup튻k�kak ko�pavarka�. e춁v� cuyatiruptikk�kavum ve�ippaka葺i웛�kavum ivv�웫 oppi葺uraikki췃a춁r. atu ilakkiya o葺ukk�yccal�ka ematu v�cakaraip p蜃ittu vi�uki웏tu. oppiyal �yve춑atu k퉣alam po�utup튻k惜a �yvu mu웏iya췃u; oppiyal �yvi� m�lam�kav� oru poru�i� ta춊ppa�puka�ait ti�am�kak k�웏l�m. o윜umaikku mattiyilum nu黜iya v튋up葉uka� k性appa�um. ava윜i춁i �t�ram�kak ko椿� oru poru�i� ta춊c ci웏ppukka�ai a웙tal k嚴um. at�vatu iru ilakkiya�ka�ai oppi�umpo�utu ava윜i� potuppa�puka� y�vai, ci웏ppup pa�puka� y�vai e춑atu te�iv�ki웏tu. itte�ivu, varal�윜a�ippa�aiyil惜a ilakkiya �r�yccikku 퉡uv�ka amaiki췃atu. i췃u tami�ilakkiya �r�ycciy惜atu peruma�avi웛uk k�웙yatu k�웏l�kav� amaintu k性appa�uvata웛um, pa�am perumaic ci웏ikku� a�aipa葺uk ki�appata웛um oppiyal ma�틄�vam takkamu웏iyil va�ar�maiy� k�ra�am e췃u tu�intu k�웏l�m. 튋att饍a oru n�윜性�i웛u mu�춁t�ka ikku웏ip葉�ai m묶葉�ut tami�a웙쨅r oruvar ka椿uko椿�r: "oppiya� kalvi ovv틆 a웙viya윜u웏iyilum air틄p�vil perunalam payantu應atu. tir�vi�arka� (tami�arka�) ta�ka� mo�ika�aip pi웏va윜u�a� oppun튻ka orup틊um muya췃atillai. ita��l, avarka� ta�ka� mo�iyaip pa�ippatil� ka�aippi�itta akka웏iy惜atu, mati nu�patt비u pakuttu�arv비um k嚴i웏yat�yir�mal; n퉟maiy�ka etirp�rtta a�avi웛u mikak ku웏inta paya춁i a�ittu應atu. attiya�car k�l�uvel a췃u ku웙pp�ka mo�iyiyal pa윜ik k�웙yatu i췃u ilakkiya �r�yccikkum poruntum. ita춁i 틆 ut�ra�atti� m�lam vi�akkal�m. pa椿aikk�la ma춊ta varal�윜ai �r�yntavarka�, v�rayukam, Heroic age e췃a k�lap pirivaik ku웙ppi葺u應a춁r. an�karika nilaiyiliruntu n�karika nilaikkuc cam�kam m�웫m oru ku웙ppi葺ak�la ka葺attil, ku�ukka乙kavum kula�ka乙kavum irunta v饍kkai amaippait ta춊ma춊tak ko�kai u�aitte웙ntu, valukko�kaiyi춁�ippa�aiyil aracuka�ai ni웫vum ca椿aika� ni웏inta varal�윜u nilaiyai v�rayukam e췃a�aippar. m튋k�웙ya pa�puka� piratipalikkum p�kka�ai v�rayukap p�kka� e췃u�k�웫var. ipp�kka� 뱉�ile�ut� v�ymo�ip p�kka乙kav� t벼웙 nilavuva춁. kir퉗ka, keltiya, jerm惜iya �tikavika�ai �r�yntavarka� ka椿a웙nta taravuka�i춊췃um ka�ikkappa葺a ilakkiyak ko�kai itu. ikko�kaiyai oru karutuk븍�kak ko椿�, citt�nt�, vaiy�purippi應ai mutaliy틆 pa�antami�p p葉alka�um v�rayukattaic c퉟nta춁v�ka irukkal�m e춁 �kitta춁r. �r�ycciyi� paya��kac c퉟nta춁v�ka irukkal�m e춁 �kitta춁r. �r�ycciyi� paya��kak karutuk븍 cariye춁k k性appa葺u應atu. ituv� oppiyal n튻ki� pa�pum paya춙m�kum. oppun튻kik ka웛�tata� k�ra�am�ka, pu웏n惜�웫, pati윜up pattu, pu웏pporu� ve�p�m�lai mutaliya n�웤葉alka�, "kalt벼웙 ma�t벼잀k k�latt�, v贍비u mu춗벼웙 m�ttaku�i" y�m tami� makka�i� ta춊p perum v�rappa�paik k葉�uki췃a춁 e췃u, p튽ic ci웏ppup p퉏i tiriki췃a춁r palar. oppun튻ki ilakkiyattaip pa�ikkum p틊u, "tirunt�ta" makka乙kak karutappa�um iru椿aka椿attu, �ppirikka makka� k嚴a v�rayukap p�kka�ai u�aiyavar�yiruppatu ilakkuvi� pula��kum. �kav�, "mati nu�pamum pakuttu�arvum �r�ycciyil i�am pe웏t talaippa�um ematu a웙y�mai k�ra�am�ka, emakk� (tami�arukk�) uritt惜avai e췃u e黜ik cuyani웏i u�arvu�a� karutikko應um pala vi�aya�ka� pi웏 cam�ka makka�i�attum k性appa�uki췃a춁 e춑atai n�m e췃u a웙ki췃튾� a췃� u�maiy惜a a웙vu va�arcciyum cam�ka mu��튋웏mum 튋pa�um. yukak kavi쨅� p�rati itaik ka椿uko椿惜: "ma웏iv�ka namakku應� pa�a�kataika� colvatil틆 makimai illai; ti웏m惜a pulamaiye춊l ve�in葉焌r atai va�akka� ceytal v뱝�um. n�m "v贍비u mu춗벼웙ya m�ttaku�i" e췃u evva�avut惜 urakkak k�vi��lum, ve�in葉焌r ata웛uc cevic�ykkap p틍atillai. kalai ilakkiyattu웏iyaip po웫tta a�avil, m튋k�웙ya oppiyal ilakkiya �yvuka� ematu ilakkiyac celva�ka�ai ulaka웙yac ceyvatu�a�, ematu ilakkiya�ka�i� ci웏ppup pa�puka� y�vai, potup pa�puka� y�vai e춑a춁va윜ai u�ara va�ik葉�uvatu�a�, varal�윜a�ippa�aiyil惜a ilakkiya �r�yccikkum 퉡uv�ka amaiyum. ka�anta 및e葺u 性�uka乙ka iya�kivarum ulakat tami犁r�yccik ka�akatti� �taravil iru karuttara�kuka� nika�ntu應a춁. mutal�vatu karuttara�ku kuv�l�lamp�rilum (퉝ral 1966) ira椿�vatu karuttara�ku ce�춁iyilum (ja춁vari 1968) na�aipe윜a춁. va�arntu varum tami�iyal (Tamilology) �r�yccikkut talaiy�ya e�uttukk葉焌ka ik karuttara�ku tika�ki웏tu e춁k ko椿�l, i췃aiya tami�iyal �yvi� mukkiya tu웏iy�ka oppiyal �yvu vi�a�kuki웏tu e춁k ko應al�m. potuv�kat tami�n葉�il oppiyal n튻kum, �yvum va�arcci ku췃iy� k性appa�uvatu palar�lum oppa mu�inta ceytiy�. �yi춙m karuttara�kil ve�in葉焌r�ycciy贍arum pa�kupa윜uvata��l ittu웏ikkup perunt嶪�utal ki�aittu應atu. ik karuttara�kuka�ilum, oppiyal �yvut tu웏iyil�, tami�akap piratinitika�ilum, pi웏n葉�up piratinitika鍮 perump�l惜a �yvuraika�aic camarppittu應a춁r. ka�alka�antu v饍um tami犁r�ycciy贍araip po웫ttavaraiyil mal벋iyap palkalaikka�aka intiyaviyal tu웏i virivuraiy贍ar tiru.es.ci�k�rav퉘u oppiyal �r�ycciyil p퉟�kkattu�a� u�aittu varuki잀r. te춌i�akku �ciyap pirat퉏a�ka�il ir�m�ya�am paraviyu應atu. t�yl�ntu, int벼벋iy�, mal벋iy� mutaliya t퉏a�ka�ilell�m k性appa�um ir�ma carita�ka�ai oppu n튻kip pakupp�yvum pa�p�yvum paravalai �r�yum vakaiyil ittakaiya oppu �yvum amaiva춁. mutal�vatu karuttara�kil� tiru.es.ci�k�ra v퉘u" a comparative study of the story of Rama in South india and South East asia" e췃a �yvuk ka葺uraiyai ara�k튋웙��r. cam�pa k�la nu黜�yvuka�il ita웛uc ci웏pp惜av틆 i�amu椿u. ipporu� ku웙ttu, p퉟�ciriyar to.po. m勝葉ci cuntara��rum v튋u ira椿oruvarum avvapp틊u cila avacarak ku웙ppuka�aik k�웙yu應are춊춙m tirupti tarum vakaiyil mu�umaiy惜a �r�ycciyai ceytu varupavarum tiru. ci�k�rav퉘u e춁l�m. ivv�r�ycciyi� ta춊ppa葺a ci웏ppu orupu웏mirukka, ittakaiya oppiyal �yvuka�ait tami�aka m性avari춙m ve�in葉�u m性avar paya춙應a mu웏iyi� ceytumu�ikka pala vacatika� u椿e춑atai oppuk ko應a v뱝�um. tami�iyal ce�ippata웛u iva윜aic ceytal ka�a� e춑atu oru talai. pala n�윜性�uk k�lam�kat tami� n葉�i웛um te춌i�akk�ciya n葉uka�ukkum etta춁iy� to�arpuka� iruntirukki췃a춁. varal�윜u m性avarukku icceyti putiyatalla. 惜�l kalai ilakkiya m性avar itto�arpuka�i� vi�aiv惜a ve�ipp葉uka�aip p틊iya�avu - ku웙pp�kat tami�aratu n튻ku nilaiyi춊췃u - �r�yntirukki췃a춁r e춑ata웛illai. tami�akattu a웙쨅r palar, ' ka焌ra� kaik ko椿u ci�k�ca춁ttirunta cempiya�" perumaiyaik k�웙yum e黜iyum i웫mp� teytuki췃a춁r퉧a췃i, akk�la�ka�il nika�nta pa�p葉�up parivartta춁iyi� nu�ukkavivara�ka�aip pe웫maiyu�a� �r�yntu a웙yum ma춁vamaiti u�aiyavar�yk k性appa�avillai. innilaiyil n�karika� kalanta i�a�ka�il� v饍u� cantarppam v�ykkap pe윜a tami�arum pi웏rum avvivara�ka�aip pakuttum vakuttum tokuttum �r�yvatu p�r葉�appa�a v뱝�iyat�. mal벋iyap palkalaikka�aka intiyaviya윜u웏i atipar, va�a ta춊n�yaka a�ika� tamatu pa�iyamarvut to�akkap p퉟uraiyi� k�웙ya cila v�kkiya�ka� i�ku ni춁ivukku varuki췃a춁: "mal�y, isl�miya, c勝at tu웏ika類�u neru�ki ottu�aittup putiya vi�akka�ka�aik k性pata웛u ippalkalaik ka�akattil intiyaviya윜u웏iyi춁rukkup pala v�yppuka� u應a춁. ippalkalaik ka�akattilu應a intiyaviya윜u웏iyi� varaiya웏ika�ukku iyaipa mal�yac carittiram, pa�p葉u e춑ava윜ai m�ttirama췃i, cam�ttir�vilum j�v�vilu應a �iye� m뱉�uc camave�iyilum, p�lit t�vilum, mico�, p틁akar �kiyava윜i� a�ip葉uka�ilum, viyatn�milu應a olkey틍ilum kamp비iy�vilu應a a�kor v葉, a�kort�m, �kiyava윜ilum t�yl�ntilu應a puka� v�ynta ka葺a�a�ka�ilum mo�i ilakkiyattilum intiyaviyal c�rnta �yvuka� na焌tta v�yppu椿u. ipperu muya웒iyil m퉘um oru pa�i ce췃u, c勝accinta춁iyaiyum, ilakkiya�ka�aiyum n�m ka윜u, ituvarai a웙y�ta m�la�ka�aiyum oppumaika�aiyum ka椿a웙tal k嚴um; allatu i�춙m va�akk� ce췃u, capp惜iyak kavitaiyi� k性um ta�k�, ce춑auttam �kiyava윜u�a� oppumaika� k性al�m. ittu웏iyil u�aippavarkkuc ceya웤arappu aka췃atu; v�yppuka� a춁ntam." makatt惜a ikku웙kk븍ukki�a�ka mal벋iyap palkalaik ka�akattil� cila muya웒ika� m튋 ko應appa葺u應a춁. ittakaiya a�ippa�aiyil� �illip palkalaikka�akat tami�t tu웏iyi춁r tamatu pirattiy퉗ac c養amaivukk튋웏 cila �yvuka�ai va�i na�atti varuki췃a춁r. tami�ilakkiya�ka�ai inti n�lka�u�a� oppu n튻ki �r�yum v�yppu a�kirukki웏tu. pa葺ap pi�춁r�ycciyai oppiyal ilakkiyap poru�il�, at�vatu inti - tami� opp�r�ycciyil� na焌tta v�yppiruppat�l cila na춎uya웒ika� m튋ko應appa葺u應a춁. ut�ra�am�ka n�l�yira tivviya pirapantattilum c�rc�karilum kiru巷akatai kaiy贍appa葺irukkum m�윜ai oppu n튻ki y�r�yntirukki잀r. k�.�.yamu�� ivv�yvuk ka葺uraikk�ka avarukku kal�nitip pa葺am va�a�kappa葺atu. tiruva應uvaraiyum kap�raiyum, kampa춁iyum tu�acit�caiyum oppu n튻ki y�r�yum muya웒ika�um m튋ko應appa葺u應a춁. tu�acit�s pa�aitta r�macaritam惜as intimo�iyi� pokki�a�ka�ilo췃u. va.v�.cu.aiyar, to.po.m勝葉ci cuntara��r, �.ta.ir�j퉠vari ammaiy�r mutaliy틆 tu�aci ir�m�ya�attaik kampar�m�ya�att비u to�arpupa�uttic ci웒ila ku웙ppukka� e�utiyirukki췃a춁r퉧a췃i 饍am惜a �yvu etuvum ita웛u mu�춁r ve�ivantatillai. ulakat tami犁r�yccik karuttara�ki춑틊u tami�iyali� oru pakutiy惜a oppiyal �yvu a�aintu varum turita mu��튋웏ttaik ka椿u�arakk嚴iyat�yiruntatu. e�uttukk葉�ukka� cilava윜aik ku웙ppi�utal poruttam�kum. ce�춁ik karuttara�kil� "tami�ilakkiya varal�윜il tiruppumu춁ika�" e�춙m poru� pa윜ip p퉟urai nika�ttiya k퉟a�ap palkalaik ka�akamo�iyiyal tu웏ittalaivar vi.ja.cuppirama�iyam oppiyal ilakkiya �r�ycciyi� i췃iyamaiy�maiyai e�uttu vi�akki��r. "mattiyak�lattilum pi웛�lattilum ka�춁�am, malaiy贍am, telu�ku, tami� �kiya mo�ika�il� e�unta ilakkiya�ka�ukkup potuv惜a ilakkiya a�ikkaruttukka� (Themes) k性appa�uki췃a춁. ivai mu춁ip p惜a oppumaika� - aya� pirat퉏a�ka�i춁tu ilakkiya marapuka�ai a웙vatu tami� ilakkiya marapai matippi�a utavum...a�ikkaruttukka�, y�ppu, ilakkiya vakai (va�ivam) ilakkiya marapu mutaliyava윜ai �r�yum pa�i m튋ko應appa焌mal, tami�ilakkiya varal�윜il� i�춙m t�rkkappa焌p putirka�ukkuc cila a웫tiy惜a c惜웫ka� ki�aittal k嚴um." ka黜aki katai k퉟a�a n葉�ilum tami� n葉�ilum va�arntum t퉧ntum vantu應a varal�윜uc ceytika�ai ut�ra�a vi�akkam�kak k葉�i��r p퉟�ciriyar. v�ymo�i ilakkiya�ka�aip po웫ttavaraiyilum, �r�ycciy贍ar ka�aippi�ikkak k嚴iya cila oppiyal ne웙ka�aic cu葺ik k葉�i��r avar. a���ri� m性�kkar iruvar (k�.pi.es.ham�t pi.�r.cuppirama�iya�) ittu웏iyil ku웙ppi�attakka �yvu na�attiyu應a춁r. p퉟�ciriyar cuppirama�iya� ku웙ppi葺a ka黜aki kataipparaval ila�kaiyaiyum u應a�akkuvat�. ita춁i a�uttan tiruttam�kavum 性ittaram�kavum k비i葺uk k葉�iyatu. tiru.n�.cuppirama�iya춁tu �yvurai. ila�kaiyar惜a tiru.n�.cuppirama�iya� v�citta ka葺urai cilampuc celviyum ci�ka�a ilakkiyamum e춑atu. i�a�k틍i� cilappatik�rak katai ci�ka�a ilakkiyattil evva�ivattil� i�am pe윜u應atu e춑ataik k葉�uvat� ka葺uraiyi� a�ippa�ai n튻kam. anta a�avi웛u atu oppilakkiya n튻ki��l untap pe윜at�. patti춊 va�ip葉u ila�kaikku i�am peyarntat�kavum, atu k�val teyvava�ip葉�ka urum�윜am a�aintamaiyum, putta camayacc�yal pe윜amaiyum camut�yaviyal c�rnta ceytika�. icceytika�ukku varal�윜up pi�춁�iyu mu椿u. ivai y�vu� c퉟ntu cilappatik�rac ceytiyaip putiya putiya par�c�la춁ika�ukku �t�ram�kki vi�uki췃a춁. cilappatik�rac ceyyu�ai acaip비�up pa�akivi葺a palarukku ittakaiya �yvuka�i� mukkiyattuvam pulappa焌malumirukkal�m. �yi춙m ivaiy� tami�iya� parappaiyum ellaiyaiyum viriv�kkuva춁. pa�a�k�lattil� te�춊ntiy�vi� ci웏ppu윜u vi�a�kiya cila 'teyva�ka�" ka�alka�antu perum peyar pe윜a춁. ir�ma�, akattiya�, ka黜aki mutal�yi춁 itteyva�ka�. ivai tami�ar pa�p葉u paraviya ayal n葉uka�ilum va�ipa�al�yi춁. ivai pa윜iya ilakkiya�ka�um p葉i m�윜a�ka�u�a� t벼웙춁. mal벋iyak karuttara�kil� ir�mak�taiyi� paraval pa윜ic caccit惜antam ci�k�ra v퉘u ka葺urai pa�ittatai m퉘� ku웙ppi葺튾. n�. cuppirama�iya춁tu ka葺urai attu�ai viriva윜at�yi춙m at퉗arattaic c퉟ntat�. oppiyal�yvi� paya��kac cilappatik�rak katai m�웫pa葺a c養amaivi웛튋pa evv�웫 urum�윜am pe윜ate춑atait tulakkiyu應�r. es.vaiy�purippi應ai, mak�vittuv惜 mu.ir�kavaiya�k�r mutaliy틆 patti춊 va�ip葉�aip pa윜iyum, cilappatik�rak kataiyi� "ma웫 avat�ra�ka�" pa윜iyum paya춙應a ku웙ppukka� k�웙yu應are춊춙m ci�ka�a ilakkiyac c惜웫ka�ai m�latti� pa�ittup paya춑a�uttiyavarallar. tiru.n�.cuppirama�iyatti� ka葺urai ikku웏ip葉�ai 틆a�avu nivartti ceytu應atu. p퉟�ciriyar vi.ai. cuppirama�iya� ku웙ppi葺atu p튽a, ka�춁�am, malaiy贍am, telu�ku e췃a mo�ika�ilu應a ilakkiya�ka� m�ttirami췃ic ci�ka�a ilakkiyamum tami� m性avar oppu n튻ka v뱝�iyato췃�kum. tami�ait t�ymo�iy�kak ko�v틆i� oppiyal ilakkiya �r�yccika� ivv�웙rukka, m묶葉焌r cilari� muya웒ika�aik ku웙ppi�utal avaciyam. "tami�ilakkiyattilum int�-�riya ilakkiyattilum k�rk�lam" e췃a oppiya� ka葺uraiyaip pa�itt�r, j틆j es.h�r� e�춙m amerikka �r�ycciy贍ar. oppiyal ilakkiya �yvukkuc ci웏nta e�uttukk葉焌ka vi�a�kiyatu avaratu ka葺urai, tami� p�katam, camaskirutam �kiya mo�ika�i� k性appa�uma k�rk�lattaip pa윜iya akapporu�p�kka�ai oppun튻ki, ava윜i� o윜umai v튋웫maikkuk k�ra�a�ka�aik k葉�i, tami�ilirunt� va�a mo�ikku ittu웏iyaicc�rnta poru� ce췃iruttal v뱝�um e춁t takkapa�i avar vi�akki��r. tokai n�lka�i� k性appa�um akatti�aic ceyyu�ka�aic ci웏pp�kak ka웛a ittakaiya �yvu va�i k葉�um e춑atil aiyamillai. h�r� p벼웏 i�aiya talaimu웏iyaic c퉟nta m묶葉�ut tami犁r�ycci m性avari�atti� k性appa�um ci웏ppiyalpu y�te춊l tami�apim惜attaiyum nit惜attaiyum oru�ki�aikkum u�arvamaitiy�kum. va�amo�iyilakkiya�ka�aiyum tami�ilakkiya�ka�aiyum oppu n튻kumi�attu u�arcci nilaiyil a췃i a웙vu nilaiyi춊췃u n튻kum camanilai avarka�i�attuk k性appa�uki웏tu. k�rk�la varavaiyo葺ip pirivut tuyari��l v葉um talaiviyaraiyum avartam akanilaika�aiyum iya웛aiy비u i�aittuk k葉�um kavipporu� marapu va�amo�it tokai n�lka�ilum ku웙pp�kap p�katac ceyyu�ka�ilum u應a춁. immarapu 튋att饍a ki.pi.n惜k�m n�윜性�a�avil퉧� tami�iliruntu avvilakkiya�ka�ukkuc ce췃iruttal v뱝�um e췃u tiru.h�r� k�웙ya p틊u, atu ve웫m tami�apim惜a m�kava췃i oppiyal �yvi� ve�ipp葉�ka viruntatu. k�la �r�ycciyum ku�anala �r�ycciyum oru�ki�ainta p�rvai avar �yvai va�ina�attiyu應atu. mikap pa�amaiy惜a tami�c ceyyu�ka�ai h�r� oppu n튻ki �r�yntatu p튽a, nav勝a kavitaika乙l p�rati pa�aippukka�ai oppu n튻ki vi�akki��r ra�ya intiyaviyal �yv贍ar, p퉟�ciriyar i.pi.celi�ev, "p�rati kavitaika� - intiya ilakkiya va�arcciyil t벼웙ya putiya p튻kuka�ukku e�uttukk葉�u" e췃a ka葺uraiyil va�a intiya mo�ika�il� p�ratikku nikar�kak kavip葉iya cilarai oppiyal n튻kil �r�ynt�r celi�ev. intiyak kavi쨅rai mutalil mo�iya�ippa�aiyil� a췃ip pirat퉏a a�ippa�aiyil� oppi�uvatum, ata� pi�춁r pi웏 n葉�uk kavi쨅ru�a� oppi葺�yvatum, paya춗aravalla muya웒iy�yirukkum e춁 ni춁iv嚴�iya avar, p�ratiyai va�a intiyak kavi쨅ru�a� oppu n튻kic cila mu�ivuka�ait terivitt�r. "ivv�웫 m튋k�웙ya oppu n튻ki� a�ippa�aiyil�, p�ratiyi� t퉏apaktik kavitaika�ai intiy�vi� pi웏 mo�ik kavitaika�u�a� c�rt�kkip p�rkkumi�attu, tami�akatti� mak�kavi t퉏a vi�utalai iyakkatt�l u�arv嚴�ap pe윜a intiya ilakkiya m퉡aika�i� mutal varicaiyil i�am pe웫ki잀r e춑atu u웫tippa�uki췃atu" immu�ivi웛uk k�ra�a k�riya vi�akka� k葉�iya celi�ev, t�k�r, nasrul iss�m, maitili�ara� kupt�, c�ryak�nt tirup�ti, p�lakiru巷a carm�, maka춍�l cutarv퉡i, hariyavuti� mutaliya va�k贍a, intik kavi쨅rukkum p�ratikkum potuvuyalpuka�um mu춎�tirika�um otta ta춎aiy�y vi�a�kiyamaikkuc carittirak k�ra�ika�ai e�uttuk k葉�i��r. "ivve�utt贍arka�i�aiy� n퉟a�it to�arpu ill�mal ivarka�u�aiya ilakkiyap pa�aippukka�il otta va�iva�ka� va�aral�yi춁. potuviyalpuka�ukku vi�akka� k�웙yatu p튽av�, "p�ratiyi� ta춊c ci웏ppuka�ukkum vi�akkam k�웏 muya췃�r celi�ev." araciyal te�ivu�a� camut�yap poru�ce웙vu mikka karuttukka�ai, 묶aiya intiyak kavi쨅rka�ukku mu�춁t�ka, p�rati tamatu e�uttukka�il� ve�iyi�a mu�intata웛uk k�ra�am e�춁? oppiyal �r�ycciy贍a춐ruva� avaciyam k뱉kav뱝�iyak밸vi itu. ittakaiya ta�ai vi�aika乙l p�ratiyi� ci웏ppaic c惜웫k葉�i ni웫viya celi�ev, p�ratiyi�am ku�iko椿irunta varal�윜u�arv� avaraic cila vi�aya�ka�ai na춌u u�arnta muta웤erum intiyak kavi쨅r�kkiyatu e췃�r. cam�pa k�lattil va�arntuvarum p�ratiy�yvuka�il ikka葺urai ku웙ppi�attakkatu. ulakat tami犁r�yccik karuttara�kuka�il mo�iyiya윜u웏i pa윜iya oppiyal �yvuka鍮 i췃um peruva�akk�yu應a춁. oppiyal �r�ycciyo췃�l mo�iyiyal �yvu e췃� potuv惜a apippir�yamum nilavuki웏tu. intiyaviyalaip po웫tta�avil oppiyal �yv惜atu mo�iyiya윜uraiyil �rampittamai imma춁ppativukkuk k�ra�am�yirukkal�m. 惜�l oppiyal �yve춑atu u�maiyil 틆 �r�ycci mu웏iy� y�kum. m묶葉�i� ce췃a n�윜性�il� cam�kaviyalum m惜i�aviyalum peruva�arcci yu윜amaikkuk k�ra�am�, oppiyal �yvu mu웏it惜. �pi읂sar, �ailar, hepa�sa춃imit, t�rkkaim mutaliy틆 'ulakama乙viya' m惜i�aviya� ceytika�ai oppun튻kiy� cam�kaviyakkatti� niyatika� palava윜aiyum pa椿aikk�lac cam�ka ni웫va춁�ka�i� u�maiyaiyum ka椿a웙ntu ni웫vi춁r. pur�ta춁 camut�ya�ka�i� va�arccip pa�ika�ai vakuttuk k�웙ya m틆ka� e춑�r, pala n�윜ukka�akk惜a cam�ka�ka�i� iyakkapp葉uka�ai oppun튻kiy� ava윜i웛up potuv惜a vitika�aik k�웏 mu웤a葺a춁r. cam�kaviyal m�ttirama췃i, 焌rvi춁tu pari鎚mak ko�kaiyum a�ippa�aiyil oppiyalka�ait tu�aiy�kak ko椿at�. ce�춁iyil na�anta karuttara�ka�il� kalai, ilakkiyat tu웏ika�il oppiyal �yvu maki�cciy嚴�um vakaiyil amaintiruntatu. m퉘� ku웙ppi葺a mukkiyam惜a ka葺uraika�ait tavira, tiru.ci.vi.ir�jacuntaram (ila�kai) e�utiya "ta웛�lat tami�k kavitaiyil m묶葉�uc celv�kku" tiru �r.rama�i (ci�kapp�r) v�citta "pa椿ait tami�p pa葺i춁�ka� - cila mu웛u웙ppuka�" ja��p k�.pi.es.hamit v�citta "iru marapuva�ik kataipp葉alka�i� ka葺amaippu" h퉟m惜 p퉟ker (m튋ku jerma춊) e�utiya "ri�ya ciru�kar katai oru tir�vi�ap pa�amarapuk katai, 焌k�ar. e�.vi. r�jak틄�la� (�kr�) camarppitta "parata n葉�iyattilum camaskirutac ceyyu�ilum k性um tolk�ppiya akapporu� celv�kku" karuttara�kaiyo葺it tiru.pi.�r.cuppirama�iya� (k퉟a�am) e�utiya "makka� p葉alka� - ilakkiyatti� mu��비ika�" e췃a ka葺uraika� potuv�kak k�웫mi�attu oppiya� ka黜비�am u�aiya춁v�. ivai etirk�la �r�ycci pa윜i nampikkai taruva춁v�ka u應a춁. 퉘av� n惜 ku웙ppi葺u應atu p튽a oppiyal ilakkiyattilum oppiyal mo�iyiyal� karuttara�kil mukkiyattuvam pe윜atu. 'puttam putiya' kalaiy�kiya mo�iyiyal ci웏ppi�am pe웫vatil viyappetuvumillai. cum�r pattuk ka葺uraika� oppu mo�iyiya� 웫웏iyaic c�rnta춁v�ka irunta춁. iva윜u應um perump惜mai pi웏 n葉�u nalla웙쨅r�l e�utappa葺avai. tiru.n�.v惜am�malai oru cantarppatti� ku웙ppi葺iruppatu p튽a, "ittakaiya �r�yccika�ai anniya �r�ycciy贍arka�i�am� vi葺uvi葺u n�m v贍�viruppatu namakkup perumaiya�ikk�tu. n�m� ittu웏iyil mu��튋a v뱝�um. mo�iyiyal, ilakkiyam e췃a tu웏ika�il oppun튻ku attiy�vaciyam�y iruppatu p튽av�, v�y mo�i ilakkiyat tu웏iyilum atu mika mukkiyam惜at�kum. n葉비ip p葉alka�, n葉焌r p葉alka�, n葉�uppu웏p p葉alka�, makka� ilakkiyam, kir�miya ilakkiyam, p�marar p葉alka�, e췃ell�ma n�m cara�a� ceyyappa葺u應a v�ymo�ip p葉alka� oppiyal �yvi��l putto�iyum putu vi�akkamum pe웏k k嚴iya춁. tiru.n�. v惜am�lai, p퉟�ciriyar vi.ja. cuppirama�iya�, tiru.pi.�r. cuppirama�iya�, ku.a�akiric�mi mutaliy틆 ittu웏iyil avvapp틊u muya웒ika� kaikko椿irukki췃a춁r. ivarka類�u cek n葉�u �r�ycci m性avar惜a j惜 piripskiyaiyum ku웙ppi�al�m. tami� n葉�i� k性um ka葺a pomma� p葉a웤iratika�ai oppu n튻kuvatil 蜃upa葺u應�r pilipski. cemmai c惜웏 ilakkiya�ka�il� potuviyalpuka� k性appa�uvatilum p�rkka v�ymo�ipp葉alka�il� ulakap potuv惜a mu춁ik karuttukka� (Motifs) k性appa�um. pur�ta춁viya� pa�pu v�ynta ikkaruttuk k�웫ka� camut�yap poru�mai u�aiya춁. iva윜aiyum ivai t벼웏k k�ra�am�ka irunta cam�ka amaippaiyum varaiya웏i ceyyavum nu黜�yvu ceyyavum oppu n튻kup p퉟utaviy�yirukkum. atu ma葺umall�tu ivv�yvuka� ilakkiya �r�yccikkum tu�aiy�yamaiva춁. vipul�nanta a�ika�, va.kum�rac�mi, k�la쨇e췃a p퉟�ciriyar ka.ka�apatippi應ai, te.po.m勝葉ci cuntara��r mutaliy틆 tami�ilakkiya�ka�i� k性appa�um v�ymo�ip p葉a� celv�kki춁iyum, m퉘� k�웙ya mu춁ikkaruttukka�aiyum a�ka�k� cu葺ik k葉�iyirukki췃a춁r. ivaru� mutal m�varum ila�kaiyar, ce�춁ik karuttara�ka�il� p퉟�ciriyar vi.ja.cuppirama�iya� tamatu uraiyil� pi춚arum�웫 k�웙��r: "v�ymo�ip p葉alka�i� mukkiyattuvattai ematu ilakkiya varal�윜�ciriyarka� k�la� ka�ant� u�arntu應a춁r�yi춙m, parantupa葺a mu웏iyil� tami�ilakkiya varal�윜ai e�uta ivvu�arvu utavume춁l�m... tami� n葉�il va�a�ki varum pa�amo�ika�, nalluraika� e춑a춁va윜ai yottavai tirukku웏�. pa�amo�i n惜�웫 mutaliya a웏 n�lka�ilum v튋u cila n�lka�ilum k性appe웫ki췃a춁. cilava윜ai v�ymo�iy�kav� k뱉kal�m. cilava윜ai ilakkiya n�lka�i� p�rkkal�m. iva윜ai oppu n튻ki y�r�ynt�l, avai makka�i�amiruntu pe웏ppa葺a춁v� a췃i, p�katam, camaskirutam mutaliya pi웏mo�ika�iliruntu ka�a� v涉kappa葺a춁v� e�춙� k밸vikku vi�ai k性a utaviy�yirukkum." ulakat tami犁r�yccik karuttara�ku ta춁tu peyarukkiyai ulaka ma乙viyat�yiruppata웛u oppiyal �yvu i췃iyamaiy�tatu e춑atai ituvarai na�ant튋iya iru karuttara�kuka�um u웫tippa�uttiyu應a춁. ivvu�arvu nalla caku춁m. avai na�uva vi�uvatu emmavarkku 튋웏t�k�tu. 3. tami� v�rayukap p葉alka� 1911-�m 性�il k퉙piri�j palkalaikka�akatti� p퉟�ciriyar�ka irunta ec.em.c葉vik e춑�r (Heroic age) v�rayukam e췃a n�lai ve�iyi葺�r. pa�am jerm惜iyaratu k�viyap p葉alka�ai �r�ynta avar, ava윜aik kir퉗ka �tikaviy�m h튾aru�aiya k�viya�ka�u�a� oppu n튻ki, iru mo�iyile�unta v�rak�viya�ka�um v�ymo�iyilakkiyam�kat t벼웙yavai e췃u pala c惜웫k葉�i ni웫vi��r. avaratu ammuya웒i, pala mo�ika�ilumu應a k�viya�ka�aiyum p葉alka�aiyum oppu �r�ycci ceyvata웛u va�ik葉�iyatu. c葉vik k葉�iya va�iyaip pi춑a윜i avaratu m튋p�rvaiyil �r�ycci nika�ttiya e�.k�.citt�nt� e춑�r va�amo�i itik�ca�ka乙m r�m�ya�am, p�ratam �kiya춁 v�rak�viya�ka�e췃um, v�ymo�iyilakkiya�ka� e췃um k�웙yat비amaiy�tu, ava윜aip pi웏 v�rak�viya�ka�u�a� oppu n튻kiyum �r�ynta춁r. c葉vik k葉�iya p�taiyil cil�vik v�rap p葉alka�um aisl�ntu aitikak kataika�um, na춌u �r�yappa葺a춁. ata� pi�춁r cum퉟iyap p葉alka�um v�rak�viya�ka乙ka nir�pikkappa葺a춁. a�maikk�lattil �ppirikkak kulattavar palari�aiy� va�a�kum kataipp葉alka� v�rapp葉alka� e췃a vakaiyilum, v�y mo�ip p葉alka� e췃a a�ippa�aiyilum atikam�ka �r�yappa葺u varuki췃a춁. ittakaiya oru pi�춁�iyil퉧� c惜읃r ceyyu�ka�ai v�rayukattukkuriya춁v�kak ko椿u, ava윜aik kir퉗ka �tik�viya�ka�u�a� oppu n튻ka mu춁int묶. tami�k kavitaika�ukkum kir퉗kap p葉alka�ukkum oppumaika� iruppatu avvapp틊u cilar�� ku웙ppi�appa葺u應atu. te�춊ntiya mo�ika�aip pa윜i ka葺uraiyo췃e�utiya ji.y�.p틄paiyar 1885-il pi춚arum�웫 k�웙��r: "pa�antami�p p葉alka�i� u�arvunilaiyum avai t벼웙ya k�lattuc camut�ya nilaiyum ava윜uc camam惜a kir퉗ka p葉alka�u�a� peritum oppumaiyu�aiya춁v�kak k性appa�uki췃a춁." 1923-il te�춊ntiy�pa윜iya varal�윜u n�l o췃u ve�iyi葺a es.kiru巷ac�mi aiya�k�r "ca�kac c惜읃r ceyyu�ka�, h튾aratu iliy�tu k�viyan t벼웫vata웛u �t�ram�kavirunta v�rakkataika�ai otta춁v�yu應a춁" e췃u ku웙ppi葺�r. avarai a�uttuc citt�nt� tamatu (Heroic age of india) "intiya v�rayukam" e췃a n�lil�, tami�p pu웏tti�aip p葉alka�, "pi웏mo�ika�ilu應a v�rapp葉alka�u�a� oppu n튻ki �r�yappa�un takaimaiyu�aiya춁" e췃�r. tiru.citt�nt� tami�arall�tav�tali�, pu웏n惜�웫, pu웏pporu� ve�p�m�lai mutaliya춁pa윜i 涉kila m�lam a웙ntava윜aik ko椿u avv�웫 k�웙��r. air틄piya k�viya�ka�ai na춌�r�yntu e�utiyavarka乙춁 c葉vik, �api�y�.pi.k퉟, aperkurompi mutaliya �ciriyarait tami�ulaki웛u a웙mukappa�uttiya es.vaiy�purippi應ai 1952-il tiruva춁ntapuram palkalaikka�akattil nika�ttiya k�viya k�lam e췃a co웤o�ivut to�aril, c葉vikki� v�rayukam e췃a n�laik ku웙ppi葺u, "v�rayukatti웛u uriya춁v�kac c葉vik p퉟�ciriyar�l tamatu 'hir틐ik 퉖' e췃a n�li� k�웏ppa葺u應a cila iyalpuka� a춁ittum, mu웒a�ka ilakkiya�ka� cittarikkum camut�yattil u�av�tal k性al�m" e췃�r. 1953 �m 性�u ila椿a� palkalaikka�akattil e葺ut tokaipa윜i �yvurai camarppitta j�.�r.m�r kir퉗ka p葉alka�aip p튽a pa�antami�c ceyyu�ka�um, v�ymo�iyilakkiyam�ka iruntirukkal�m e췃u ku웙ppi葺u應�r. pa�antami�k kavitaika�i� iya웛aipa윜i �r�ynta p퉟�ciriyar ta춊n�yaka a�ika乙rum, pa�antami�k k�tal pa윜i �r�ynta kal�niti va.cupa.m性ikka��rum, tattam n�lka�il i�aiy� kir퉗ka n�lka�i� k性appa�um oppumaik karuttukka�aic cu葺ic ce췃a춁r. p틄paiyariliruntu kal�niti m�rvarai, m튋ka椿av�웫 cila a웙쨅r kir퉗ka ilakkiya�ka�ukkum tami� n�lka�ukkumu應a oppumaika�aik ku웙ppi葺a춁re춊춙m apporu�pa윜it ta춊y�ka evarum �r�ynt�rallar. atu ma葺uma췃u; kir퉗ka �tik�viya�ka� pa윜iya �r�ycciyum ka�anta muppatu n�웤atu 性�uk k�lattil putupputu va�ika�i� ce췃u應atu. avv�r�yccika�i� pa�paiyum paya춁iyum kava춊ppatum mukkiyam惜at�kum. ituk�lavarai teriyavantu應a v�rayuka�ka�u� k�latt�l munniyatu ki웙ttuvi웛umu� m�v�yiram 性�a�avil� mesoppott퉙iy�vil nika�nta cum퉟iya v�rayukam�kum. ata웛a�uttapa�iy�kak ki웙ttuvi웛u mu� �r�yiram性�uka�ukku mu춑i���kak kir퉗kattil nika�nta v�rayukattaik ko應al�m. va�aintiy�vil a�uttapa�iy�ka amaivatu pa�antami�aratu v�rayukam�kum. itu ki웙ttuvi웛u e�un�웫 性�uka� mu� to�a�kiyirukkal�m. �yi춙m perump�lum ki.mu. �잀m n�윜性�a�avil itu nika�ntatu e춁k karutuvatu poruttam�kum. ulaki� pi웏 pakutika�i� k性appa�um v�rayuka�ka�um ava윜aic c퉟nta p葉alka�um, ki웙ttuvi웛up pi� pala n�윜性�uka� tami�aratu v�rayukam pur�ta춁 cum퉟iyar, kir퉗kar mutaliy틆i� v�rayuka�ka�u�a� oruc퉟a vaittu n튻kum perumaiyu�aiyatu e춁l�m. v�rayukatti웛uriya pa�aiya v�rapp葉alka� a춁ittum v�ymo�iyilakkiyam�kav� amaiva춁 e춑atai muta� mutalil aiyatti웛i�ami췃i ni웫viyavar milma� pari e췃a amerikkar. cemmai c惜웏 uyar ta춊k kavitaika乙m kir퉗ka �ti k�viya�ka� e�utta웙vill�ta v�ymo�ik kavi쨅r�� kulamaraput to�il�kap p葉appe윜a춁 e췃u 性ittiram�ka 1927il avar e�uttukk�웙ya p틊u, a웙쨅rulakam ti�ukki葺atu. �yi춙m k�lapp튻kil pariyi� mu�ivu cariy惜at� e춑atu u웫tippa葺u vantu應atu. milma춑ari y�k튰il�viy�vil k葉u m뱉ell�m tirintu, v�ymo�iyilakkiya�ka�aik k뱉�u olippativu ceytavar; ava윜ai 饍am�ka �r�yntata� vi�aiv�kav� ava윜i웛um kir퉗ka �tik�viya�ka�ukkum pa웤ala oppumaika� iruppataik ka椿�r. n葉�uppu웏ttu n葉비ip p葉akarka�i� kalaiyi� tu�aiko椿u pa椿aippulava춁tu kalaiyai vi�akki��r avar. anta vakaiyil oppilakkiya c葉vik, pari �kiya iruvarum ta춊cci웏pp惜avarka�. avarka� kaiy性�a �r�ycci mu웏i pa椿ait tami�c ceyyu�ka�ai na춌u �r�yvata웛um, vi�a�kik ko�vata웛um p퉟utaviy�yu應atu. kir퉗ka �tik�viya�ka�aip pa�ikkum po�utu, ava윜il m辰�um m辰�um vantu va�a�kum a�aimo�i pu�artta peyarka�um (Non-Epithets) maraput to�arka�um (Formulae) ni웏intirukkak k性ki췃튾. ut�ra�am�ka 틊�ci k�viyan�yaka춁ik ku웙ppi�umi�a�ka�il 'ne�un葉 kavalum 비�ciyas' e췃um, ava춁tu k�va웪eyvattai 'o�ikka� at勝i' e췃um, m惜av�ra� hek�arai 'puka�c�l hek�ar' e췃um, nes�or e춑惜ai 't퉟u�aiya kere춊ya� nes�or' e췃um me춅l僊s e춑惜ai uratta p틆kkural me춅l僊s e췃um, ivaip튽ap pi웏 vakaiyilum kavi쨅r p葉ak k性al�m. makka� ma葺um ivv�웫 maraput to�arka乙l va�a�kappa�uvar allar; poru�ka�um a�ai pu�arnta춁v�yu應a춁. 'po� mali tur틐' po윜嶪 ma춁i uvai� ni웏�karu�ka�al 'cevviral vaika웏i', 'ka黜aka�ㅰlam' 'o應iya k�lka�' 'n紳 ni�al e�kam' 't퉣�mirta iravu' p벼웏vai poru�peyarka� a�aipu�arntu varuvata웛u ut�ra�am. �yirakka�akkilu應a ittakaiya marapuc co윜o�arka�aik karuviy�kak ko椿u v퉗am�kap p葉ic celvat� v�ymo�ip pulavar uttiy�kum. tur틐 nakarattu v�ra� hek�ar e췃u p葉a v뱝�iya cantarppam vantatum, "po춎ali tur틐 puka�c�l hek�ar" e췃u a�uttan tiruttam�kac co웛a� takuntapa�i vantamaiyum, milma춑ari k�웙��r: "pi웏 v�ymo�ip pulavar y�varaiyum p튽av�, h튾arukkum p葉uvate췃�l ni춁ivu k�rvat�yiruntatu; v�rak�viyap p葉al marapait tamakka�ittuc ce췃a muntaiya pulavaratu co웛a�, co윜o�arka�, a�ika� mutaliyava윜ai ni춁intu paya춑a�uttuvat� avaratu p葉al mu웏iy�yiruntatu." ivv�웫 maraput to�arka�um karuttukka�um m辰�um m辰�um varutal v�ymo�i ilakkiyatti� mukkiyam惜a pa�puka�il o췃u. at�vatu tirumpak k�웏l ulake�kilum v�ymo�iyilakkiyatti� i췃iyamaiy�ta k�잀kak ko應appa�uki웏tu. ita웛u muta윜퉣aiy�ka v�ymo�iyilakkiyap p葉alka� ovvoru k�lappakutiyilum 튋att饍a or� ta춎aiy惜a y�ppil allatu p�vakaiyil amaintirukkak k性al�m. kir퉗ka k�viya�ka� p葉appe윜a a웫c�ra�ipp� (Hexameter) palava�ika�il ematu akava� p�vai otta�atu. c惜읃r ceyyu�ka� perump惜mai (akampu웏m e췃a v튋웫maiyi췃i) akavalil amaintiruppat�l, a�aimo�i pu�artta peyarka�um, to�arka�um vevv튋u kavi쨅rkkum potuv惜avaiy�kak k性appa�uki췃a춁. ita� k�ra�am�kav� pire쨇u n葉�ut tami�a웙쨅r meyil pi춚arum�웫 k�웙yu應�r: "(c惜읃r ceyyu�ka�aip po웫ttavaraiyil) pulavari� ta춊na�aic ci웏ppai (Style) �t�ram�kak ko應akk嚴�tu; ovvoru pulava춙kkum uriya ta춊p pa�pai, na�aic ci웏ppiyalpai, itu k�lavarai ka椿a웙ya mu�iy�tu應atu. y�vum or� u웤attic c�laiyiliruntu ve�ip p틁ta춁 p튽at t벼웫ki췃a춁. na�aip potumai avva�avu uyarntu k性appa�uki웏tu" ikk�윜aic ci웙tu vi�akkuv튾. ca�ka ilakkiya�ka� pa윜i e�utiya tami�a웙쨅r palar, para�ar, kapilar, nakk�rar, auvaiy�r, m涉ku�i maruta� mutaliy틆 ci웏nta pulavarka� e췃u ko椿u avaratu "kavic ci웏ppuka�ai" vitantu k�웙yu應a춁r. 惜�l c惜읃r ceyyu�ka�ai nu�uki �r�yum po�utu, ip perumpulavarka�um, n�윜uk ka�akk惜a pi웏 pulav틆 paya춑a�uttiya co웛a�, co윜o�arka�, a�ikkaruttukka�, uvamai uruvaka�ka� �kiyava윜aip paya춑a�uttiyirukkak k性al�m. ut�ra�am�ka, "p�ri pa웏mpi� pa춊ccu춁it te黜�r" (p�ri va應ali� pa웏mpu malaiyi�attu�at惜a ku�irnta cu춁iyi춌a� u應a te�inta n�r) e췃a n�웒�ra�i, "perumpulavar' kapilar�l ma葺uma췃i, mi�aikkanta� (ku웫ntokai 196) na���ka��r (pu웏m 176). mutaliy틆�lum kaiy贍appa葺u�atu. kir퉗ka �tik�viya�ka�i� k性appa�uvatu p튽av�, c惜읃r ceyyu�ka�ilum, uyarti�aik kuriya makka� t퉣arukku ma葺uma췃i a�웙�aip poru�ka�ukkum a�ai c퉟kkappa葺irukki웏tu. cila ku웙ppi葺a a�aika� a�akum. y�ppi� t퉣aiyum karutip palapeyarka�ukku a�aiy�kavum amaivatu椿u. ut�ra�am�ka iyalt퉟 e�춙� c�r ma윜oru c�r�ka amaiyum pi춚arum 葉avaraic ci웏ppitta�atu. po웏iya�, va�uti, ce�춊, kuma�a�, va�ava�, a黜al, kuricil, tantai, ku葺uva�, ko�ka�, na�춁�, ce�iya�, poruna�, m틆iyar, a�ici, atiya�, ippati��웫 peyarka�um na춌u ceyyappa葺a t퉟aiyu�aiyavar e춑atu poru�a췃u. iyal t퉟 marapu va�ivarum paya춑葉�u a�ait to�ar�kav� ni웛i웏tu e춁l v뱝�um. itu p튽av� pala poru� peyarka�ukkum potuv惜a a�aikku ut�ra�am p�rpp튾. 'kalle춁l' tami�c ceyyu�ka�il �rav�ram paraparappu �kiyava윜ai u�arttum 튰aik ku웙pp�kum. akava� p�li� muta웒�r�y, a�uttuvarum c�rukku a�aiy�y ni웤atu. "kalle�" e춑atu pi춚arum poru�ka�aic ci웏ppittu�atu. p퉟�r- (itu cilappatik�ram p벼웏 akaval y�ppilamainta pi웛�la n�lka�ilum maraput to�ar�y varuvatu) - p�ca웏i, porunai, c퉟i, p�kkam, ka웫�kuma�i, ㅰ�pu, kauvai, c�잌r, kampalai, ka�am, tuvalai, k惜am, vi�ivu, �r, kalle� cummaiyar e췃a to�arum k性appa�uki웏tu (akam 86:18) ittakaiya c惜웫ka� a�aipu�artta peyarka�um, marapuc co윜o�arka�um m辰�um m辰�um varuvatai aiyattukki�ami췃i nir�pikki췃a춁. iva윜ukku m퉘um cila ut�ra�a�ka� k葉�uv튾 : a�aimo�i pu�arnta peyarka�: ve�k비�i y惜ai ve椿alaip pu�ari ne�unt퉟 a쨇i ci웙yilai nelli v�yv贍 va�ava� palv튋 c�nta� ka�iyu�ai viya춁kar maraput to�ar: 1. �c�ku entai y性�u�a� koll� 2. karuviv惜am ta椿a�i talaiiya 3. ka�umpaka�y惜ai ne�unt퉟k ku葺uva� 4. pa�alaik ka黜ip par퉟e웫� ti�it븍 5. mu�alai y�kkai mu�uvali m�kka� ittakaiya n�윜ukka�akk惜a a�aimo�i pu�artta peyarka�um to�arka�um c惜읃r ceyyu�ka�il m蜃�um m蜃�um payi췃uvarak k性al�m. co웛a�, ivv�웫 payi췃u varav�, uvamai, uruvakam, poru�, a�ikkaruttu (Themes) �kiya춁vum m蜃�um m蜃�um varutal iyalp퉧a췃�? a�aimo�i pu�arnta peyarka�um to�arka�um m蜃�um m蜃�um varuvatu p튽av� a�ikkaruttukka�um m蜃�um m蜃�um amaintuvaruva춁. ivv�웙ruppata� k�ra�am�kav� c惜읃r ceyyu�ka�ait ti�ai, tu웏i e�춙m pirivuka�ukku� tokuttu vakutta춁r ilakka�a �ciriyarka�um uraik�rarum. ku웙쨇it ti�aikkup pu�artalum, p�laikku u�a� p튻kum, ve�cikku �nirai kavartalum e춁t ti�aika�ukku 튋웏 o�ukkamum, ava윜i� upapirivuka乙kat tu웏ika�um vakukkappa葺u應a춁. ci웒ila ku웙ppi葺a tu웏ika�ai allatu p葉a웤oru�ka�ai a�ippa�aiy�kak ko椿� akk�lak kavi쨅r p葉i춁r e춑ata춁i ivvilakka�ap p�kup葉u te�iv�kak k葉�uki췃atu. vel� v�rapp葉alka�ilum ittakaiya amaitiyaik k性al�m. tami�c c惜읃ru�a� pala tu웏i oppumaiyu�aiyavar�kak k性appa�um mu웛�la vel� kavi쨅r v�ymo�i yilakkiyam�kap peruntokaiy惜a p葉alka�ai vi葺uc ce췃a춁r. avaiy�vum tu웏ika乙ka vakukkappa葺u應a춁 e췃u Book of Leinster e췃a n�l k�웫m. pa�aiye�uttal, eriparant嚴�utal k葉ci u�a춑튻ku u�p葉�u, k�tal mutaliya춁 ava윜i� cila. ittakaiyatoru p튻kaip pa椿aiya airi� aitikak kataika�ilum k性al�m. t�vuki췃a parim�vi� m�tivarntu ce췃u, t性iparum arivaiyarum uruva icai po�inta ippa椿aip p葉unakarka� tamatu p葉alka�ait tu웏ika�i� a�ippa�aiyil퉧� amaintirutta춁r�m. �nirai kavartal, v�racceyalka� purital, tummaipp틆, ko應aiya�ittal, k�ta� ceyalka�, pa�aiye�uppu, u�a춑튻ku, ve웙yayartal, u椿葉�u, ve應apperukku, mutaliyava윜ai a�ippa�aiy�kak ko椿avai ava윜u� pala. iva윜i웛um pa�antami�c ceyyu�ka�ukkum u應a oppumai ve�ippa�ai. ittakaiya oppumaika� ta웒eyal�ka nika�va춁 alla. c惜읃r ceyyu�ka�aip p튽av� mu웛�la vel�. airi� p葉alka�um avarka�atu v�rayukattukkuriya춁. e춁v�, kavimarapilum, poru�amaitiyilum oppumaika� k性appa�uvatu tavirkka mu�iy�tat�, poru�amaitiyilum oppumaika� k性appa�uvatu tavirkka mu�iy�tat�. pa椿aik kir퉗kak k�viyap p葉alka�um ci웒ila a�ikkaruttukka�ai (Themes) �t�ram�kak ko椿� t벼웙, k�lap p튻ki� peru� k�ppiyam�ka uruppe윜a춁. iliy�tu, 틊�ci �kiyava윜i� pala ki�aik kataika� iruppatum mu� k�웙ya u�maiyai va웤u웫ttum. "ca�kac" c惜읃r ceyyu�ka� to�akkattil v�ymo�i v�yil�kav� pi웏ntu va�arntu na�antiruttal v뱝�um e춑atu p튽a k�ra�a�ka乙l u웫tippa�uki췃atu. c惜읃r ceyyu�ka�il p葉alaik ku웙kkum p틊ell�m avai v�y�� p葉appa�uva춁 v�kava췃i e�utappa�uva��kak ku웙ppi�appa焌mai muta웛a� avat惜ikkat takkatu. tami�aka nilapparappil pala n�윜性�uka乙kat tami�ar to�arntu v饍ntu vantu應a춁r e춑atu y�varum oppamu�inta u�mai. tami�aratu n�karika va�arcciyai@�$ c惜읃r ceyyu�ka�il k性akk嚴iyat�ka u應atu. oru ci웫 ut�ra�a� k葉�al�m. pu웏pp葉alka�il t튽 e�춙m col p틆 v�rar tammaip p�tuk�ttuk ko應ap paya춑a�uttum k뱉ayattaik ku웙ppatu. maratt�lum, ul튻att�lum k뱉aya�ka� ceyyappa�umu� miruka�ka�i� ta�ipp惜a ka�i춁mikka t튽i��l퉧� k뱉aya�ka�aic ceyta춁r. intiya �tiv�cika� mattiyilum, cila �ppirikkak kulattavar mattiyilum ittakaiya 't튽' i�춙m paya춑葉u poru乙yirukkak k性al�m. c惜읃r ceyyu�ka�il t튽, palakai, ul튻am, �kiyava윜�l ceyyappa葺a k뱉aya�ka� pa윜iya ceytika� u�a. pi웛�lattil t튽i��� k뱉aya�ka� ceyyum va�akkam ma웏inta p틊um, t튽 e췃a col nilaittu vi葺atu. i�tu mo�iyiyal贍ar na춌a웙nta u�mai. pa�a�k�lattil� ilai, ku�aiyi��l k�ta�ika� ceytu a�inta춁r. pi웛�lattil po���� ceyta k�ta�iyaiyum k�t튽ai, ku�ai e췃ell�m va�a�ki춁r; kir�map pu웏�ka�il i췃um icco웛a� va�akkilu�a. palv튋u k�lattukkuriya춁v惜a v饍kkaic ceytika�, kataika�, nampikkaika�, mutaliya춁 or� p葉alil�, a췃i or� tokutiyilu應a p葉alka�il� kalantu k性appa�um po�utu, ava윜aik k�la, i�a va�u e춑atilum, avai marapuc ceytika�, e춑at� poruttam�kum. pala talaimu웏ika�ukkuriya ceytika� ceviva�ic ceytika乙kavum, v�ymo�ic ceytika乙kavum nilavi vantu應a춁. c惜읃r ceyyu�ka� ivvu�maikkuc ci웏nta ut�ra�a�ka� e춁l�m. v�ymo�i ilakkiya marapu, va�i va�i varum p葉unar�l p뱝i va�arkkappa�uvato췃u, atu k�lattaiyo葺iya ci웒ila m�윜a�ka�u�a� perump�lum, marapu ne웙 pi웏犁tatu. v�ymo�i ilakkiyam pa�to葺u va�arntu vantato췃u e춑atu. "pa椿um pa椿um p葉unar uvappa" e췃a peruntalaic c�tta��r co웛a乙l (pu웏m. 151) pulappa�um. mu춑퉧um p葉uv�r maki�ak ko�ai ko�utta ma�춁� oruva� ceyti k�웏ppa�umpo�utu, amma�춁� pa윜iya ilakkiya marapu nilavi vantu應amai pe웏ppa�uki웏tu. pa椿ait tami�c ceyyu�ka� v�ymo�i ilakkiya�ka鍮 e춑atai e�uttukk葉�a, i�춙m ira椿oru c惜웫ka�aik k葉�al�m y�ppu e췃a collai e�uttuk ko�v튾. 'y�' e�춙m vi춁iya�i춊췃um amainta iccol, cu葺ukai, ceyyu� e췃u poru�pa�uvatu. y�ppilakka�am, ceyyu�ilakka�am, pa椿aik k�lattil� "p葉�ai y�tt�r" e췃� k�웫var. y�ttal e췃�l pi�ittal, ceyyu� mutaliya춁 amaittal. collutal, e췃ell�m poru� u椿u. c惜읃r ilakkiya�ka椿u e�unta p퉟ilakka�a n�l�m tolk�ppiyattil ivva�akkuka�ait te�intu ko應al�m. ut�ra�am�ka, poru�atik�ram marapiyalil, "palvakaiy惜um paya춗eri yu�aiyatu c�ttirat tiyalpe춁 y�tta춁r pulavar" e�춙mi�attu, "y�tta춁r pulavar" k�웙춁r pulavar" e췃� poru� pa�um. y�ppu e춑atu v�y�� k�웏ppa�um ceyyu乙kum. m�lai ka葺uvatu p튽avum, tu�i taittal p튽avum co웛a�aik ko椿u p葉�uk ka葺upava�� v�ymo�ip pulava�. pa椿aiya kir퉗kattilum Rhapsode e�춙m patamp葉�ut taippava� e췃� n퉟 poru�pa�um ittakaiy틆 v�ymo�ip pulavar�kav� irunta춁r. i춊, ki�avi e�춙m collai e�uttuk ko�v튾. c惜읃r ceyyu�ka�il ki�avi, k�윜u �kiya ira椿um oru poru�u�aiyav�yp payi췃u varuva춁. p퉏utal, mo�ital, e�utturaittal e췃u poru�pa�um icco웛a� v�ymo�iyaiy� ci웏pp�kak ku웙ppa춁 e춑atu ve�ippa�ai. ki�avi e춑atu 틆 akapporu� tu웏i e춑atum ma춁�ko�at takkatu. ki�avi e춑atu ta춊yoru colli춁i ma葺uma췃i oru mu�up p葉alaiyum� ku웙ttatu. ut�ra�am�ka na윜i�aip p葉alo췃il� (282) 'ki�avi' e�춙� col va�a�kappa葺irukkum�윜aik kava춊kkal�m. "arun틐... va�a�ku웫 ka�a�ki� mutuv�y v퉘a� ki�aviyil ta�iyi� na췃u ma�..." t붓i k�윜�ya ipp葉alil, "murukav밸i� mu춑u i�appa葺a cu�a웒ik ko葺aiyai ko椿u �r�yntu k�웫m ci웏nta웙vu v�ynta v퉘a춁tu k�윜�l (p葉焌l) n틐 ta�iyappa�um�yi� atu mika nallat퉧�m" e췃u k�웏ppa�uki웏tu. v퉘a춁tu v�ymo�ip p葉alaik ki�avi e춁p pulavar ku웙ppi�uvatu u윜u n튻kat takkatu. c惜읃r ilakkiya� ceyta k�lattil ki�avi, k�윜u e춑a춁 oru poru� co웛a�. ivai col, p퉏cu, v�ymo�ip p葉al mutaliyava윜aik ku웙tta춁. y�k튰il�viya v�ymo�ip p葉alka�ukki�aiy� �r�ycci ceytu應a p퉟�ciriyar l비 itu ku웙ttup pi� varum�웫 k�웙yu應�r. "akkavi쨅raip p�rttu col e춑ata웛up poru� y�tu e췃�l, teriy�tu, e춑ar; allatu oru ta춊ccollaiy�, co윜o�arka�aiy� ut�ra�a� k葉�uvar. avai k�윜u e춁ppa�um. at�vatu kavik k�웫ka�um, mu�ukkavitaiyum 'ki�avi' allatu 'k�윜u' e췃� va�a�kappa�um. v�ymo�ip pulavaratu kalaiyai u�a춊runtu avat惜ittu �r�ynta p퉟�ciriyari� ka椿upi�ippu, tolk�ppiyar karuttai ottat�kav� u應atu. c惜읃r ceyyu�ka� v�ymo�i ilakkiya�ka� e춑atu ita��l u웫tippa�uki췃ata췃�? pa춎o�ika�ilu應a v�rayukap p葉alka�ai na춌u �r�yntu應a p퉟�ciriyar ci.em.paur� ava윜i웛up potuv�kap pi춚arum e葺u amca�ka� iruppataik k葉�iyu應�r. 1. oru nika�cciyai allatu kataiyai e�uttuk k�웫vat�ka iruttal. 2. perump�lum v�rayukattil� t벼웙ya춁v�ka iruttal. 3. ci웙ya vi�aya�ka�aiyum nu�ukkam�ka varu�ippat�yiruttal; ut�ra�am�ka varuv틆 p틍틆ai upacarikkummu웏i 葉ai, a�ikala춌a�, u椿葉�u, puravi, y惜ai �kiya춁 iya웛aiy비amaiya varu�ikkappa�utal, curu�kak k�웙� parupporu�ka� na춌u cittarikkappa�utal. 4. kavi쨅� ta� k�윜�kak kavitai p葉iyiruppi춙m perumpakutipp葉alka� p�ttira�ka�i� k�윜�ka iruttal. 5. to�arka�, karuttukka� or� ta춎aiya춁v�ka m辰�um m辰�um varutal. (avai or퉣a�i m�웙yum viraviyum varum) 6. p葉alka� a�iyu�a� a�ic퉟ap poru� ni웏i pe웫ma葺um nimirntu cellutal. 7. p葉ali� talaimaka� v�rapuru�a�, puka�e춊� uyiru� ko�ukkam ava춁tu 性maiyum puka�um� p葉ali� vi�umiya poru乙yiruttal. 8. u�maiyai uraippat�kav� amaintiruttal; ceviva�iy�kav� a췃ik ka黜�� ka椿a pulakk葉ciyi��l� nika�ntava윜aik k�웫vat�kav� amaintuki�appa춁. ata��l� pi웛�lak k�viya�ka�ilum, mu웛�lap p葉alka� varal�윜uc ceytika�ai atikam u�aiya춁v�ka u應a춁. tiru. paur� k�웙yu應a e葺u amca�ka�um c惜잀r ilakkiyatti� carivarap poruntiyirukkak k性al�m. m튋k�웙ya amca�ka� e葺i춁iyum iruperum pirivi웛u� a�akkik ko應utal k嚴um. (1) o췃u, p葉alka�i� mo�i na�ai, y�ppu, k�lam ilakkiya ne웙 mutaliya춁 campantam惜atu. (2) ma윜o췃u, p葉�u�ait talaivarka�, avartam v饍viyal, ku웙kk븍 u�aimai mutaliya춁 campantam惜atu. curu�kak k�웙� v�rapp葉alka�i� uruvamum u應a�akkamum oppumaiyu�aiya춁 v�yu應a춁. kir퉗ka mo�iyu�pa�ap pi웏mo�ika� palava윜il u應a v�rayukap p葉alka� cila talaiy�ya n�yakarka�atu v�rattaiyum puka�aiyum vitantu k�웫va춁v�yiruppataik k性ki읃m. atup튽at tami� v�rapp葉alka�ilum karik�la�, neru쨇e�iya�, ne�u쨇퉟al�ta� mutaliya cilar� mu�umaiy惜a p�ttira�ka乙ka v�rkkappa葺u應amai n튻kat takkatu. ut�ra�am�ka, tami� v�rap p葉alka�ilum i�ampe웫m talaimakka�, periy틆 o�ukkattukku m�잀춁va윜i웛u n性upavar�y, pa�iya쨇uvar�yt tamakke춁 틆 a웏k k비p葉u�aiyavar�yk k性appa�uki췃a춁r. n性, pa�i, a웏� �kiya co웛a� 辰�uk kava춊kkattakka춁. kir퉗ka k�viya�ka�i� payilum aidos Nemesis, Dike �kiya co웛a� mu웛�웙ya tami�c co웛a�ukku n퉟惜a poru�u�aiya춁. atu p튽av� c惜읃r ceyyu�ka�il p�lvarai teyvam ci웏pp惜at틆 i�attaip pe윜u應atu. kir퉗kac coll惜a Moira ell� vakaiyilum ita춁i ottu應atu. iva윜ai ell�m u윜u n튻kum po�utu ulaki� pala pakutika�il� t벼웙ya v�rayukap p葉alka�ukku nikar�kat tami�ilakkiyatti� ci웏ppup poruntiya c惜읃r ceyyu�ka� amaintu應amai u웫tippa�um. i웫tiy�kak ku웙ppi葺a c惜읃r e�춙m collaiy� e�uttu n튻ki�, atu v�rar, uyarnt틆, ci웏ntavar e췃u poru� pa�uvataik k性al�m. pa椿aik kir퉗kap p葉alka�ilum va�a�kum agathos e췃a col ita웛u n퉟p patam�kum. pi웏 mo�ika�ilu應a v�rayukap p葉alka�aip pa�ippat�lum, avai pa윜iya �r�yccika�ait terintu ko�vat�lum �rampa nilaiyilirukkum tami� v�ra yukam pa윜iya �r�ycci peritum paya춁�aiyum, at� camayatti� pi웏 mo�iy�r�ycciy贍arka�um tami�ilakkiyac c惜웫ka�i� paya춑e웫var e췃u k�웏vatil tava웙rukk�tu e췃� e黜uki읂�. 묶e춊l, v�rayukap p葉alka�i� �r�ycciy惜atu to�akkattilirunt� oppilakkiya �yv�kav� iruntu vantu應atu. 4. iruk비p葉uka� putumaip pe黜aip pa윜ip p葉avanta p�ratiy�r v�r�v퉏at t비u 틆i�attil�, "n性um accamum n�yka�ku v뱝�um�m" e췃�r. tamatu camut�yatti웛um n葉�i웛um v�ra cutantiram v뱝�i ni췃a kavi쨅r, tami�p pe�ka� "vilaki v蜃�il틆 pontil va�arvatai viraivil o�ikka v뱝�ume췃u kurale�uppi��r. accam, ma�am, n性am, payirppu �kiya춁 pala nu윜性�uk k�lam�kap pe�maiyi� ilakka�a�ka乙ka ematu ilakkiyattil� p�r葉�ap pe웫vatai ma춁tti� ko椿� navayukak kaviy惜a p�ratiy�r, n性um accamum y�rukkum v뱝焌m e췃�r. m튋k�웙ya melliyalpuka� n惜ka춙應um n性 e춑at� ci웏pp�kak ko應appa葺u vanta應atu. 'uyiri춙� ci웏nta췃u n性�" e췃u t튋웏ttu�a� k�웫ki웏tu tolk�ppiyam. ivv�웫 pe�p�웛ariyat�kak k�웏ppa�um n性 c惜읃r ceyyu�ka�il� 性ka�ukkuriyat�kak k�웏ppa�uvatai n�m k性ki읃m. c惜잀r ceyyu�ka�i� va�ivanta tirukku웏�ilum o�ipu iyalil� uyarnt틆ukku uriya ku�a�ka�il o췃�ka n性 u�aimai ta춊 atik�ram�ka vakukkappa葺u應atu. "嶪 u�ai eccam uyirkku ell�m v튋alla n性 u�aimai m�ntar ci웏ppu." ita� poru�: 嶪, u�ai, u웏kkam, accam, k�mam �kiya춁 makka�uyirkkell�m potu; 惜�l na춎akka�kuc ci웏ppiyalpu n性uvu�aimaiy� avaiyalla e춑at�kum. tiruva應uvar tamakk퉧uriya mu웏iyil ata� ci웏ppaik k�웙yu應�r. "pe�ka� vi�utalaik kummi" e�춙m p葉alil ka웤aip pa윜ip p�ratiy�r pi춚arum�웫 k�웫ki잀r. "ka웤u nilaiye췃u collavant�r - iru ka�cikkum a�tu potuvil vaipp튾." ka웤aip pa윜i p퉏i��l atu 性ukkum pe黜ukkum potuv�ka iruttal v뱝�um e췃�r. pi웛�lattil evv�잀ka amaintirunt�lum c惜읃r ceyyu�ka�il n性 iru ka�cikkum potuvil" vaikkappa葺iruppataik k性al�m. c惜읃r ceyyu�ka� tami�akattu v�rayukattai piratipalikkum coll틍iya�ka�. p틆i� a�ippa�aiyil퉧� a췃aiya camut�yam v饍ntatu. i�aivi焌ta p틆i� mattiyil cila ila�ciya�ka� nilavatt惜 ceyta춁. ka윜惜aik ka윜惜 k�mu웫vatup튽 v�ra춁i v�ra� matikkum pa�pu v�rayukatti� ila�ciyam�ka iruntatu. p틆e춑atu v饍kkai mu웏iy�ka amaintuvi�av� ata웛uc cila vitika�um, o�u�kuka�um, 튋p葉uka�um, attiy�vaciyam�yirunta춁. ivai 뱉�il varaiyappa葺a ca葺ati葺a�ka�alla. cam�kattil� y�var�lum potuv�ka 튋웫kko應appa葺a na�aimu웏i vitika�. camaya�ka�i� va�arcciyait to�arntu tarmam, atarmam, p�vam, pu黜iyam mutaliya k비p葉uka� ma춊ta춁tu cinta춁ika�aiyum, ceyalka�aiyum p�tippatu p튽a v�rayukattil� ma춊taratu u웏vuka�i춁�ippa�aiyil� e�unta cila nampikkaika� avarka�i� ceyalka�aip p�titta춁. attakaiya nampikkaika�il o췃ut惜 n性. n性 e췃�l e�춁? c�t�ra�am�ka ve�kam, k�ccam e췃u poru� k�웏ppa�um. �yi춙m eta웛�ka, ve�kappa�uvatu, k�ccappa�uvatu e췃u k뱉patu iyalp�. pa�aiya uraiy�ciriyar惜a i�amp�ra�ar m퉘varum�웫 vi�akkan tantu應�r. "oppu mutal�ka nukarcciy�잀ka avva�ivarum collell�m n葉�i� va�a�kuki췃a marapi�惜� poru�ai ma춁tti�惜 u�ari춁llatu m性�kkarkku itu poru� e춁 v튋upa�utti �ciriya� k葉�al�k�ta poru�u�aiya 'n性' e췃atu periy틆 o�ukkattu m�잀yi� ceyy�maikku nika�vat틆 nika�cci; atuvum k葉�al�k�tu." at�vatu n性 e췃�l i�춁tu e춁k k葉�a mu�iy�te췃um, atu oru ku웙ppi葺a camut�yattil� pi웏ntu va�arntavar a춙pavatti� m�lam u�arnta웙vate췃um k�웫ki췃�r, uraiy�ciriyar. "o�ukkamum, v�ymaiyum, n性um imm耶웫m i�ukk�r ku�ippi웏nt�r. (ku웏� 952) e�춙m ku웏�ukku urai k�웏ppukunta parim퉘a�akar m퉘varum�웫 k�웫ki잀r. "uyarnta ku�iyi춌a� pi웏nt�r tamakkuriya o�ukkam, meymai, n性 e춁ppa葺a imm耶웏� ka黜um kalviy惜 a췃it t� m�kav� va�uv�r." ivvi�attil� n性비u to�arpu�aiya pa�i e�춙� collaiyum ci웙tu n튻kuv튾. n性aip p튽av� pa�iye�춙m k비p葉um oruva춙�aiya ceyalka�aik ka葺uppa�uttun ta춎ai yu�aiyatu. �yi춙m ira椿um oruv튋u nilaiyilu應a춁. n性 e춑atu oruva� ta춁tu ceyalaip pa윜it t惜 ma춁ttil� ko應um u�arcciy�kum. anta vakaiyil atu ma춁cc葉ci p벼웏tu. n性 ma춁ttilu應ava� ivv�웫 o�ukam葉焌� e춁k k�웫m po�utu atu oruva춙�aiya aka nilaiyaik ku웙kki췃atu. 湜attup p�ta� t퉣a��r akan惜�윜up p葉alo췃il (231) ivvakai nilaiyi춁it te�iv�ka var�ittu應a춁r. "nallicai valitta n性u�ai ma춁ttar" 'nalla puka�aik karutiya n性aiyu�aiya ma춁ttar' e췃u talaiva� t붓i v�yil�kap puka�appa�uki잀�. m惜a u�arccimikka v�rarai 'n性u�ai ma웏var' e춁p pulavar pala i�a�ka�il varu�ittu應a춁r. "p틆ppa웏i k뱉�avu�a� t�matiy�tu pu웏ppa葺uc celpavarka� m惜amikka ma웏v�rar e췃um, p�kk븍 ku웙tta ta黜umai oli k뱉kumparai t�matittuc celpavarka� n性u�ainta m�kka�" e춑atum akk�lak ko�kai. ut�ra�am�ka, nocci niyama�ki犁r p葉iya pu웏pp葉alil (293) 'n性u�aiya m�kka�' e�춙n to�ar, n性u�ainta m�kka�aik ku웙kkum etirma웏ik ku웙ppu mo�iy�ka amaintu應atu. n性u�aintavarka�ai 'm�kka�' e춁k ku웙ppi�uvatu kava춊kkattakkatu. m�kka�, makka�i춊췃um v튋upa�uvar; avar pakutta웙vil�r; 'm�vu makka�um aiya웙vi춁v�' e춑atu tolk�ppiyam. makka� aimpo웙yu�arv비u ma춁va웙vumu�aiyavar. ita��l퉧� "n性u�ai ma춁ttar" e췃�r p�ta� t퉣a��r. "n性u�ai ne쨇am" e춑ar ka犁ttalaiy�r. iva윜ai n튻kum p틊u n性 e춑atu oruva춁tu ma춁ppakkuvam campantam惜at�kat t벼웫ki웏tu. ita춁i ma춁�ko椿� poyy�mo�iy�rum, "n性 akattu ill�r iyakkam marapp�vai n性�l uyir maru葺i ya윜u" e췃�r. at�vatu, "ne쨇att�" n性ill�ta makka� iyakkam, n性u�aiya p�vai iyakkam p튽vatallatu uyiriyakkam a췃u" e춑at�m. e춁v� n性 e춑atu t惜 campantam惜atu e춁l�m. itu ku웏�il� ka葺uraikkappa葺u應atu "pi웏r n性at takkatu t惜n性惜 �yi� a웏mn性at takkatu u�aittu." k性pavarum k뱉pavarum�kiya pi웏r n性attakka pa�iyai oruva� t惜 n性�tu ceyv惜퉧惜�l, atu ava춁ivi葺u a웏m aka췃uvi�attakka ku윜am�kum. parim퉘a�akar k�웫ki췃�r: "t惜 e춁c ceyv惜aip pirikki췃�r �kali� 'pi웏r' e췃�r. n性o�u iyaipu ill�t惜ai a웏m c�r�tu e춑at�m." pi웛�lak karuttukka�aiyu� c퉟ttuk k�웫ki췃�re춊춙m, n性, pa�i, puka�, a웏m �kiyava윜ukki�aiyu應a to�arpaiyum pi�aippaiyum te�iv�kkiyu應�r urai �ciriyar. pa�i e춑atu oruva� ta춁tu ceyalaippa윜ip pi웏r y�tu karutuvar틍e춁k ko應um accam�kum. n性 oruva� ta춁tu ceyal ku웙ttuk k�ccappa�um u�arcciy�yi�, pa�i atu ku웙ttu ava� ulaki웛u a쨇uvat�kum. ita춁�ippa�aiyil퉧� pa�iya쨇uvatu e�춙n to�arum va�a�kuvat�yi윜u. pi웛�lattil� camayak karuttukka� v퉟耶웙ya pi�춁r, pa�iyo�u p�vam e�춙m k비p葉um c퉟ntu 'pa�ip�vam' e�춙m to�ar mo�i nilaval�yi윜u. "a쨇uvatu a쨇�mai p퉡aimai a쨇uvatu a쨇al a웙v�r to�il" e췃a ku웏�i� uraiyil, "p�vamum pa�iyum k뱉um mutal�ka a쨇appa�uva춁 palav�yi춙m" e춁k k�웙c cellum parim퉘a�akar, p�vatti춁iyum pa�iyi춁iyum i�aittuc colvatum kava춊kkattakkatu. e춁v� pa�i, e춑atu pi웏r campantam惜atu e춁l�m. v�rayukattil� pulavarka�, ma�춁r mutaliy틆atu ceyalka�ai e�aip비umpo�utu, n性, pa�i, puka� mutaliya k비p葉uka�i� a�ippa�aiyil퉧� tamatu karuttukka�aik k�웙춁r. ippa�puka� talaiy�la�k惜attuc ceruve췃a ne�u쨇e�iya춊� "ku�ipa�it�윜u� ko�u�k벼maiyum, pulavar p葉um puka� pe잀maiyum iravalarkk�y�maiyum oru v퉚ta춁ik k湜maippa�uttuva춁" e�춙m u�arvu�a� k�웙ya pu웏pp葉�il (72) te�iv�kat teriki췃a춁. "nakutakka춁r� n葉um�k k�웫nar i�aiya 춊va춅춁 vu�aiyak k�웙 pa�uma�i ira葺um p�va�ip pa�aitt惜 ne�unal y惜aiyum t퉟um m�vum pa�aiyamai ma웏varum u�aiyum y�me� 웫웫tup pa쨇� tu�alci춁� cerukkic ci웫co� colliya ci춁�ke�u v퉚tarai aru쨇ama� citaiyat t�kki muracamo �oru�kakap pa朱e��yi� poruntiya e�춊�al v饍nar ce�춊�a� k性�tu ko�iya 춅mmi웏i ye춁k ka黜�r parappik ku�ipa�i t�윜am k튽� ��kuka 븝kiya ci웏ppi 춙yarnta k밸vi m涉ku�i maruta� 웏laiva��ka ulakamo�u nilaiiya palarpuka� ci웏ppi� pulavar p葉�tu varaikave� 춊lavarai purapp틆 pu춌a� k�ra irapp틆k k�y� vi춎ai y惜u웏v�." n性 ill�tava춙kkum, pa�iya쨇�tava춙kkum puka� c퉟�tu e춑atu akk�la nampikkai. akk�la makka�aip po웫ttavaraiyil puka�aiy� uyiri춙m m퉘�ka matitta춁r. e춁v� puka�ukkut ta�aiy�ka irukkum ceyalka�ai iyalp�kav� vi�utta춁r. na�aimu웏iyi� v�rar y�varum ivvuyariya ila�ciya�ka�aik kaippi�itta춁re췃u n�m tu�intu k�웫 mu�iy�tu. ittu�ai ne�u�k�latti웛up pi� u�maiya웙vatu ilakuva췃u. �yi춙m c惜읃r ceyyu�ka�il ivvila�ciya�ka鍮 peritum p틹웏ppa�uki췃a춁. enta oru cam�kamum ca葺ati葺a�ka�um na�aimu웏i o�ukka�ka�umi췃i nilaittu v饍a mu�iy�t�kali�, v�rayukattil� m튋k�웙ya nampikkaika� perump�lum nilavi춁 e춁k karutal�m. at� camayattil pulavarka�um ivvila�ciya�ka�aip piracittappa�utti춁r e춑ata춁i ni춁ivuk�rtal takum. akan惜�윜up p葉alo췃il� "pulavar puka�nta n性" e췃u k�웏ppa�uki웏tu. puka�, pa�i mutaliyava윜ukku應a pi�aippaip pu웏n惜�윜up p葉alo췃u te�iv�kak k葉�uki췃atu. i�am peruva�uti e춑惜 p葉iya app葉al" "u椿� lamma..." e춁t to�a�kuvatu. "puka�e춊� uyiru� ko�ukkuvar pa�iye춊� ulaku�a� pe웙춙m ko應alar." pa�iyaccatti웛u 틆 ut�ra�am p�rkkal�m. ne�u쨇e�iya� e�춙m p性�iya v�ra� capatam ceyki잀�. 'va쨇i춁m' e췃u atu k�웏ppa�um. ta�춁i ika�nturaitta ma�춁raip p틆il ve췃u avar tam muraci춁iyum, ko�i, ku�ai mutaliyava윜aiyum kaippa윜�vi�i� t惜 ku�ika� pa�it�윜um ko�u�k튽a��ka matikkappa�ak ka�avatu e춌i췃惜. pa�ikku a쨇um p惜mai va쨇i춁v�yil�kat tulakkam�ki췃atu. p틆kka�attil ma葺umi췃i aka o�ukkattilum talaimakka�ukku n性 va웤u웫ttappa�uki췃atu. ka�avo�ukkattai n蜃�ittut tiruma�attil� cirattai k葉焌ta 性maka춙kku n性 e췃a u�arcciyi춑퉟il puttipuka葺a mu웤a�uki췃贍 t붓i. ci웏ippu웏tt퉧u應a talaiva� k뱉�u varaiyum poru葺ut t붓iyorutti talaiviyai n튻kip pi춚arum�웫 k�웏t to�a�kuki잀�: "p뱝upa p뱝�r periy� re춑atu n性ut takka췃atu k性u� k�lai." (na�. 72) ataipp튽av�, ka�avo�ukkatti� ka黜� talaiviyi� nilaimai i�춁l ni웏intat�y u應ate췃u t붓i k�웏kk뱉�a talaiva� annilaiyil� talaiviyai vaitta웛u n性i춁� e췃u ku웫ntokaip p葉alo췃u k葉�um. "na�춁r ne쨇atta� t붓i ni�춊lai y惜웏춁k kuraitta춅 ��kat t惜� �i춁춊� t�k�v�읂...." "nalla ne쨇attaiyu�aiya�惜a talaiva�, ivvo�ukkam n惜잀k�maiyai ni춁ittu peritum n性amu윜a춁�" e춑atu t붓iyi� k�윜u. karuv�rk katappi應ai e�춙m c惜읃r p葉iya ipp葉�i� mu웤akutiyil� ivv�웫 na�춅쨇att비u n性iya talaimaka춙kku uvamai k�웏ppa�uki웏tu. "pa椿um t�ma웙 cemmaic c惜읃rk ka椿a ka�a춁웙 m�kka� p튽a...." ita� poru�: "mu�춁rum t�ma웙ntu應a na�uvunilaimaiyu�aiya periy틆aik ka椿avi�attut tamatu ka�amaika�aiya웙nta na춎akka�aipp튽a". talaiva� ka�avo�ukkattiliruppi춙m t붓i varaivu ka焌talaik ku웙pp�kac co�춁 a�avil�, ta춁tu ka�amaiyai u�arntu ko椿惜 e춑ata웛u vi�akkam�ka, "ka�a춁웙makka�" p튽a e췃�r pulavar. pulavar k�웫m 'ka�a춁웙tal' e춑ata웛um, i�am p�ra�ar k�웫m vi�akkatti웛um peritum oppumai iruppataik kava춊kkal�m. n性 e춑atu akatti춙m pu웏tti춙m varuvat�yi춙m pu웏ttil퉧� v�rayukap pa�pi웛u iyaipu�aiyat�y amaintu�atu. akatti�aip p葉alka�il� n性 e춑ata� poru� viriva�aintu poru� ce웙vi�antatu e췃u k�웏l�m. avarukku n性utal mutaliya춁 ittakaiyat�. pu웏pporu� ve�p�m�lai kaikki�aip pa�alattil, "o췃�r k�웫 mu웫pa�i n性i me췃� �arivai melivo�u vaiki췃u" e�춙m ko�u, melliya乙춁 talaivi porunt�t�r collum avarukku n性i v葉�amu웫vataik ku웙kki췃atu. avarukku n性uvataip p튽av� iya웛aip pu�arcciyi� pi� talaimaka� mu�춊췃u nalamp�r葉�ak k뱉�a talaimaka�, ava� mu� ni웛am葉焌乙y, n性i oru maru�ku otu�kik ka�ka�aip putaittal�kum. n性ik ka�putaittal allatu i�aiy�웫 ki�attal e췃u ita춁i oru tu웏iy�ka amaitta춁r ainti�aik k틍aiy�ciriyar. n�윜uk ka�akk惜a tu웏ika�il o췃�kavirunta ita춁iy� vitante�uttu, oru tu웏ikk틍aiy�ka n惜�웫 ceyyu�ka� p葉a mu웤a葺a춁r pi웛�lak kavir�yarka�. ivaru� pati�및�m n�윜性�il irakun�ta c퉡upatim�tu orutu웏ik k틍ai p葉iya amirta kavir�yar piracittam惜avar. a�ava윜a ka웤a춁iyum n性a윜a mo�iyum ni웏inta itup벼웏 n�l pa�ipp�r n性ik ka�putaikka v뱝�iyavar�yu應a춁r e춌i잀r 焌k�ar cupa.m性ikka��r. ilakkiya ne웙yil 튋pa葺a m�윜attai m�ttirama췃i n性 mutaliya k비p葉uka�pa윜i nika�nta ka黜비�a m�윜attaiyum ittakaiya pi웛�la n�lka� k葉�i ni웛i췃a춁 e춁l�m. akattu웏iyil pi웏r puka�ccikku n性uvatu p튽av�, pu웏pp葉alka�il talaimakka� tammaip pi웏r p�r葉�u�k�l n性uvar. ut�ra�am�ka va춑ara�ar p葉alil (pu웏m 152) "m�v및 tu웏iyu mu웏iyu�ik ka�ippik k틍e춁p peyariya k�lai y涉katu ta춑eya r�kali �性i..." e�춙ma�ika�il� p性ar k嚴�am ta� peyaraic collip puka�ntap틊u n性iya valvil틆ipa윜ik ku웙ppi�appa�uki웏tu. nall틆 ta�ka� mu�춁r pi웏r tammaip puka�vatai n性uvar e�춙� karuttaic c�ttiramp튽ak k�웫ki웏tu ku웫ntokaip p葉al o췃u. "c惜읃r, puka�u mu�춁r n性u pa�iy涉 kolpav� k性u�k�l�." (ku웫n.252) neyta웛aliyil� (2) mara�ka� tuyilum k葉cikku uvamaiy�ka. "tampuka� k뱉焌rp튽 talai c�yttu" e췃u varuki웏tu. pi웏p葉alka�ilum (pu웏m 258) ittakaiya karuttukka�aik k性al�m. iya웤a�pu�a� vi�a�kum ittakaiya varu�a춁ika� pi웛�lattil k퉣alam ve웫m varu�a춁i marap�kiyat�l poru�ci웏ppi�antu co웒ilampa�ka乙yi춁. ka�amaiyi�춁te췃u collit terint�l atil� ci웏ppillai. n性e춑atum ta�춁itt惜� nallatu ke葺ati웛嚴�kac celutta utavum k비p葉�kum. ka�amaiyu�arccip튽a atu u�arvup�rvam惜atu e춑atu c惜읃r ceyyu�ka�i� u�ki�ai ka�amaiyaippa윜ip p�ratiy�r k�웫vatum ivvi�atti� poruttam�ka u應atu. "ka�amaiy�va춁 ta�춁ik ka葺utal pi웏rtuyar t�rttal pi웏r nalam v뱝�utal." ituk�웫m k�웙yava윜�l 'n性' e춑atu pa椿ait tami�akattil� 性maikkuriya pa�puka�ilo췃�kak ko應appa葺ate췃um, pa�iya쨇utal e�춙m k비p葉�i웛um ata웛um neru�kiya to�arpu椿e췃um. avvira椿um akk�la makka�i� v饍kkaiyai ne웙ppa�utti춁 e췃um, k�lap p튻kil avai camayakk비p葉uka�u�a� kalanta춁ve췃um a웙ntu ko應al�m. n性, pa�i, puka�, a웏m mutaliya karuttup pa�iva�ka�um avaipa윜iya ilakkiya va�akk�웫m pa椿aik kir퉗ka ilakkiyattilum k性appa�uki췃a춁. ivvo윜umai etirp�rkkak k嚴iyato췃�. �ti kir퉗ka n�lka�um v�rayukam o췃a춙kkuriya춁v�tal�l iru tarappilum otta karuttukka�um ilakkiyap p튻kuka�um k性appa�uvatu iyalp�. atu ma葺umalla; v�rayukattaiya�utta k�lap pakutika�ilum iru n葉�u ilakkiya�ka�i� n튻kum p튻kum peruma�avil iyaipa�aiya춁v�kav� u應a춁. ut�ra�am�ka, v�rayukattait to�arntu a웏viya� karuttukka� c�rnta pa춙valka� iru mo�ika�ilum mukkiyattuvam pe윜a춁. n性, pa�i �kiya ira椿um kir퉗ka mo�iyil mu웏iy� aidos, Namesis e�춙� co웛a乙� ku웙kkappa�uva춁. ivai o췃a웛o췃u n퉟ppata�ka�. ivviru co웛a�aiyum ava윜i� poru乙�attaiyum te�int�la췃ik kir퉗ka c惜읃rilakkiyattai mu�umaiy�ka e췃u kir퉗ka ilakkiya a웙쨅r k�웫var. ivvira椿um o췃aiyo췃u v뱝�i ni웛um ira葺aik karuttup pa�iva�ka乙m. n性, pa�i �kiya춁vum, ava윜ai �t�ram�kak ko椿a puka�um y�vari�attuc ci웏pp�kac ceya웤a�um e춑atu pa윜i, kir퉗kar karutiyatu i�kuk ku웙ppi�attakkatu. avai cutantiramu�aiy�rka黜� ku�iko椿u vi�a�kuva춁 e춁 avarka� ko椿a춁r. i웤i웏nt�r m葉�u ivviyalpuka� ci웏pp�ka amaiva춁 e췃� va應uvarum k�웙yu應atai 퉘av� p�rtt튾. ata춙�aiya vika웤am�kav� cutantararaik ku웙ppi�uki췃�r, kir퉗ka n�l�ciriyar. "oru ma춊ta� cutantaram�ka irukkump틊� ivai ceya웤a�uki췃a춁; nirpantam iruttal�k�tu" e춌i잀r p퉟�ciriyar kilper� ma읂. at�vatu pi웏r퉣ali췃ic cuya u�arvi��l iva윜aik ka�aippi�ippava� cutantara� e춑atu avarka� ko�kai. ittakaiya karuttu vi�akkam tami�ilum k性appa�uki웏tu. ut�ra�am�ka aka춁inti�aikku uriya talaimakka�ai vivarikkumi�attu uraiy�ciriyar i�amp�ra�ar pi춚arum�웫 k�웫ki잀r. "akatti�aiy�va춁 a웏tti� va犁malum poru�i� va犁malum i춑atti� va犁malum iyalal v뱝�um; avaiyell�m pi웏rkkuk ku윜av퉘 ceyv틆kkuc ceytal arit�kal惜um, avar n性uk ku웏ip葉u�aiya r�kal惜um....i춑am i춊tu na�attuv�r pi웏r 퉣al ceyy�t�r e춑at惜�lum, ivar pu웏pporu� kuriyar�yi��r." pi웏r퉣al ceyv�r n性ukku웏ip葉u�aiyavar e춑ata��l, ata� ma웫talaiy�kac cutantaram�ka v饍pav� n性v퉘i (ku웏�. 1016) u�aiyavar e춑atu pe웏ppa�um. n性 e춑ata웛u i�amp�ra�ar vi�akka�k�웙yavi�attu, ata춁iyoruva� 'ma춁tti��l u�ari춁llatu v튋upa�uttik k葉�al�k�tu' e췃u k�웙yataip p�rtt튾. ivv�읂 kir퉗karum k�웙춁r. p퉟�ciriyar ma읂 e�utuki잀r: "ayi柱s (n性) e춑atu ma춁 u�arv퉧�kum; �kav� ata춁i a�avi�amu�iy�tu; vakukka mu�iy�tu; ko�kaiy�kak k葉�a mu�iy�tu. atu ta�춁�avilt惜� iya�ki va�arvatu. ata웛u varampu ki�aiy�tu. ata춁i u�aiy벼 u應am� ata� ellai." a�imaika� n性ukku웏ip葉u�aiyavar e췃u i�amp�ra�ar k�웙yataip p튽av� kir퉗karum a�imaika�i�attu n性 illaiye췃a춁r. i춑iyal n葉ak�ciriya� iy�ripi蠢s ita웛uc cam�t惜am k�웏 mu춁int惜. "irakkami춎aiy� niyatiy�yu應a i�attil n性aip pa윜i 묶 p퉏av뱝�um?" i웛u�ippi웏nt惜oruva� ta춁kku iyalp�yu應a n性u�aimai k�ra�am�ka a�imaika�aip parivu�a� na�attakk嚴um. 惜�l a�imaikku n性 iruppat�kak kir퉗ka �ciriyarka� k�웙��rallar. ita춁�ippa�ai ci웙tu cintikkat takkatu. n性um pa�iyum o�ukal�웫 campantam惜avai. kir퉗ka ilakkiya�ka�i춑a�i talaiva� oruva� cila ceyalka�aic ceyyumpo�utu ma춁�k�cuvat� ivva�ippa�ai. acceyalka�ai y�tu k�ra�att�l� ceyt�l ava윜i웛�ka n性uki췃惜; ceyy�vi葺�l ava윜ait tavirkka muyalki잀�. e춁v�, cila ceyalka�aic ceyy�tirukka ava춙kkuc cutantaram iruttal avaciyam. ut�ra�am�ka, pe黜aik kollutal n性attakka ceyal e췃u u�arum cutantara� koll�tu vi�uki잀�. 惜�l talaiva� 性aiyi葺�l a�imai akko�iya ceyalaic ceyt퉧�ka v뱝�um. ava춁ip po웫ttavaraiyil n性 poru�a윜up p튻i웏tu. ta葺ik k뱉ka oruvarum ill�tavi�attum t惜� u�arntu cila ceyalka�ait tavirppata웛u u應�rnta n性urvu k�ra�am e췃u kir퉗kar k�웙춁r. h튾惜 iliy�tu k�viyattil ita웛틆 ut�ra�am p�rpp튾. m�v�ra� akkil�s �윜iya춁tu nakarm�tu p틆to�uttap틊u, a�ku ni웏intirunta ciliciyaraiyum �윜iya춁iyum ko췃u, nitik kuvaika�aic c�웏iy葉i�惜. �yi춙m �윜iya� a�intirunta kavacam mutal�yava윜ai m�cupa�utt�tu vi葺惜. ava� ne쨇il ni웏intirunta n性 avv�웫 ceyvata웛u i�a�ko�ukkavillai. atu ma葺umalla. p틆il i웏nta �윜iya춁it takunta ci웏ppu�a� citaiyil vaittu eritt惜. n性ukku nallat틆 e�uttukk葉焌ka ita춁ik ko椿a춁r. n性비u kalantu k性appa�um me춎aiyum akkil�ci� ceyali� pulappa�uki웏tu. �윜iya춙kku ivv�웫 mariy�tai k葉�iyat�l akkl�cukku l�pam� na葺am� ki�aiy�tu. �윜iya춁tu ci웏ppumikka p틆kkavacattaic citaittiruppi춙m ava춁ik ka椿ikka y�rumillai. p틆il pakaivaratu poru�ka�aic citaippatu carva c�t�ra�a nika�ccit惜. �yi춙m akkil�s akattu irunta n性 ta�aiy�ka vi�a�ki윜u. "ituv� t�ya, uyarnta n性urvu" e춌i잀r ma읂. it� akkil�s oru cantarppattil k틄�v퉏attil� ta�춁i ma웏ntu n性attakka ceyalaip purintu pa�ikku 贍�kum nilaiyaiya�aintuvi�uki잀�. ta춁tu �ruyir na�pa� pa�r튻i�as p틆il i웏ntap틊u, ava� va쨇i춁 muraittup p틆kka�am pukuki췃惜. "u�춁ik ko췃a hek�aratu p틆kkavacattaik ko椿u vantu, u춁tu, p葉aikka mu� pa�춊ru �ir튺a i�ai쨅raip paliko�utta pi�춁r� uriya mariyataika�u�a� u춁kku �mak ca�a�kuka�aic ceyv묶" e췃u n紳mo�i uraikki췃惜. a�uttu nika�um ka�um p틆il� ta춁tu capatatti� perum pakutiyai ni웏iv튋웫ki잀�. hek�aratu talaiyaik koyvata웛ut teyvattalaiy蜃u ta�aiy�yiruntatu. 惜�l i웏nta hek�aratu ca�alattait t퉟i� ka葺ip pu�utiyell�m i�uttu m�cupa�uttuki잀�. ta�춁ik ka葺uppa�uttum u�arvuka�ai ut�c勝a� ceyki잀�. itu ka椿a t퉣arka鍮 k틄appa�uki췃a춁r. "akkil�s n性attaiyum irakkattaiyum i�antu vi葺惜" e췃u ap튽� k�웫vatu n性 pa윜iya vi�akkattai m퉘um te�iv�kkuki웏tu. n性 ka�aippi�ikkappa焌vi葺�l atu pa윜it ta椿a춁iyillai. atu u�arv惜aip po웫ttatu. ita춁ip pu웏n惜�윜up p葉al o췃u (36) cittirikkum�윜aip p�rpp튾: a�unai y�yi춙m vi�unai y�yi춙m n�ya�an ta웙tini� puraimai, v�rk튽 ce웙yaric cilampi� ku웫nto�i maka�ir pola쨇ey ka�a�ki� 웕윜i y葉um ta黜惜 porutai ve�ma�al citaiyak karu�kaik kolla 춁ra쨇eyavv�y ne�u�kai naviyam p�ytali 춊laiya�intu v�kamar ne�u쨇i춁i pulampak k�vuto웫m ka�imaran ta�iyu m튰ai ta���r ne�umatil varaippi� ka�ima춁i yiyampa 涉ki춊 tirutta v퉚ta�� 蠢�kuni� cilaitt�r muraca� ka웏�ka. malaitta춁i ye춑atu n性uttaka vu�aitt�. katai itut惜: ki應iva�ava� e�춙m c붓a� karuv�rai mu윜ukai yi葺irunt惜. karuv�r ma�춁� p틆i�a virump�tu k비�aikku應� a�aippa葺irunt惜. c붓a춙�aiya v�rar ne�iya kaiyaiyu�aiya k�riya v�yu�aiya k비arika乙l ta춁tu k�valilu應a ka�imara�ka�ai ve葺i v湜ttum 튰ait惜 (m惜ami췃i) i춊t�ka irunta ara�ma춁ikka� olikkak k뱉�um v贍�yirunta v퉚ta춙�a� p틆 purivatu t�ya v�rarkku n性ut taruvat�kum. i춊, kolv�y�yi춙m, koll�mal vi�uv�y�yi춙m ava윜�l u춁kku varum pe웫p튋uka� y�m colla v뱝焌. n�y� e黜i a웙vai. itu �latt�r ki犁r k�윜�ka amaintu應atu. "m惜ama윜u (v饍v� perite췃u) ma웏intirunta ma�춁춙�a� porut� ye춑atu n性um takutiyai yu�aittu" e췃u pulavar e�utturaippatu n性 pa윜iya nal vi�akkam�ka amaintirukki웏tu. ita��l퉧� "pulavar puka�nta n性" e춁ppa葺atu. ipp틆aik ki應iva�ava� to�arntu na�atti�惜� allatu kaivi葺惜� e춑atu namakkut teriy�tu. 惜�l p틆il� n性 ettakaiya i�attai vakikki웏tu e춑atu emakkup pula��ki웏tu. n性attakka pa�ic養um ceyalka�aip pi웏r k性ac ceyyak k�ci춁r kir퉗ka v�rar. 惜�l ma춊tar evarum p�rkk�ta vi�attum iya웛aic caktika� p�rppat�ka avarka� nampi춁r. e춁v�, n性attakka ceyalaic ceytava� p�miyaiyum c�riya춁iyum muka� ko�uttup p�rkkat taya�kuv惜. y�r ka黜ukkut tappi��lum nilam, n�r, k�윜u mutaliya teyva�ka�i� p�rvaiyiliruntu tappa mu�iy�te췃u h튾arum, h�ciyo葺um karuti춁r. pa�i e춑atu pi웛�lattil� camayat to�arpi��l, karma vi춁i mutaliyava윜u�a� pi�aippu椿u poru� virivu pe윜atu. kir퉗ka �ti ilakkiya�ka�il� atu oruva춁tu ceyal pa윜ip pi웏ratu ka�ipp�kav� karutappa葺atu. ko췃惜ait to�arntu pa윜um kolaip p�vam mutaliya karuttuka� pi웛�lattukkuriya춁. p퉟�ciriyar ma읂 k�웫vatu p튽a "pa�i e춑atu tu춑attukku 贍�kiyava춁tu n퉟a�iy惜a k틄am a췃u; acceyalaip p�rtta m耶잀m naparu�aiya ku윜ac c葉焌kum." n性, pa�i mutaliya춁 c惜읃r ilakkiyattil� camayac c�rpa윜a춁v�kavum v饍kkaiy비u n퉟a�iy惜a to�arpu�aiya춁v�kavum k性appa�uki췃a춁. kir퉗ka ilakkiyattilum ivv�읂yirukkak k性al�m. teyva c�pam, teyva n�ti mutaliyava윜uk ka쨇iya췃i, p틆i� t퉣aika�aiyum niyatika�aiyum o葺iy� n性, pa�i mutaliyava윜ai va�a�ki춁r. ut�ra�am�ka, p틆ukku a쨇upava� n性ama윜ava��kak karutappa葺惜. 'n性u�ainta m�kka�' e췃a to�arai m퉘� p�rtt튾. kir퉗karum k붓aitta춁m n性uttakavu�aiyatu e춁k karuti춁r. "�kiviyarka鍮 n性amillaiy�? etir ni췃u p틆 puriya m葉蠢rka乙?" e췃um "p틆i�ap pi�춊焌t�rka� u�ka� ne쨇il n性um pa�iyum ni웏intirukka葺um" e췃um k�웏ppa�umpo�utu p틆i� mattiyil ivai paya�蜃�uk k비p葉uka乙ka va�a�kuvataik k性al�m. ut�ra�am�ka nir�yutap性iy�y vantu ta쨇ama�aintava춁ik kollutal n性uttu웏nta ceyal�kak karutappa葺atu. utaviya윜틆aik kolvatum pa�icceyal�kak ko應appa葺atu. ivva�ippa�aiyil퉧� kir퉗ka �tik�viya�ka�il virunti춁r. iravar, mutiy틆 e췃ivarka�ukkut t薪kuc ceyvatu n性a윜a ceyal�ka k�웏ppa�uki웏tu. 'tikka윜a varkkut teyvam� tu�ai' e춑atu p튽a, kir퉗karum tikka윜avarait t퉣arka�i� atipatiy惜a c�yas kava춊ttuk ko�ki잀� e춁 e黜i춁r. curu�kak k�웫vat�yi�, pa�antami�c ceyyu�ka�i� k性appa�uvatup튽av� kir퉗ka �tik�viya�ka�ilum pa�i e춑atu p�va춁tti춊췃um v튋�ka u應atu. v�rayukattil p�vam e�춙m ko�kai t벼웏villai. 묶e춊l p�vam karuttu va�iv惜atu; k�ra�ak�riyat to�arpil amaintatu. n性, pa�i e춑a춁 tamma�avil t�m� ni웏iyu�aiya춁, 惜�l kir퉗ka ilakkiya varal�윜ilum h�ciyo� k�lattukkup pi�춁r, n性attakka ceyalka� p�vac ceyalka乙kav� ku웙kkappa�al�yi춁. ut�ra�am�ka h�ciyo� ta춁tu v퉘aika� e�춙m n�lil� pa쨇am� p�va�ka�aik ku웙ppi�uki잀�: (1)"tikka윜틆ukkum iravalarukkum t薪ku i�aipp벼; (2) ta춁tu u�a� pi웏nt惜i� ma춁iviyaip pe椿贍upava� " (3) "a��taik ku�antaika�ukkut tu춑am ceypava�;" (4) "vay틊ika k�lattil tantaiyait tu춑u웫ttupava�; ivarka� y�varum or� nilaiyilu應avar�, ivarka�aic c�yas teyvamum po웫kkam葉焌tu." h�ciyo葺i� kuralil� p�va, pu黜iya to춊 teriki웏t�yi춙m, ava� ku웙ppi�um pa쨇am� p�ta�ka� oru�maiyai emakku ni춁iv嚴�uki췃a춁. p�pac ceyalka� e춁 ava� ku웙ppi�upavai, u�maiyil pa�aiya kulamarapukki�aika�il� vilakkappa葺a 'cam�ka vir틊a'c ceyalka�i� a�ippa�aiyil e�untavai. ku윜a�ka�aip puripava춙kkuc camaya nampikkaiyi� p퉟il ta椿a춁i k�웏ppa�uki웏t�yi춙m, ku웙kkappa�um ku윜a�ka� camut�yattil tavirkkappa�a v뱝�iya춁v�yiruppatu kava춊kkat takkatu. v�rayukattaiya�uttu t벼웙ya "iru椿a k�lap pakuti"yil (ca�ka maruviya k�lame췃um, ka�appirar k�lame췃um vevv튋u peyari葺u ikk�lap pakutiyai ilakkiya varal�윜�ciriyar va�a�kuvar) e�unta a웏n�lka�il, i춊yatu, i���tatu e췃u pulavarka� a�ukkik ko椿up틍ataip p�rkkump틊u, emakku h�ciyo葺i� ni춁ivu t벼잀ma� p튻�tu. c�ru� ci웏ppum poruntiya v�rayukatti웛up pi� ulakil 'cemmaiyell�m p饍�kik ko�umaiy� a웏m�kit t�rnta't�ka h�ciyo� nampi�惜. t惜 v饍um yukam�kiya irumpuk k�lattil� irumpu m�kka� mattiyil v饍a oruppa焌tu n性um pa�iyum nall틆 v饍um e췃a n�li� ku웙ppi�uki췃惜. evv�잀yi춙m kir퉗ka �tik�viya�ka�ukkuppi� ikk비p葉uka� mella mellac celv�kki�anta춁. kir퉗ka mo�iyil� pi웤a葺ut t벼웙ya o�ukkaviyalai n튻kumpo�utu atil n性 ci웫 va�akki춁t�kav� k性appa�uki웏tu. pi鍮葺�, aris柱葺il mutaliya tattuvav�tika� ata춁i or틍a�i ku웙kki췃a춁re춊춙m, avarka�atu cinta춁iyil atu ci웏ppi�am pe웏villai. ma춊tav饍kkaiyai ne웙ppa�uttum t�rm�ka cakti ata웛u ill�tu p틐vi葺atu. aris柱葺il p벼읃r ata춁i virumpattakka na웤a�puka�il o췃�kak ku웙ppi춙m, u�arccimikka accollai va웤u웫tti��r allar. tami�ilum ittakaiyatoru p튻kaik k性al�m. pati춅� k湜kka�akku n�lka�il� n性, pa�i mutaliya춁 i�ampe윜ap틊um, avai v饍kkaiy비u to�arpu�aiya u�arcci 饍amikka co웛a乙kava췃i e�utturaikkappa�um ko�kaika乙ka amaintu應a춁. n性 mutaliya "ki�aviyell�m k葉�al�kap poru�" e췃�r tolk�ppiyar. ata춁iy� vi�akki "m性�kkarkku itu poru� e춁 v튋upa�utti �ciriya� k葉�al�k�ta poru�u�aiyatu" n性 e췃�r i�amp�ra�ar. 惜�l a웏pp틊a춁i ceyta k湜k ka�akku n�lka類 tammiyalpukkiyaiya n性aiyum k葉�um poru乙ka varaiki췃a춁. ituvo췃� k�lav튋up葉�aik k葉�app틊um惜a ta췃�? ut�ra�am�ka nall�ta��ri� tirika�ukattil (ceyyu� 6) pi춚arum�웫 n性 tokuttuk k�웏ppa�uki웏tu : "pi웏r ta�춁ip p뱝u�k�l n性alam, p뱝�r ti웏� v튋u k�웙� po웏iyum, a웏vi춁iyaik k�r 性maip튽a o�ukalum - imm耶웫m �r性mai e췃um cerukku" itil� po웏i mutaliyava윜u�a� n性 c퉟kkappa葺u應amai poruttam�kak k性appa�avillai. atu p튽av� kapilat퉣aratu i��� n�웤atilum, "c�lattup pi웏ntava� kall�mai i���; nilattu i葺a nalvittu n�잀mai i���; nilattakaiy�r n性�mai i���; 涉ku i���, kalattal kulam ilva�i." ittakaiya ceyyu�ka� v饍kkaiyait t�ra ni췃u n튻kip p틊ikkum ta춎aiya춁. e춁v� u�arvum cuvaiyum ci웏ppi췃iyu應a춁. kir퉗ka mo�iyilum tami�ilum n性 k�lapp튻kil ta춁tu pur�ta�a caktiyai i�appata웛ak k�ra�am: camut�ya m�윜am� a�ippa�aik k�ra�am. v�rayukattil� ta춊ccotturimai talaik葉�at to�a�kiyiruntatu. ta춊yoruva춁tu v�ramum, m惜amum, 性maiyum, vi춁itti웏춙m vi�a�ka vall惜 vakuttat� v�ykk�l�ka iruntatu. pa�aiya kulamarapuk ku�ukka� mu葺im틊ip pura椿u ko椿irunta춁. varkka p퉡amu應a camut�yam pi웏ntuko椿iruntatu. 葉cimu웏i c�r�ka uruppe윜irukkavillai. ca葺a ti葺a�ka� vakukkappa�avillai. kulamarapuk ku�ukka�il va�a�kiya u�arvup�rvam惜a o�ukka mu웏ika� ci웒ila m�윜a�ka�u�a� ka@ai$ppi�ikkappa葺atu. mu�춁r ka�uvukkum, ka�atti웛um, potuv�ka irunta 'cak틊arattuva' o�ukal�웫 ippo�utu talainilaiyeytiya 'peru� ceyy葉avar' o�ukal�잀ka m�웙yatu. iratta u웏vuka� m�웙 allatu valukku웏intu poru�u웏vuka� t벼웙춁. akk�lak ka葺attil� tavirkkamu�iy�ta na�aimu웏i vitika乙ka amainta춁v� n性, pa�i, a웏m mutaliya춁. akk�lattil� pulavar�ka ma葺umi췃i a웙yavar�kavum, varal�윜�ciriyar�kavum, p틊a��ciriyar�kavum vi�a�kiya kavi쨅r intana�aimu웏i vitika�aip piracittappa�utti춁r. camut�yam mu�uvata웛um potuv惜avaiyalla ivvitika�. talaimakka�ukki�aiy퉧u應a "ka黜iyam惜a" u�a춑葉� ivvitika�i� a�ippa�aiye춁l�m. v�rayukattait to�arntu putiya-varkka camut�yam t벼웙ya pi�춁r, inna�aimu웏i o�u�kuka� v뱝焌v�yi춁. ka葺upp葉a윜a camut�yattil� n性 mutaliya춁 ma춊taratu o�ukkattaik ka葺uppa�uttum t벼잀c ca葺am�y vi�a�kiyatu. v�rayukattil nika�nta i�aivi焌ta k틆ap p틆ka�i� vi�aiv�kap putiya aracuka� t벼웙yatum ava윜i� u�a� pi웏pp�ka ir性uvam, ca葺am, n�tima췃am, araca ka葺a�ai mutaliya춁 t벼웙춁. t벼웏vum uruva윜a n性 u應a�ka�iliruntu ma웏intatu. �yi춙m atu pa�aiya k비p葉�tali� ve웫m ala�k�rak karutt�ka ni췃u ila�ciya va�ivi� p틹웏ppa�um na웤a�puka�il o췃�ka ila�ki윜u. aracu t벼웙ya pi� camayamum ata웛up pakkattu�aiy�kiyatu. ikal튻ak k비p葉�ka virunta pa�i paral튻at to�arpu�aiyat�ka m�웙yatu. 惜�l atu v튋u katai. 5. perum peyar ulakam c惜읃r ceyyu�ka�il oru pakutiy惜a pu웏pp葉alka� amarkka�attu a쨇� ne쨇u�a� p틆purintu a�iy�p puka�pe윜a v�rari� vi�uppuka�aip p퉏uki췃a춁 e춑atu palaruma웙ntato췃�. tolk�ppiyar vakuttuk k葉�um pu웏tti�aiyu� pala tu웏ika� k性appa�i춙m v�ra mara�atti웛uc ci웏pp惜at틆 i�amu椿u. p틆il� vi�uppu�pa葺u v湜nta 'aru� ceyy葉avar' v�rarukke췃� amainta tu웏kkatta웛uc celvar e췃a nampikkai akk�latti� peruva�akk�yiruntatu. c惜읃r ceyyu�ka� k葉�um camut�yamum camut�ya ila�ciya�kum v�rayukam e춁ppa�um varal�윜uk k�lappakutiyaic c퉟nta춁. v�rayukattukkuriya cila ci웏pp惜a nampikkaika�u� o췃u v�ra va�akkam. pi웏 k�la�ka�ilum i�tu or퉣a�i k性appa�um�yi춙m v�rayukattil� peruva�akku�aiyatu. v�ra va�akkatti� a�ippa�ai, v�rarka� ma윜aiy틆i춙m talaici웏ntavar e춑atu, v饍vil ma葺uma췃i mara�attilum, avarka� ta춊cci웏ppu�aiyavarka� e춑at� v�ra va�akkatti� u�ki�aiy�kum. pi웛�lattil� n�m t퉣arka�i� uraiyu乙kak karutum ulakam�ka v�rayukatti� karutappa葺atu. atu v�rayukatti� 饍am惜a nampikkaika�il o췃u. ca�kac ceyyu�ka� e췃u va�a�kum c惜읃r ceyyu�ka�il� v�rarka� mara�atti춑i� ce췃a�aiyum tu웏kkam palav�웫 ku웙kkappa葺u應atu. ut�ra�am�ka, uyarnt틆 ulakam m퉘틆 ulakam arum pe웏l ulakam toyy� ulakam v�r� ulakam perum peyar ulakam t퉣ar ulakam mutaliya co윜o�arka�aik k葉�al�m. ivai y�vum or� poru�aik ku웙ppa춁 - at�vatu "tam puka� ni웙it t�m�ynta" v�rarukkuriya i웫ti 'v蜃�aik' ku웙ppa춁. u�maiyil v�rayukattuc c惜읃ri� ila�ciyam puka�pa�aitta peruv饍v�. ata��l퉧� "puka�e춊� uyiru� ko�ukkuvar!" e췃�r pulavar. k�lapp튻kil puka� palavakaiy惜a ci웏ppuka�aiyum ku웙kkal�yi윜u. kalvip puka�, paktip puka�, ko�aippuka� mutaliya춁 vevv튋u k�la�ka�il mukkiyattuvam pe윜a matipp蜃uka�ukku 튋pa amainta춁. a웏ppuka�, ma웏ppuka� ira椿ilum ma웏ppuka瑠 v�rayukac c惜읃r v뱝�iyatu. ita��l퉧� varupa�aiyetir t涉ki v湜ntava춁i, "puka� veyy벼" e췃u p퉟eyi� mu웫val�r p葉i��r. v�rayukattaip p벼웏voru k�latti웤葉iya kampa춙m ir�va�a� k�윜�ka, "puka�ukkum i웫ti u椿�?" e춁k k뱉焌�. c惜읃r ceyyu�ka�il� puka� e�춙m col paya춑a�uttappa葺irukkum�윜aic ci웙ta�avu kava춊tt�l ata� mukkiyattuvam pulappa�um. ma웏ppuka� m�y�l pal puka� palar puka� v惜puka� ma웏m v薪ku puka� vi� poru� puka� 븝ku puka� urai c�l puka� perum puka� c뱝 vi�akku puka� v�y� vi�up puka� vaya�ku puka� va�puka� pal puka� vi웏웤uka� k뱉il vi�up puka� vi�a�kiya puka� mali puka� ut�ra�am�kak ko椿a ivva�ai pu�artta to�arka� puka�i� pa춎ukap p葉�ai e�uttukk葉�uva춁v�yu應a춁. ivv�웫 uyiri춙m m퉘�ka matikkappa葺a puka�ai a�aivata웛uk k�ra�am�kavum ata� k�riyam�kavum amainta춁 v�ramara�amum ata� paya��ka tu웏kka v饍vum. pi웛�lattil� camaya nampikkaika�i� a�ippa�aiyil nalvi춁ip paya춙�aiy틆 v蜃up튋eytuvar e췃a karuttu ettu�ai valimaiyu�aiyat�y vi�a�kiyat�, attu�ai valimaiyu�aiyat�ka v�rayukattil vi춁i ceyy葉avar 'v�racuvarkkam' pukuvar e췃a e黜am nilaviyatu. "n紳ilai ye�ka ma웫tta u�amp비u v�r�vulakam pukutal" e췃u p葉iyu應�r para�ar. n辰�a ilaiyaiyu�aiya v튋pa�aiy�l u椿�kkappa葺u va�uppa葺a k�yatt비퉧� m퉘ulaku pukuvatu v�rarukku ukanta ila�ciyam�kak ko應appa葺atu. v�ra mara�a ma�aint�l, uyarnt틆 ulakam allatu arum pe웏l ulakam pe웏l�m e췃a nampikkai akk�lattil퉧� palaraik 'ka�ama쨇� v�rar' �kkiyatu e춑atil aiyamillai. mara�am e췃u ku웙ppi�appa�i춙m mara�attai velvat� v�ra mara�am�kak ko應appa葺atu. i웏v�ppuka� pe윜avarka� i웏ppil틆 e췃u nampi춁r. ata� paya��ka i웏ppait tuccam�kak karuti춁r. v튋u i춁 makka�i�aiy퉧um ittakaiya nampikkai k性appa葺atu. ut�ra�am�ka '�uruyi�s' (Druids) e춁ppa�um. keltiya a웙쨅ri� p틊a춁ika� uyir a웙va윜atu e춁k k�웙춁. ata��� kavarappa葺a pur�ta춁 piritt惜iya v�rar uyiraiy� oru poru葺�kak karut�tu ma웏pp틆 purinta춁r e췃u y�liyas c�car ku웙ppi葺�r. pulavar n�vil nilaip튋a�aivatum v�rari� ila�ciyam�ka iruntirukki웏tu. pulavar� v�racuvarkkam eytiy틆aiy� vitantu p葉i춁r. ivv�웫 puka�, v�racuvarkkam, v�ra mara�am k�ra�a k�riyat to�arpu�a� iya�ki춁. pa�an tami�c ceyyu�ka� k�웫m ivv�rar ulakattai n튻kumi�attu, pa椿aikk�la va�a jerm惜iyak k嚴�a makka�i�aiy� (Gothics) va�a�kiya v�racuvarkkatti웛um ata웛um neru�kiya oppumai iruppatu pula��kum. valhall� (Val-Halla) e춑atu jerm惜iya makka�atu v�racuvarkkam, ulakilu應a pur�ta춁 makka� y�varum mara�attukkup pi웤a葺a v饍kkaiyaik ka웤a춁i ceyyumpo�utu, avv饍kkaiyai ve웫m karuttup poru乙ka a췃ip parupporu乙kav� karuti춁r. pi웛�lattile�unta camaya c�ttira parip晟aiyi� pa�akkatt�l, t�la car�ram, c�kkuma car�ram e�춙m p�kup葉�ai i�kuk karututal tava웫. pur�ta춁 ekiptiyar, cum퉟iyar, kir퉗kar, int�-�riyar mutaliya y�varum ma웫 ulakattai - 耶um utiramum ko椿a makka� ul�vum ulakam�kav� ka웤itta춁r. ematu p�tavulaki웛um ata웛um mukkiya v튋up葉o췃u u椿u. i�ku i춑amum tu춑amum, v�ramum v�rami춎aiyum, viravik k性appa�uva춁. a�ku i춑amum v�ramum kalappi췃ik k性appa�uva춁. valhall�vil, ka�춊yar 퉣al ceyyak ka�attil v湜nta peru� ceyy葉avar nirantara i춑attil m養kikka�ittiruppar. ic ceytiyai n튻kum po�utu pu웏n惜�윜up p葉alo췃u k�웫m karuttu ni춁ivi웛u varuki웏tu. "pa�i�� m�ci� maka�ir ma췃a 춁췃um uyarnilai yulakattu nukarp..." 'p틆kka�attil v湜ntupa葺�l v�rar ce췃a�aiyum tu웏kka ulakattukkuk ku윜amill�ta tu웏kka maka�irai ma�antu, p퉟i춑am nukarvar' e춑atu poru�. valhall� e췃�l (p틆il) i웏ntavar ma椿apam e춑atu poru�. ma椿apam aiyattukki�ami췃ip pula춌a乙l u�arakk嚴iya poru� a췃�? n틆tik pa�amarapuk kataika�il amma椿apattaippa윜iya m튻a춁m惜a varu�a춁ika� u�a. t퉣arka� pa�ipurinta ila�kaiyaik kampa� varu�ippatu cilarukku ni춁ivu varal�m. e�kum i춑amayam. pu웏n惜�웫 ku웙kkum tu웏kka maka�irukkuc camam惜avar�ka valhall�vi� atipatiy惜a o�i� e춑惜atu pa�ippe�ka� amaintu應a춁r. nalla�akiyar惜a akka�춊yar kompuka�il na웏vam 퉚ti i�aivi焌tu a�ku應a v�rarukku v�rttu vi�uvar. curu�kak k�웙� o�i� talaimaiyil, 'valkki잆s' e춁p periya avvi�am pe�ka� v葉p틆 purintu k�la�ka�ikkum avv�rarukku ma춁muvantu upac�ram ceytu ko椿iruppar. valhall� e췃a v�rarkkuriya v蜃�aik k�웫m pa椿ai jerm惜iyap pa�a�kataika�, ematu c惜읃r ceyyu�ka�aip p튽av� v�rayukamo췃i춁ip piratipalippa춁. �kav� avaiyira椿ukkum oppumai k性appa�uki췃atu. pa椿aiya va�amo�i ilakkiya�ka�ilum ittakaiya karuttuk k性appa�uki웏tu. p틆 malinta n�l�m mak�p�ratattil v�racuvarkkam pa윜iya varu�a춁ika�um ku웙ppuka�um ni웏iya u�a. tur빎a paruvattil� cakraviy�kattu� cikki mara�ama�ainta apima춞uvi� v�ramara�am eytiya ava� niccayam�ka intiral튻attukkuc ce췃irukka v뱝�ume춌i잀r. m辰�um 틆i�attil yuti葺irar k�웫ki잀r: "ka�um p틆il� ma춁 maki�cciyu�a� mara�attai etirn튻kiya mak� v�rarka� intiral튻a pataviyai a�aintu應a춁r". t�m ceyta ci웙ta�avu p�vatti� paya��kat to�akkattil narakattaiya춙pavitta p性�ava v�rarka�, pi�춁r tu웏kkattai ya�aintatum, t퉣arum kantaruvarum 퉣alukkuk k�ttirukka, a�akiya apcaraciyar pa�ipuriyum nittiya i춑a nilaiyai eytuki췃a춁r. oruvakaiyi� p�rtt�l valhall�vil 비i� v�윜iruppataip p튽av� i�ku intira� atipa��yu應惜. valhall�vil ci웏ppi�am pe윜a v�rarka� pakal mu�uvatum p틆purintum iravu n퉟a�ka�il viruntu椿um tamatu po�utaik ka�ippavar�yu應a춁r. 惜�l intira춁tu m贍ikai atta춁i v�rap pa�pu poruntiyat�kat t벼웏villai. intiya v�rayukam e�춙m n�lil� p퉟�ciriyar e�.k�.citt�nt� k�웫ki잀r: "intira춁tu 性aikku�pa葺a corkkattaippa윜iya varu�a춁ika�il v�rau�arvu polivat�kakk�웫 mu�iy�tu. u�maiy�kak k�웫vat惜�l, c�rkulaivu윜a ci윜i춑a l튽a�惜a ci윜araca� oruva춁tu ara�ma춁i p튽av� atu k葉ciya�ikki웏tu. mu웤a葺a k�lattil v�ra cuvarkkam ita춊lum v�ramum v�웫m pa�aittat�y iruntirukkum e춁 n�m ko應al�m. k�lap p튻kil inn葉�u araca v饍vil 튋pa葺a m�윜a�ka�ukk튋pa v�rarilum ka�imakka鍮 cittirikkappa�al�yi춁r e춁l�m." ivvi�attil i�춐ru ceytiyum ni춁ivuk�rat takkatu. va�amo�i ilakkiya, camaya varal�윜il intira춁tu 튋웏mum i웏kkamum te�iv�kak k性akk嚴iya춁. �riyar intiya upaka椿attu� pukunta k�lappakutiyil c튾ap惜am arunti etirika�i� k비�ai kotta�a�ka�ait takartte웙nta v�rarukkut talaimai t涉kiya purantara� k�lapp튻ki� camaya va�arcciyil 튋pa葺a cila m�윜a�ka�i� vi�aiv�kat ta춁tu mutali�attai i�ant惜. cutta v�ra��ka �tiyil vi�a�kiya intira� pi웛�lattil p튻a puru�a��yum 'cokucu'kk�ra��yum ku�am�윜am pe웫ki췃惜. va�arcci mu웏i itik�cam�m p�ratatti� cittirikkappa�um intira� im m�윜attaip piratipalikki잀� e춑atil aiyam illai. v�ramara�am pa윜iya 饍nta nampikkaikku i�춙m틆 ut�ra�am k葉�al�m. "ku�avi pi웏ppi춙m" e췃u to�a�kum pu웏n惜�윜up p葉alaip pa윜ip p퉏�ta tami� a춑arka� ku웏ivu. v�rama웏kkulatti� pi웏ntavarka� pi應ai i웏ntu pi웏nt�lum tacait ta�iy�kiya pi椿am pi웏nt�lum ava윜ai 贍 valla e췃u karut�tu v贍�l ve葺iy� a�akka� ceyvar e춑atu p葉a웤oru�. palapu웏p p葉alka�aip p葉iyu應a m�m�la��r akapp葉�o췃il (61) pi춚arum�웫 k�웙yu應�r: "n틹읃r e췃a t�m� k�윜am k븍u웏 vi�iy�r pi웏r ko�a vi웙nt틆" k�윜am ko應a ve웫ma�� ma�iy�mal, pi웏r�l kollappa葺틆 niccayam�ka n틹웏var�var e췃u talaivikkut talaiva� va웤u웫ttuvat�kap p葉al amaintu應atu. ittakaiya ceytika�aik ko椿u pa椿ait tami�ar ta춊c ci웏ppu�aiya v�rapuru�ar�y irunta춁r e췃u emmavar perumaippa�uvar. "pa椿ait tami� v퉚tar, ku�aviyi웏ppi춙m, u웫ppil pi椿am pi웏ppi춙m, m�ttu vi�iyi춙m, n틐u윜i웏ppi춙m v贍�� p붓ntu a�akki춁r" e췃u e�utuki췃�r auvai cu.turaic�mip pi應ai. ittakaiyatoru va�akkam v�rayukattaic c퉟nta jerm惜iyak kula�ka� cilava윜i� mattiyilum k性appa�uki웏tu. n틐 k�ra�am�kav� a췃i mutumai k�ra�am�kav� ma웏kkula v�ra춐ruva춁i mara�am neru�kuvatu terintatum ava춎�tu pa�aikkalatti� k�r nu춊yi��l a�aiy贍ami�uvar e췃um, ka葺�riy�� kuttuvar e췃um k�웏ppa葺u應atu. itupa윜i viriv�ka �r�ynta p퉟�ciriyar ec.em.c葉vik pi춚arum�웫 k�웫var: "p틆i��l vi�uppu� pa葺u v湜vata웛up patil�kac ceyyum oru ca�a�k�kav� itu t벼웫ki웏tu." at�vatu p틆il ma�iy�ta oruva� v�racuvarkkattai a�aiya v�ypp튋pa焌tu p튻um�tal�l pa�aikkalap pu黜aic ceya웛aiy�ka v묶um u椿�kkuvatu marap�ka muki�ntiruttal v뱝�um. pu웏n惜�윜up p葉alo췃u (93) ivvu�maiyai u웫tippa�uttuki웏tu. "n틐pp�l vi�inta y�kkai ta璃ik k�ta� ma웏ntavar t�tumaku�ka웫m�r a웏mpuri ko�kai n惜ma웏i mutalvar ti웏mpuri pacampu� parappi춁r ki�appi ma웏� kant�ka nallamavar v湜nta n紳 ka�a� ma웏var cevvu�iccelke춁 v饍 p및n ta�akkalum uynta춁r m�t�...." paic�ntiyap p퉟aracuk k�lattil� pelis�riyas e췃a puka�p�tta ta�apatiyu�a� p틆ka�a�ka�ukkuc ce췃a pur튻틄piyas e�춙m varal�윜�ciriya� (ki.pi 6-m n�윜性�u) eru�i e췃a jerm惜iya makka�i�attu ittakaiyatoru va�akkam nilaviyu應at�kak ku웙ppi葺u應惜. eru�i kulattil n틐 k�ra�am�ka oruva� mara�amu웫n taruv�yil ava� tamaril oruva�, "k�tal ma웏ntu" ava� pa�i n薪kum poru葺uk kattiy�l kuttuva�. "itu valhall�vi웛u ava� p튻a utavi ceyvat�kum" e춌i잀r c葉vik. ic ceytikkum m튋k�웙ya c惜읃r p葉alka� k�웫m ceytika�um u應a oppumai vicatama췃�? "e�kam a웫tta u�ampo�u" v�rarka� v�r�vulakam p틍at�kap pu웏n惜�� 웫p p葉al k�웫vatai 퉘av� p�rtt튾. at�vatu k�yampa�utal� puka�i� ci�춁m�kavum tu웏kkattukkut ti웏vuk튽�kavum amaiki웏tu. p틆kk�yam 'vi�uppu�' e춁c ci웏ppikkappa葺atu. ita웛u urai k�웙ya parim퉘a�akar "vi�uppu�: mukattilum m�rpi춙m pa葺a pu�" e췃�r. valhall�vi웛u virunti춁r�ka a�aikkappa�upavarka�um 'vi�uppu�' pa葺u v湜nt틆 �var. c惜읃r ceyyu�ka� ila�ciyappa�uttum uyarnt틆 ulakatti웛um jerm惜iyap pa�amarapuk kataika� varu�ikkum valhall�vi웛um neru�kiya oppumai k性appa�uvata웛uk k�ra�am, ira椿um potup pa�puka� pe윜a camut�ya�ka�il� t벼웙yamaiy퉧�kum. ivvi�attil� orut�ra�am k�웏l�m. valhall� uyarku�ip pi웏nta peru� ceyy葉avarukk� i�ama�ippatu. 'tavamum tavamu�aiy�rkk�' e춑atu p튽a m퉘ulakamum m튋ku�ip pi웏nt�rukk� e춑atu valhall� k葉�um camut�yat tattuvam. p틆i� pa葺a ell틆ukkum uriyata췃u valhall�. itu ku웙ttu, tirumati ellis 朱vi�sa� pi춚arum�웫 k�웫var: "puka�p�tta talaimakka�um, ma�춁rum, i�a�k튻ka�um� p틆i� pa葺api� a�kuc ce췃a춁r." c惜읃r ceyyu�ka�il� v�racuvarkkattai allatu tu웏kkattaik ku웙kku� co윜o�arka�il, "uyarnt틆, m퉘틆 perum peyar, uyarnilai, arumpe웏l" mutaliya peyara�aika�ai u윜un튻kum p틊u ava윜i� mukkiyattuvam na춌u pulappa�um. ulakiyalil puka�p�tta 葉avaraic ci웏ppikkap paya춑a�um peyara�aika鍮 tu웏kkattait ku웙kkavum paya춑a�uki췃a춁. ut�ra�am�ka, p性�iya� k�ra쨇�tta춁ip "perum peyarc c�tta�" e춌i잀r �v�r m�la�ki犁r. 'perum peyar ulakam' e춑atu v�racuvarkkatti웛um ma윜oru peyar e춑atai 퉘av� p�rtt튾. ita춁i e黜ump틊u, nilavulakil 튋웏m pe윜틆ukku 튋웏 vakaiyil퉧� ma웫vulakamum cittirikkappa葺amai te�iv�ki췃atu. ma춊ta cinta춁ika� pu웏nilaiyilu應a camut�ya u�maika�aip piratipalippa춁 e췃a niyatiyai ni춁ivuk�rumi�attup pa�antami�c camut�yatti� ki犁r�kavum talaimakka乙yum vi�a�kiy틆ukk� v�racuvarkkam amaintatu e춁tt벼웫ki웏tu. varal�윜a웙쨅r pi.�i.c�niv�ca aiya�k�r tami�ar varal�웫 e�춙m n�li� k�웙yiruppatu p튽a, "c�t�ra�a m�ntarukku v�ramikka ceyalka�aic ceyyum v�yppu arumaiy�kav� ki葺iyirukkum; potuv�kap puka�um p퉟um talaimakka�ukk� ki葺um. akapp葉�i� talaimakka�um uyarku�ip pi웏nt틆�. 묶e춊l t饍nta nilaiyilu應a makka�aik kavi쨅� p葉avillai." saks� (Saxo) e�춙m i�aikk�la air틄piya itik�cak�ra춙m ikkaruttaiy� k�웙yu應惜. "va�iv퉘 e웙vatum varivil 퉚tuvatum ma�춁rtam kum�rarkka췃i ma윜avarkk�kum�? p틆t to�il uyarku�ip pi웏nt�ratu ta춊c ci웏ppurimai y�kum. tolku�ip pi웏ppi춁r� p틆i춁i na�attupavarka�." uyarnt틆ulakukkuc cellum takuti pa�aitt틆 cilar� e췃u pu웏pp葉alka� aiyattukki�ami췃ik k�웫ki췃a춁. c붓a� nala�ki應iyaip puka�um p葉alo췃u ita춁it te�iv�kkuki웏tu. "c튋웫var t�marai payanta vo� k및 n�윜ita �alari 춊raika� �a�춁 v튋웫mai yill� vi�utti�aip pi웏ntu v�윜irun t틆ai ye黜u� k�lai uraiyum p葉�u mu�aiy틆 cilar� maraiyilai p튽a m�yntici�틆 palar� pulavar p葉um puka�u�aiy틆 vicumpi� valava �퉣� v惜a v�rti eytupa ve춑ata� ceyvi춁i mu�ittu...." t�marai malari� n�윜ukka�akk惜a niraiyaip p튽a uyarnta ku�iyi웤i웏ntu ci웏pp�ka iruntavaru應um uraiyum p葉�um u�aiy틆 cilar� e춑atu va웤u웫ttappa�um karuttu. puka瑠, urai, p葉�u e춁 iruvakaiy�y ni췃atu. itu ku웙ttup pi웛�lap pulavar惜a poyy�mo�iy�r p葉iyata웛u, parim퉘a�akar k�웙yu應a urai n튻kattakkatu. "puka�t惜 uraiyum p葉�um e춁 iruvakaippa�um. ava윜u� 'uraipp�r uraippavai' e춁 ell�rkkum uriya va�akki춁iy� e�utt�rayi춙m, i춁m pa윜ip pulavarkk� uriya ceyyu�um ko應appa�um; pa�av�, 'p葉uv�r p葉uva춁 ell�m puka犁m' e춑at�um pe윜�m." pala va�ika�il, c惜읃r ceyyu�ka�i� va�ic�잀ka vi�a�kum tirukku웏�il puka�, m惜am mutaliya atik�ra�ka�il m튋k�웙ya karuttukka� a웙viya� c�yal pe윜ut tika�vatu kava춊kkattakkatu. pati춅� k湜k ka�akku n�lka�il� v�rayukap pa�puka� tamatu "t�ymai" i�antu nallo�ukkam, nalla웏m �kiya k비p葉uka� va�ivaruvataik ku웙ppi�a v뱝�um. i�tu ilakkiya varal�윜i� k性um perum�윜am�m. orut�ra�am p�rkkal�m: p틆i� palaraip pu웏�ka椿u v�ramara�am eytiyavarka� "tolaiy� nallicai ulakamo�u ni웤ar" e췃u malaipa�uka焌m k�웫vatu c惜읃r ceyyu�ka�ukkuc ci웏nta e�uttukk葉�u. 惜�l a웏n�lil o췃惜a tirika�ukam pi춚arum�웫 ata춁ik k�웫m: "ma黜i춎퉘 v惜puka� na葺惜um, m�cil c�rp pe黜i춙� ka웤u�aiy贍 pe윜�lum, u黜un�rk k�val ku웏ivi췃it to葺惜um-imm�var c�v� u�ampu eyti��r." puka� tarum v�yilka� viriva�aintu vi葺atai ipp葉al k葉�um. at� v밸aiyil, v饍kkait tattuvamum m�웙vi葺ataik k葉�uki웏tu. 惜�l pa�uk�yamu윜up puka�u�ampu�a� v�r� ulaka� ce췃avarka�, valhall�vukkuc ce췃avaraipp튽a, pattum pe윜a talaimakka乙var. v�r�vulakattaiyum valhall�vaiyum oppu n튻kump틊u avai ira椿um t벼웏 퉡uv�yirunta v�rayuka ila�ciya�ka�um uyarku�ip pi웏nt틆 talaimai pe윜u v饍nta camut�ya nilaiyum te윜e춁p pula��ki췃a춁. 6. po웛�lamum putuyukamum ce�춁i uyarn�ti ma췃attu n�tipatika�il oruvar�ka irunta �i.el. ve�ka�r�ma aiyar avarka� oru cantarppattil "va�a turuvattilu應a perum pa춊 malaika�ukkut t� vaittuvi�al�m; tami�il� putumaip pura�ciy튋pa�uvatu ataivi�ak ka�i춁m" e췃u k�웙��r�m. v�ymo�iy�ka va�a�kum ikk�윜i� u�mai poy evv�잀ka iruppi춙m, a�ippa�aiy惜a oru nampikkai vara�ciyai ikk�윜u e�uttu vi�akkuvat�ka u應atu. pa�amaip pa윜um, ta�춊웏ivu u�arvum tami�c camut�yattil ca윜u atikam�kav� k性appa�uki췃a춁 e춑at� potuv�kak k性appa�um karuttu. m�윜ama�aiy�ta-t뱄ki ni웛um camut�ya�ka�il (Stagnant Society) ittakaiya pa�amaiy�tikkam k性appa�uvatu ulake�kum potuv惜a niyati. u�maiy惜a poru乙t�ra m�윜attai �t�ram�kak ko椿a camut�yap pu춁ramaippi춁it to�arnt� putumai p�ttuk kulu�kum; atuvum oru varal�윜u niyatit惜. ivvi�attil� ematu camut�yatti� k性appa�um pa�amaip pi�ippi� 틆 amicattaic ci웙tu �r�yal�m. pa�amaiy�tikkattaik karutta�avil �r�yntu p�rkki�, ata� �윜ai i춁� ka椿u ko應a mu�iyum ematu varal�윜i� to�akkattil� mak벼춁tam惜a po웛�lam o췃u nilaviyatu e췃um, ata춑i� varavara i�i nilai va�arntu vantu應atu e췃u ait�kam o췃u karuttulakil� 饍ap patintu應atu. ut�ra�am�ka tami�n�l varal�웫 e췃a n�lil� tiruv贍ar p�l�r ka黜appa mutaliy�r pi춚arum�웫 e�utuki잀r: "pa�a�k�lam po웛�lam �kum. akk�lattu makka� na춊n�karikar�y v饍nta춁r. ta�ka� v饍vai iya웛aiy비u i�aittu v饍nta춁r. ilakkiya va�attil ci웏ntuvi�a�ki춁r." etirk�lattaip pa윜ik ka춁vu k性um ila�ciyav�tika� cilar ku웏ip葉etuvuma윜a ka웤a춁iyulakam o췃aip pa윜ukk튽�kakko�vatu p튽ac ce췃a k�latti� oru pakutiyai ni웏iv惜a camut�yam iya�kiya po웛�lam�kac cilar ko�var. imma춁p pativu a웙vi� tu�aiy�� pe웏ppa�uvata췃u; araiku웏ic ceytika�i� a�ippa�aiyilum, oru vakaiy惜a mayakka u�arvi� a�ippa�aiyilum� pe웏ppa�uvatu. �yi춙m ita웛um k비p葉�u a�ippa�ai o췃u應atu. ata춁ic curukkam�ka vivarippat� ikka葺uraiyi� n튻kam�kum. perump�l惜a tami�araip po웫tta�avil, 蜃i�aiya윜a 퉗�tipattiyap perumaiyu�a� "ava춊 mu�ut性�a" c붓ap peruma�춁r matippukkuriyavar�yiruppi춙m, 'ca�kam vaittut tami� va�artta' mu�iyu�ai m�v퉚tar arac튰ciya k�lap pakutiy� po웛�lam�kak ko應appa�uki웏tu. pa�amaikkum pa�amaiy惜at� p�r葉�ukkuriyatu p튽um. atu ma葺uma췃u. pi웛�lattil� te�춁kattil e�unta, c퉟a, p性�iya aracuka類�um, c붓ap p퉟arac비um oppi�ump틊u "ca�kak�la" mu�iyu�ai m�v퉚tar ku웫nila ma�춁r�kav� k葉ciya�ikki췃a춁r. ka�k� natiyum ka焌ramum kaikko椿u ci�k�ca춁ttilirunta cempiyar惜a i�aikk�lac c붓ap peru ma�춁r비u oppi葺up p�rkkaiyil pu웏n惜�윜up p葉alka� puka�um c붓ama�춁rka� ci웫nilak ki犁r�kav� t벼웫var. ataipp튽av� tiripuva춁c cakkaravarttika� e춁t tammai a�aittuk ko椿a ira椿�m p性�iya p퉟araci� peruma�춁r비u oppi�umi�attu, ca�kak�lap p性�iya ma�춁r ma�춁r�kav� t벼웫ki잀rka� allar. avv�웙runtum, i�aikk�lattil puka�o�u vi�a�kiya p性�iya c붓ap peru ma�춁rka� v�rayukattil v饍nta tattam m�t�taiyaratu 'ulaka�anta ci웏ppukku'tt�m arukataiya윜avar e췃� karuti춁r. anta�avukku v�rayukam 蜃iya�aiya웪o췃�kap pi웛�lattavar karuttil v퉟耶웙yiruntatu. ikk�lattilum tami�apim惜att비u peyar m�윜ic c嚴�ik ko�pavarka� v�rayuka ma�춁r peyarka�aiyum avai p벼웏va윜aiyum� virumpuvatu ka�k嚴u. curu�kak k�웙� 튋att饍a ira椿�yiram varu�a�ka乙ka v�rayukam-c惜읃r v饍nta k�lam - ka�inta po웛�lam�kak karutappa葺u varuki웏tu. ilakkiya marapai e�uttu n튻kilum v�rayukattaip p葉iya mu웛�lap pulavaraic c惜읃r e췃um avarukkup pi춚ant틆aip pi웏c惜읃r e췃um v튋upa�uttuvar uraiy�ciriyarka�. c惜읃r e�춙� colli� poru�ai u�arump틊u ata춁ip pa�a�k�lap pulavarukkup pariy�yac coll�ka va�a�kuvata� ci웏pput teriyavarum. ca�kac c惜읃raiy� 'nallicaip pulavar' e췃um k�웫var. "toll�ciriyar nall性ai" pa윜ip p퉏um i췃aiya navac惜읃rum p葉�um tokaiyum� ceyyu�ukkup piram性am�kak k�웫var. ulakame춑atu uyarnt틆 m튋읂 e춁k ko應um ilakkiyap p�tuk�valarka� avvuyarnt틆 ca�kac c惜읃r e췃� v�ti�uvar. iva윜aiyell�m p�rkkumpo�utu mu�iyu�ai m�v퉚tar arac튰ciya v�rayukam tami� marapi� pacumarat t性ip튽 i웫kap patintiruppatu ve�ippa�ai. ippa�amaip pa윜u na춎aikkum t�maikkum 퉡uv�ka u應atu. niy�yam惜a pur�ta춁p perumai, niy�yam a윜a aka�k�ram, arttama윜a t�ymai v�tam mutaliyava윜i웛um �t�ram�ka amaintu vi�uki웏tu. ita웛u k�ra�am po웛�lattaip pa윜iya perumita u�arv퉧�kum. kir퉗ka ilakkiya�ka�ilum ittakaiya oru nampikkaiyaik k性al�m. tamatu 'i춁' varal�윜ut to�akkattil iya웛aiyi� mattiyil makka� i춑am�ka v饍nta po웛�lam (Golden age) o췃u iruntatu e춁k kir퉗ka �tikavika鍮 nampi춁r. h튾arukkup pi� vanta paur性ikak kavi쨅�惜a huciyo� aintu yuka�ka�aik ku웙ppi�uki췃a춁�. avai mu웏iy� po웛�lam, ve應ik k�lam, ve�kalak k�lam, v�rar k�lam, irumpuk k�lam �kiya춁. t惜 v饍um k�lam o�iya윜a irumpuk k�lam e춑atu h�ciyo葺i� karuttu. mu웛�웙ya k�la�ka� pa�ippa�iy�kat tara�ku췃it takaimaiyi�antiruppat�ka ava� karuti�惜. h튾arukkup pi춚anta h�ciyo� kir퉗ka �ti kaviyi� pa�aippuka�ukku uriya i�am va�a�kumukam�kak k�viya n�yakarka�ukku oru k�lattait ka웤ittu, ta춁tu k�lattukku mu� ceruki�惜 e췃u cila �r�ycciy贍ar karutuvar. avarka� karuttuppa�i, n惜ku ul튻a�ka�i춁�iy�kap peyariya yuka�ka鍮 o�u�k惜avai e췃um, avai kir퉗ka n�karika va�arcciyai a�iyo葺i ata춁ip piratipalippat�ka u應a춁 e췃um vi�akkam k�웏ppa�uki웏tu. itu carccaikkuriya vi�ayam. ku웙쨇i,mullai,marutam,neytal e췃a nilap p�kup葉um ata춁�iy�kap pi웏nta o�ukkap p�kup葉um pur�ta춁 v뱉�uva nilaiyiliruntu, v性ipam ce�itt븝kiya pa葺i춁 n�karikamvarai tami�ar ka椿a v饍viyal va�arcciyai e�uttukk葉�uvat�kap palar ko�vatillaiy�? atu p튽av� ma춊ta� �tik�lattil po�, ve應i, ve�kalam mutaliya ul튻a�ka�aip paya춑a�uttiya pi�춁r� irumpi� paya춑葉�ai a웙nt惜�tal�l h�ciyo葺i� ipp�kup葉u varal�윜u u�maiyai u�ko椿atu e췃u cilar va웤u웫ttuvar. i�k� n�m kava춊kkat takkatu y�te춊l, po�, ve應i, ve�kalam, irumpu �kiya춁 paya춑葉�u�a�퉧� ma춊ta n�karika varal�웫 u웫tiy�ka mu��튋at to�a�kiyate췃u n�m k�웏k k嚴um�yi춙m, h�ciyo� avv�웫 e黜i�惜alla�. v퉘aika�um n葉ka�um (pa쨇涉ka mu웏iyilamaintatu) e�춙m n�lil� k�웫ki잀�, "aint�m k�lappakutiyaic c퉟nta m�ntari�aiy� n惜 v饍a v뱝�ume춑atu teyva ca�ka웤am�yill�tu p벼�l, n惜 ikk�lattukku muntiy� allatu pintiy� v饍av� virumpuv묶. 묶e춊l ippo�utu irumpu i춁ma춊tar v饍uki췃a춁r." irumpu i춁 makka�m퉘 kavi쨅춙kku應a ma춁ve웫ppu tul�mparam. �ti kir퉗ka meyyiyal e�춙m n�lil �ciriyar p뱝a� k�웫m ceytika� i�ku poruttam�kak k性appa�uki췃a춁. ka�avu�araiyum akkiya talaivaraiyum kut�kalattu�a� p葉iya �tikavi h튾araik k�웙vi葺u, p뱝a� pi춚arum�웫 e�utuki잀r: "huciyo� e�utiyava윜aip p�rkkum p틊u n�m v튋�r ulakukku vantuvi葺�� p벼웏 u�arvu namakku 튋pa�uki췃atu. h튾aratu k�viya�ka�ukkum ta춁tu k�latti웟i�aiy퉧irunta v튋웫maiyai avar u�arntirunta춁r. h튾aratu k�viya�ka�i� k性appa�um ka�ippu�arvai i�kuk k性튾. ka�avu�ka�aippa윜iya u�maiyaik k�웫vatu mukkiyame춁 i�ku karutappa�uki웏tu. h튾aratu k�latti웛up pintiya, va�a�ku췃iya k�lam ta�춙�aiyatu e춑ataiyum h�ciyo� u�arntirunt�r. h튾ar�� p葉appa葺a akkiya aracarka� h�ciyo葺i� k�lattil potumakka類�u to�arpill�tavarka乙kavum, cemmaiya윜a ca葺a�ka�ai iya윜upavarka乙kavum vi�a�ki춁r. �kav� pa�aiya c�tiyi춁r�kiya mantai m퉧pp틆, kama� ceyv틆 e춑틆ai n튻kiy� h�ciyo� p葉i��r. 'akkiya mattiya k�la'tti� va�amum 葉ampara v饍vum e췃u potumakka�atu nilaikku app�웤a葺a춁v�ka irunta춁. ulakampa윜iya pa椿aiya karuttu avarka�i�aiy퉧iruntu a윜upp튻avillai" p퉟�ciriyar p뱝a윜i� k�윜u k�rntu kava춊kkattakkatu. ta춁tu k�lattaip perumaiya윜a irumpuk k�lam e춁 varu�ikkum pulava�, muntiya k�la�ka�aipp튽a 'va�amum 葉amparav饍vum' ta춁tu k�lattilillai e춁k kavalvatu teriki웏tu. muntiya k�la�ka�i� k性appa葺a va�a�ka� akkiya uyar ku�iyi춁rukk퉧a췃ic c�t�ra�a kir퉗ka makka�ukkum uriya춁v�ka irukkavillai e췃u kavi쨅� cintikka villai. ta춁tu k�lattut tu춑a�ka�ai - ava윜i� k�ra�a�ka�ai a웙yam葉焌tava��y-muntiya k�la�ka�i� ka웤a춁iy惜a i춑a�ka類�u oppi葺u, "anta n贍um vanti焌t�" e춁 뱄kuki췃惜. 惜�l cu윜ic c養ntu應a tuyara�ka�ait t涉ka appa�a�k�la i춊mai ni춁ivu utaviyatu e춁l�m. h�ciyo葺ukkup pi춚anta kir퉗ka kavi쨅r ma葺uma췃it tattuva v�tika�um ippo웛�la u�arvait tamatu tattuva vi�akka�ka�ukku� amaittuk ko椿a춁r. ut�ra�am�ka ulaka iyakkattukku vi�akkam k�웏 muya췃avaril oruvar惜a empi柱k ki�is k�tal m�laka�ka�ai o췃u c퉟tta nimitta k�ra�am�y iruntatu e춁k ko椿u, k�lak kiramatti� p�cal atikam�ka m�la�ka� v튋�kap piriyum nilai 튋pa�uki웏tu e췃�r. p�cal mu윜�kac ceya웤a葺api� m辰�um k�tal ta춊y葉ci ceyyum k�lattaiy� po웛�lam e췃惜 empi柱kki�is. ta춁tu k�lattil "c�vum, ci춁mum, a�ivi� pa�aika�um ni웏intu" iruppat�kavum ta춁tu n葉u "tuyar miku n葉u" e췃um ava� nampi�惜. empi柱kki�is k�웙yatu pa윜ik ku웙ppurai k�웙ya aris柱葺il "ematu k�latti� p�cal mikuntu ko椿irukki웏tu e췃um, mu춑u k�ta� k�lattil irunta at� nilaiyil ipp틊u p�ca� k�lattil ulakam irukki웏tu" e췃um 틆i�attil ku웙ppi�uki잀r. p퉟�ciriyar p뱝a� k�웫ki잀r: "ulakam m퉘um ci웏ppa�aivata웛up patil�kak ku췃ik ko椿u p튻i웏te�춙m pi웏 ka웤a춁ika類�um ikkaruttu na춌u poruntuvat�yu應atu." h�ciyo� p벼읃r tamatu k�lattil c�vitta 'c�t�ra�a' ma춊tarilum pa椿aiya itik�ca puru�arka� pa춎a�a�ku palac�lika� e췃u nampi춁r; celvamikkavar� yirunta춁r e췃um e黜i춁r. tami�ilakkiya marapil� itup벼웏 e黜am na춌u v퉟耶웙yu應atu. oru ci웫 ut�ra�am p틊um. pa葺i춁p p�laiyil�, "n퉟i�ai maka�i ru�a�ku鎚k kavaru� k붓i ye웙nta ko�u�k�� ka춁�ku�ai po웛�� putalvar puraviyi� 웫ru葺u mukk�� ci웫t퉟 mu춚a�i vilakkum" e춁 varuki웏tu. at�vatu, nakaiya�inta maka�ir mu윜attil ularuki췃a nellait ti�춙m k붓iyai e웙nta po���� ceyta makarak ku�ai, p嶪a�inta k�li춁iyu�aiya ci웫var kaiy�luru葺um m耶웫ru�aic ci웫t퉟i춁tu va�iyi� mu춑ai vilakkum celvac ce�ippuk ka웤ittuk k�웏ppa�uki웏tu. itup튽ap palavi�a�ka�il mu�iyu�ai m�v퉚tar k�lattu 'va�amum 葉amparamum' varu�ikkappa�uvatai varal�윜u�maiye춁k ko椿u, na���l uraik�rar mayilai n�taraip p벼웫, "ku�ai ko椿u k붓iye웙yum v饍kkaiyavare췃a va�i, o췃惜um mu葺il celvatt�re췃av�웫" e춁k k�웫vatu ma葺uma췃i, 'ca�ka' k�lat tami�akam� ivv�웫 po� malinta n葉�ka mi�irntatu e춁 uraipp�rum u�ar. "po� malinta vi�uppa椿am n葉u �ra" e췃um k�웫m maturaik k西ci. at�vatu, po� mikuta웛uk k�ra�am�kiya c�riya carakkuka�ai n葉�ilu應�r nukarumpa�iy�ka vantu c퉟nta n�v�yka� ku웙ppi�appa�uki췃a춁. n�v�yka�um, po�춙m, pi웏pa椿a�ka�um irunta춁ve춑atu u�maiy�. 惜�l avai n葉u mu�uvatum po�ki va�intu y�varkkum contam�yirunta춁 e춑atu ait�kam�. ata춁�ippa�aiyil� po웛�lam ciru亢ikkappa葺atu. "ta應� vi�aiyu�um takk�rum t饍vu il�c celvarum c퉟vatu n葉u" e췃um, "pi�iyi춎ai celvam vi�aivu i춑am 퉙am a�iye춑a n葉�i웛iv vaintu" e췃um va應uvar k�웙yatu a췃aiya tami�akatti� n퉟muka varu�a춁iya췃u. avar c�rntu ni췃a va�ika varkkatti� n튻kil ci웏pp惜a oru n葉�i� ila�ciya va�ivam퉧�m. po웛�lat tami�akam, at�vatu 'ca�ka' k�lat tami�akam "paciyum pi�iyum pakaiyum n薪ki, vaciyum va�a춙m curantu" vi�a�kiyatu e춑atu kalappa윜a m嚴a nampikkaiy퉧�m. kir퉗ka kavi쨅ratu ila�ciyam惜a po웛�lattai ottat� ituvum. pulavar mutal惜a paricilari� nilaimaiyai camut�ya yat�rtta nilai e췃u k�웏 iyal�tu e춑atu e� karuttu, 묶e춊l pulavar mutal惜a 묶aiy틆 yat�rtta ma춁nilaiyi춁rallar. e춁v� avaratu va웫mainilaiyaik ko椿u camut�yap poru乙t�ra nilaiyaik ka�ippi� atu mu웏iy惜a o췃�ka amaiy�tu e춑atu e� karuttu. c惜읃r ceyyu�ka乙kak ko椿amaiy�l a췃aiya c�t�ra�a makka�i� u�mai nilaiyai a웙ntu ko�vatu ka�i춁m. �yi춙m ko�ai va應alka�i� va�maiyaic ci웏ppikkumukam�ka, avaratu �taravaip pe윜a paricilar pala p葉alka�il tu�aip p�ttira�ka乙kat t틹웏ma�ikki췃a춁r. perump�l惜a �윜up pa�ai n�lka�i� k性um iravalar k嚴�a�ka�aip p�rkkump틊u, a췃aiya yat�rtta nilai oruv�웫 pulappa�uki웏tu. "葉upaci u�anta irump퉟 okkal" "n蜃upaci or�al v뱝�i�" "a�ipaci varuttam v蜃a" "pa�ampaci k�rntaem irump퉟 okkal" "ka�umpi� ka�umpaci t�ra" "olkupaci u�anta oru�ku nu� maru�kul" mutaliya co윜o�arka�ai m퉘 n튻k�kap p�rppavarkkum 'ko�iya va웫maiyi� ellaiyai' e葺iya ku�umpa�ka�i� avala nilai ne쨇il taikk�ma� p튻�tu. 惜�l 'ca�ka' k�lam po웛�lam e췃a mu웒�yvu�a� pa�ikkum emmavari� perump�l惜틆 ita춁i e黜um po웫maiyu�aiyavar allar. v튋uvakaiyilum ematu ilakkiya�ka� va�arntu vantu應a po웛�la u�arvu pulappa�uki웏tu. ut�ra�am�ka mucca�ka varal�윜i춁i n튻kuv튾. talaicca�kam, i�aicca�kam, ka�aicca�kam e춁 m耶웫 ca�kam p性�iyar ni웫vi춁r e췃a katai y�varum a웙ntato췃�. amm耶웫 ca�ka�ka�um i웏�ku varicaiyil ka웤ikkappa葺u應amai te�ivu. muta� ca�kam irunt�ru� tiripurameritta virica�aik ka�avu�um, ku췃ame웙nta murukav밸um, nitiyi� ki�ava춙m, akattiya��rum a�a�kuvar. ivarka� t퉣arum mu춊varum talaicca�kap pulavar비u u웏vu ko椿葉iyata웛u e�uttukk葉�u. i�aic ca�kattil teyv�mcam poruntiyavar akattiya��r oruvar퉝튽um. ka�aicca�kattil ci웫m퉡�viy�r mutaliya m惜i�ap pulavar m�ttiram irunta춁r�m. varavara nilaimai ku췃uvatai itu k葉�uki웏ta췃�! ivv�웫 ilakkiya marapil 饍am�kap patintu應a nampikkai emmavaraip pi��튻kupavar�kav� vaittu�atu. irupat�m n�윜性�ilum-mu��튋웏ttaik ka黜�� k性akk嚴i웏ya v밸aiyilum-palar "ka�intatu ma���" e춁k kavalaiya�aiki췃a춁r. ut�ra�am�ka, ta웛�lak kavi쨅r惜a kalaiv性a� ce췃a k�latti� ci웏ppaiye黜i 뱄kuki잀r. "ampuviyi� mattiyil� 性�upala mu�춊runt�l kampa춁ip p틹 kavikkuralaik k�윜i춊l� n�molikkap pamparamp튽 k뱉�a nilam paravacattil� cu�alum vampa웙y� an n贍il varat tava웙 i췃u vant튾." ta춁tu k�lattuc camut�ya o�u�ku�a� 'o葺a' iyal�tu viraktiya�ainta kalai쨅춐ruva춁tu kural itu. kampa� v饍ntu p葉iya 'vampa웙y� ann贍' v�r�t� e췃u 뱄kuki잀� kavi쨅�. 'vampa웙y�' e췃u to�arntu k�rntu kava춊kka웤�latu. ce�춁iyil na�aipe윜a 'ulakat tami� mak�n葉�i� 'p틊u, "puk�ril oru n贍" e췃u kavitaip p비�i nika�ntatu. i췃u puk�r 'po�춁karam�kak' karutappa�uvata웛u ikkavitaip p비�iy� ci웏nta c惜웫. paricu pe윜a pattuk kavi쨅ril oruvar惜a na.cant惜am pi춚arum�웫 p葉uki잀r. "v�tiyi춊l po��� ma�iy�, pu춁iva�am� ma윜umu�a te��� avaiyell�m i�ku椿�m innakaril ill�ta to췃illai in nakari� m性puka�aic coll�t� rillaiyi춊c colvata웛um ellaiyilai. ............................. po웛�la m묶maiyel�m poyyillai e췃e�uttut ta웛�lam k葉�al tami�ar ka�a춁췃�." "po웛�la m묶maika� poyyillai" e췃u a�ittuk k�웫ki잀r pulavar. 惜�l at� puk�rp pa葺i춁ttil� i�춁l mikuntiruntataik k性al�m. 'ira葺aik k�ppiya�'ka�il o췃惜a ma�im퉗alai emakkuk k葉�iyiruppatup튽ap (pa椿ait tami�ar v饍vum va�ip葉um, pak 143) "poru乙t�ra mura�p葉�i� k�ra�am�ka n葉�il� pa쨇am talaivirittu 葉uki웏tu; paciyu웫m �ruyir makka� palar�var." itu c�tta��r t蜃�um k葉ci. �yi춙m, "inn贍il ill�tato췃illai" e췃u pulavar cant惜am p葉umpo�utu puk�raippa윜iya poyc ceytiy� po웛�la u�arvukku a�ippa�aiy�ka amaintiruppatu pula��ki웏tu. mura�pa�u karuttu. pa葺i춁pp�laiyil� va�ikar ci웏ppuk k�웫m po�utu, "ko�vat�u mikai ko乙tu ko�uppat�u� ku웏i ko焌tu palpa椿am pakarntu v�cum" nallavarka�aik ku웙ppi�uki잀r pulavar; ita� etiroliyait tirukku웏�i� k性ki읃m: "va�ikam ceyv�rkku v性ikam p뱝ip pi웏vum tamap튽 ceyi�." ita웛up parim퉘a�akar urai varum�웫: "pi웏r poru�aiyum tamporu� p튽ap p뱝ic ceyyi�, v性ika� ceyv�rkku na췃�ya v性ikam �m. pi웏vum tamp틹 ceytal�vatu ko�vatu mikaiyum ko�uppatu ku웏iyum �k�mal oppa n葉ic ceytal." va�ika varkkatt�rukkuriya a웙vuraiyai nitarca춁m�kak ko椿u, akk�lattu "n�tin퉟mai" p퉏uv틆 po웛�lattaik ka춁vulakam�kak ko椿u v饍ki췃a춁r e춑atu u�mai. po웛�lattai ni춁intu 뱄kiya kir퉗ka ilakkiya kartt�kka�um appo웛�lam c�tuv�tu a웙y�ta ku윜ama윜a k�lam (age of innocence) e췃� vi�akka� k�웙춁r. kavi쨅�惜a kalaiv性a� kaviyaraca� kampa� v饍nta k�lattai e黜i 뱄kal�m. 惜�l ir�ma k�tai p葉iya kampa춙m ku윜ama윜a ka웤a춁i ulakam o췃ai e黜i 뱄kiyava��. ava� k�lattu avaip pulavar palar� 'ca�kak�la' ma�춁�惜a karik�la� k�lattaip perumaiyu�a� ni춁intu, 'anta n贍um vanti焌t�' e춁 뱄ki춁r. �ka, y�varum po웛�lam�ka akk�lattai m惜asikam�ka a춙pavikki췃a춁r e춑atu te�ivu. po웛�lam e춁 o췃ai varu�ikkump틊u ci웏ppell�m akk�lattu�a� mu�intuvi葺atu e�춙� karuttu u�ki�ai. acci웏ppai m辰�um pe웏ttu�ippat� ceyali� untutal�ka amaiki췃atu. ivvu�arvi웛u intiya vaitika camayak k비p葉uka�um �t�ram�yamaintu應a춁. ㅰ춊ka� camaya u�maika�ai i웏iv�yil�kap pe윜uvi葺a춁r e췃um, i춊p pe웏kk嚴iyatu illai e췃um v퉡a va�akkaip piram性am�kak ko�v틆 k�웫var. tiru.ki.v�. jakann�taiyar itupa윜ik k�웫vatu nalla e�uttukk葉�u. "p�ram�rttika v饍vai v퉡ak�la mutal a웙ntu v饍ntavarka� a춙p�tim惜ka乙ka iruntu vantirukki잀rka�. i춊p putiyat�ka u�maiyaik ka椿upi�ikka v뱝�um e춑atu illai. ki�aitta u�maiyaik ka�aipi�ittu v饍ntu, ata��l varum i춑attai nukarvat� nammu�aiya ka�amaiy�kum." p�ram�rttika u�maika鍮 aiyar avarka乙l vitantu k�웏ppa�i춙m, ce췃a k�latti� ci웏ppu y�va윜i웛um poruntuvat�kav� m퉘틆 k�웫var. mu웛�lattavarai varu�ikkaiyil "pi�itapu n벼pum peruku웫 v饍n贍u mu�utu�ar valiyumu�aiya mu웛�latt�r" e췃um, "cilv饍n贍um palpi�iyu� ci윜a웙vumu�aiya pi웛�latt�r" e췃um v�yp葉�kak ku웙ppatu uraika�i� k性appa�uvato췃u. mu웛�lattilirunta cila n�lka� a�intup벼amaikkuk k�ra�am k�웙pp틁ta marapuva�it tami�a웙쨅rum, tiruv�va�utu웏i �t勝amak�vittuv惜�ka v�윜iruntavarum惜a y饍pp性attu va�ak틍ai cap�pati n�valar tir�vi�ap pirak�cikai e�춙m n�lil� pi웛�lattavaratu �윜ali춎aiyaiy� vitantu k�웫v�r. "centami� mo�i t벼웫�k�lattu u�a� t벼웙윜�y ata웛up p퉟�t�ram�y mucca�kattum nilaviya muta��l�kiya akattiya� ka�aicca�kam o�u�ki pi윜ai ㅰ췃u va�a�ka� p葉i췃i ma웏ita웛uk k�ra�ant惜 y�te춊�, k�웫tum, akattiyam pal v饍n贍u� cilpi�iyum p퉟a웙vumu�aiya akk�latt�r ka윜up pi웏ru�a� payi췃u a웙vu nirapputa� poru葺uc ceyyappa葺atoru peru n�l�tali�, ci��贍um, ava윜u應um palpi�iyum, ci윜a웙yum u�aiyar�kiya ikk�latt�r, t�m ata춁ik ka윜alum palaru�a� payi웏lu� ceytu kalvi nirapputal mu�iy�te췃u kaivi葺u, ata� va�ic curu�kit t벼웙ya tolk�ppiyam mutaliya ilakka�a n�lka�aiy� kaikko椿u p틹웙p payilv�r惜amaiyi� atu e�utte�utip pa�ittup payilv�ri췃i vaikari va�ivi윜�rntu, mattimai va�ivu n퉟ntu, paicanti va�ivi윜�kip paramay튻ika�k� pula��ta웛uriya catta c�kkuma n�tam�y o�u�ki윜e춌a. avv�웫 p�tuk�ttup payilv�r kaivi葺amaiy�l, va�amo�iyi� m�ma웏iy�kamac curutika�u應um ava윜i� va�in�lka�u應u� k�lant틹um o�u�ki춁 pala; i�춙m, avv�웫 p�tuk�ttup payilv�r kaivi�utal�� 웕춎o�iyil t퉣�rac curutika�u應un teyvac ca�kamar�iya n�lka�u應u� k�lant틹um o�u�ki춁 pala... m�pur性am p�tapur性am icainu�ukka me춑a춁 ma웏ita웛uk k�ra�ame춎aiye춊�, avaiyum parantu pa葺a poru�maiyav�y v饍cil n葉 palpi�ic ci윜a웙vi� makka�ku upak�rappa焌maiyi� avar tamm�� kaivi�appa葺u ma웏inta춁 ve춌a." pa椿ait tami� n�lka� ma웏intamaikkuk k�ra�a�ka� pala. palak�lam�ka ilakkiya�ka� v�ymo�iy�ka vantatuvum, avai e�utappa葺a p틊um e�itil a�iyavalla pa춁iy튽aiy�� ceyta 뱉�il e�utappa葺atuvum, potuppa�aiy�kak kalviya웙vu peruk�mal ilakkiya a웙vu ci웒ila ku�umpa�ka�il a�aipa葺uk ki�antatuvum, camayak k饍ppuk k�ra�am�ka n�lka� a�ikkappa葺atuvum, anniyar varukaiy�l amaiti talaita�um�웙yatuvum i��틆a�춁 pi웏 k�ra�a�ka�um n�lka� ma웏iyak k�ra�am�yi춁. avv�웙rukkavum cap�pati n�valar ma춊ta �윜ali� v湜cciyaik k�ra�am�kak k�웫vatu v뱉ikkaiy�kat t惜 irukki웏tu. 惜�l avaratu nampikkai appa�ik k�웏vaikki웏tu. e춊춙m �ciriyar patto춑at�m n�윜性�il v饍ntavar�tal�l ma춁tti� oru m�laiyi� ci웙tu aiyapp葉u e�untatup튽um. cu윜u mu윜um nav勝a �r�yccik karuttukka�um pakutta웙vu v�tamum peruki vanta n퉟attil, �t勝a vittuv惜�ka iruntavarukkum aiyam t벼웫tal ut�ra�a�ka�um k葉�a viraiki잀r: "va�an�l�rum 'mu웛�lattil taiva viy�kara�a�ka�um �ri�a viy�kara�a�ka�um pala va�a�ki춁. kalik�lattil makka�ku �yu�um a웙vu� ku췃utali�, ava윜i춁i yell涉 ka윜u a웙vu nirappa m葉焌tu va�amo�iyai va�umalaitara va�a�kuv�r�yi춁r. atu ka椿a p性i춊 mu춊var aruntavamiruntu civapir惜 tiruvaru� pe윜u attaiva �ri�a viy�kara�a�ka�aic curukki a葺�ttiy�yi e춁 틆ilakka�a n�l ceytaru�i��r' e췃uraipp�r�tali� y�m k�la p퉡att비u pa�utt틊um ivvaral�웫 ma윜avar�lum oppap p�lat퉧�me춑atu." ivv�웫 cu�a췃u cu�a췃u po웛�la m묶mai p퉏uki잀r, mak�vittuv惜. in nampikkai i췃um palamu應at�kak k性appa�uki췃atu. ut�ra�am�ka ematu muntaiy틆 n�잀椿u v饍nta춁r e췃u nampi��r ma웏imalaiya�ika�. ikk�lac 'ci윜a웙vu�aiy틆um' ata춁iya웙ntu v饍v涉ku v饍um poru葺u, yumakka� n�잀椿u v饍vateppa�i?ru e췃oru n�lai e�uti춁r. cila tami�a웙쨅rka� tirukku웏�aip po웛�la n�l e춁k ko�var. ata��l퉧� atu i췃um tami�ar v饍kkait tattuva va�ik葉�iy�ka vi�a�ka v뱝�um e춁k k�웫var. pa�춅�u�k�lam�ka m�윜ama�aiy�tiruntu vanta camut�yattil tirukku웏� a웙vukku antam�kak karutappa葺atu iyalp�. 惜�l ka黜�rak k性ap palv튋u m�윜a�ka� nika�um i윜ai n贍ilum atuv�. 'v퉡am' e춑atuk�la mura鎚ka ma葺uma췃i ka�m嚴itta춁m�kavum irukki웏tu. tiruva應uva m�laiyil, maturait tami� n�ka��r p葉iyat�kappi춚aru� ceyyu� u應atu: "ell�p poru�um ita춑�l u�a ita춑�l ill�ta epporu�um illaiy�l-coll�l parantap� v�le� paya춚a� �uva��r curantap� vaiyat tu�ai" tami� n�ka��ri� k�윜u i췃um poruttamu�aiyat� e춁 v�tikkum tirukku웏� a춑arka� po웛�la mayakkamu�aiyavarka乙kav� irupp�rka�. v饍viyal campantam�kat tirukku웏� a췃aiyak ka黜비�atti� pala o�ukka vitika�aik k�웙yu應atu e춑atu u�maiy� v饍kkai campantam�ka y�vum k�웏ppa葺uvi葺a춁 e춑atu m嚴a nampikkaiy�kum. tirukku웏�ait tami� v퉡am e췃amaiy�l퉧� atu p�ra�attuva mu�aiyat�yk karutappa�al�yi윜u. v퉡am aru�appa葺atu. putit�kak k�웏kk嚴iyatu etuvumillai e춑atu innampikkaiyi� a�ippa�ai. ata춙�a� to�arpu�aiyat�ka i�춐ru p튻kum nammavari�aiy� k性appa�uki웏tu. at�vatu, i췃u ka椿a웙yappa�um viㄴ惜a u�maika�ai ematu pa椿aikk�la ㅰ춊ka� a웙ntirunta춁r e춑atu. viㄴ惜am pa�ikk�tavarka� ivv�웫 k�웙��l oruk�l po웫kkal�m. viㄴ惜attil 틆a�avu p性�ittiyam pe윜avarka� cilar ippa�ik k�웫mp틊u �ccariyam�ka irukki웏tu. ma�iv�cakar civapur性attil�, "pull�kip p嚴�yp pu�uv�y maram�ki palviruka m�kip pa웏vaiy�yp p�mp�ki" e췃u p葉ic cellum pakuti 焌rvi춁tu pari鎚mak ko�kaiyai mu춌嚴�iy� a웙ntu ko椿ata웛uc c惜웫 e춁k k�웙t ta웤erumaiya�aiyum viㄴ惜ap p퉟�ciriyar tami�ari�aiy� u應a춁r. ivarka�, nav勝a ka椿upi�ippuka乙춁 c�rpuk ko�kai, co葺uk ko�kai e춑a춁vell�m 퉘av� tami�ar�l a웙yappa葺avaiy� e춁k k�웫var. ivaiyell�m u�maiyil 퉡틍oru vitatti� po웛�lak k비p葉�u nampikkaiyi� vi�aivuka� e춑atil etuvita aiyapp葉um illai. intiya paur性ika marapum kir퉗kari�aiy� va�a�kiyatu p벼웏voru k�la va葺attai vivarikki웏tu. k�lak ka�akkuk k�웫m pur性a n�lka� n惜ku yuka�ka�aiyum ava윜i� iyalpuka�aiyum i웏�kuvaricaiyil퉧� vivarikki췃a춁. catur yuka�ka�i� k�la a�avaippa윜i apippir�ya p퉡a�ka� u椿u. avai attu�ai mukkiyamumalla. kava춊kka v뱝�iyatu e�춁ve춊l, kirutayukattait to�arntu, k�la ellai ma윜aiya yuka�ka�ukkup pa�ippa�iy�kak ku웏intuko椿� varuki웏tu. manutarma c�stiram itu pa윜ip pi춚arum�웫 k�웫ki웏tu: "kiruta yukak k�la ellai mottam n�l�yirattu e黜�웫 t퉣avaru�a�ka�. tir퉡�yukam m�v�yirattu a웫n�웫, tuv�parayukam �r�yirattu n惜�웫, kaliyukam �yirattu irun�웫 t퉣avaru�a�ka� e춁k ko�ka. kirutayukattil cattiyamum tarumamum n惜ku k�lka�u�a� irunta춁. ikk�la ellaiyil atarumatt�l vi�aiki췃a tu춑a�ka� m惜i�arka�ai a�ukuvatillai. ma윜a yuka�ka�il� m惜i�ar ataruma mu웏iyil 蜃�um poru�, kalvi �kiyava윜i� k�ra�am�ka, cattiyamum tarumamum ovvoru k�l�kak ku웏iki췃a춁. kiruta yukam m�ntar tarumama췃i v튋o췃aiyum a웙yam葉焌tavar�y v饍vata��l avarka� e黜iyavell�m kaik嚴ap pe웫ki웏var�kavum, tammiccaiy�ka n惜�웫 varu�a�ka� uyir v饍pavar�kavum irukki췃a춁r. m퉘um tavam mutal惜a c�ta춁ika乙l n惜�윜ukku m튋pa葺a k�lamum c�vittirukka avarka乙l mu�intatu. m耶웫 yuka�ka�ilum m惜i�ar vayatum mu웏iy� n�잀椿uka� v�tam ku웏intu ko椿� p튻i웏tu. yuka�ka�i� k�la ellai pa�ippa�iy�kak ku웏intu varuvatup벼읂. ku웙ppi葺ayuka�ka�il m惜i�arkku vitikkappa葺a taruma�ka�um anta a�avil mu웏iy� ku웏intu p튻i췃a춁." pur性attaic cicu sampitai e춑�rka�. at�vatu ku�antaika�ukkuk katai colvatup튽a vi�aya�ka�ai a웙yam葉焌tavarka�ukku vi�akkam�kak k�웫m n�lvakai e춑atu poru�. yuka�ka�pa윜iya m튋k�웙ya vivaram ku�antaika�ukkum vi�a�kum e춑atil aiyamillai. 惜�l perum kalvim惜ka� palar ippur性ak kataiyai 튋웫kko應av� ceyki잀rka�. h�ciyo� ta웛�lattai irumpuk k�lam e췃um tu춑amum tuyaramum ni웏inta k�lam e췃um karutik ko椿ataipp튽av� intiya paur性ika marapi춁rum p�ratayuttam na�anta k�lanto葺u at�vatu 튋att饍a intiya varal�윜ut to�akka muta웛o椿u-kaliyukam na�appat�ka nampuki췃a춁r. kalik�lam ke葺ak�lam. kirutayukattiliruntu ma춙kkulam mu��튋uvata웛up patil�ka va�arcci ku췃i vantu應at�ka ivarka� nampuki췃a춁r. 湜atti� talaiy�ya tami�a웙쨅ril oruvar惜a pa椿itama�i ci.ka�apatippi應ai 틆i�atti� pi춚arum�웫 e�utuki잀r: "kali aiy�yiram varai tarumat퉣ataiyi� ni�alum, ata춎퉘 ira椿�yirattainn�웫 varai ni�ali� ni�alum u椿�m e춑ar periy틆. i程a춁m�yi� kali 및�yirattainn�윜i� m퉘 intap p�miyi� kati e���kum? ippo�utu ulaka nilaiyil p튻kai n튻kump틊u, taruma t퉣atai oru k�lait t惜um 耶웫ta웛u e�k퉧�vatu intap p�miyil i�am u�at�m� e춑atu cant퉗am. 'u椿iruntu v饍vata웛� uraikki췃�r uraiy�r�' e춌i웏tu p�ratam." inta ulakam uruppa焌tu e춑atu po웛�la v�tatti� pirat惜a k�윜u. pa�amperumai u�arvi� varal�윜a�ippa�ai orupu웏mirukka, ata� t�maiy�te춊l mu��튋웏tti웛ut ta�aiy�ka avvu�arvu iruppat�. pi��튻kip p�rttal mu��튋웏tti웛u mu葺uk ka葺ai e춑atu te�ivu. ittakaiya cinta춁ic c養amaivil� pi웏ntu va�arnta p�ratiy�r pa�amaiyi� 惜m�ka u�maika� palava윜ai 튋웫kko椿a p틊um, k�la a�ippa�aiyil ce췃a po웛�lattai e黜iye黜i ma춁m pu黜�kiyavarallar. avar p葉i��r- "ce췃a ti춊 m紳�tu m嚴ar�! n�r epp틊um ce췃ataiy� cintai ceytu ko췃a�ikkum kavalaiye춙m ku�iyil v湜ntu kumaiy�t�r! ce췃ata춁ik ku웙ttal v뱝焌m." ce췃a kiruta yukattaiyum po웛�lattaiyum e黜i 뱄k�tirukkum�웫 a웙vu웫ttiyatu m�ttirama췃i mukk�lattaiyum to�arpupa�uttip p�rkkum�웫 k�웙�惜. "p뱉ik kalvi" pe웫v틆aik ku웙ttuc cuyacaritaiyil pi춚arum�웫 p葉i�惜: "mu�춁r n葉u tika�nta perumaiyum m嶪�i rukkumin n贍i� ika�cciyum pi�춁r n葉u웫 pe윜iyun t퉟kil�r p뱉ik kalvi payi췃u�al pittarka�; e�춁 k�웙ma� 웕程a� u�arttuv묶 i�ki varkke춁 tu應am erivat�!" ce췃a k�latti� c�ru� ci웏ppaiyum e黜i 뱄k�malum, nika� k�lattai ni춁intu ma춁n ta�ar�malum etirk�lamum u椿u e춁 e黜um�웫 pa�ikki잀� p�rati. ituv� mukk�lamum i�ainta varal�� 웫�arvu. oru k�lattai ma葺um n튻kiyiruttal varal�윜uk kuru葺u nilaiy�kum. ta춁tu conta �tm惜upavattaip po웫tta�avil p�rati pa�aiya ko�kaika� cilava윜aiyum nampikkaika�aiyum 튋웫kko椿irunt惜�yi춙m, camut�ya va�arcci, m�윜am iva윜aippa윜i iyakkaviyal c�rnta ko�kaika�aik ko椿irunt惜. "k�latti웛튋웏 vakaika� avvak k�latti웛튋웏 o�ukkamum n�lum ㅰla mu�umaikkum o췃�y- enta n贍um nilaitti�um n�lo췃um illai" varal�윜i� va�arcciyilum, ma춊ta mu��튋웏ttilum nampikkai iruntamaiy�l퉧� kaliyai v湜ttip putuyukam pa�aikkac citta� ko椿ava��yirunt惜. p�ratiyi� p葉alaiyum u�arvaiyum mu�춅�uttuc cellum vakaiyil 湜attuk kavi쨅r murukaiya�, "mu��튻ku", "po웛�lam" mutaliya kavitaika�aip p葉iyu應�r. "ce췃o�inta k�lam tirumpi varam葉焌tu.... pa應attirukkum n�r p�taiyil� 튋�tu tu應ip pa웏ntu to�aruki웏 k�lamum ca윜u ni췃u pi��튻kit t�matikka m葉焌tu. ve윜i vi�aint�lum t튽vi vi�aint�lum e�춁t惜 eyti�i춙m immiyum pi� n튻k�tu mu��튻kum e췃um mu춁intu" ce췃a po웛�latti� c�r p퉏upavarka� v饍kkaiyaik k�rntu kava춊kki잀rka類 e췃a aiyam cilav밸aika�il� t벼웫vatu椿u. po웛�lam ve웫m ka웤a춁iyulakam e춑ata웛u ivarka�atu kuru葺u�arv� takka c惜잀yamaintu應atu. a췃葉a v饍vil mu��튋웏tti� paya춁i a춙pavittuk ko椿� ata춁i e黜ip p�rtti焌tu, a춙pavatti웛u app�웤a葺a poymmaiyai e黜ip pu�ak涉kitam a�aipavarai n튻kiy� murukaiya� pi춚arum�웫 p葉uki잀r. "kalimu윜ip p틐i윜e� 웏�uv�r; �yi� kalv蜃u, mi춚ici웙, u웏ivup pe葺i, oliperukkum icaikkaruvi, tolaivup pa�춊, o�i acaivup pa�am k葉�al mutal�yu應a pala nala�ka� t벼웫ta웛uk k�l�y ni췃a pa�p葉�i� k�rmaiyi춁ik k�ci n�pp�r talaimai pe웙� carin�ti; mu�춊ll�ta ta�mai i춊kka춊yum e춁 u�aram葉焌r." po웛�la u�arv惜atu p틊iya ceya웤葉i춎aiy�l, iyakka ma웫ppuk karuttukka� nilavuvat�l 튋pa葺u nilaittirukkum t퉗kat tattuvam�kum. e춁v퉡惜 ka춁v�yu應a pa�aiya po웛�lama葺umi췃i ataivi�ac ci웏pp惜a putuyukattaiyum ma춊ta�� ta춁tu muya웒iy�lum, iyakkatt�lum ni웫val�m e췃a u�arvum u웫tiyum i췃u attiy�vaciyam�ki췃a춁. kavi쨅� p�rati ta춁tu p�kka�ilell�m putitu putitu e췃� po�ki�惜. pa�aiyatai a�aiyava췃u putitaip pa�aikka. e춁v� t惜 ava춁tu a�iyo윜iya p�ratit�ca��rum, "putiyat틆 ulakam ceyv튾" e췃u p葉i��r. 湜attukkavi쨅r murukaiya춙m, "t�maika�ait taya�k�ma� ceyvata웛um tiru�uta웛um i�am ko�ukk� nilaimai t벼웙l p�miyil� mu�춊runta etaiyum vi쨇um po웛�lam putit�kap p�ttal k嚴um" e췃u u웫ti k�웫ki잀r. i웫tiy�ka o췃u k�웏l�m. po웛�lattaip pa윜iya u�arvum e黜amum mu윜ilum m嚴anampikkaiye췃u karututal tava웫. ata춁i y�r, eta웛�kap paya춑a�uttuki잀rka� e춑at� kava춊kka v뱝�iyatu. araciyal atik�rattai n葉u 贍um varkkatti� oru pakutiyi춁r mo�i, i춁m �kiyava윜i� pa�aiya po웛�lattai makka�ukkuk k葉�it ta�karumam p�rkki췃a춁r; ilakkiya ca��ta춊ka� po웛�lattaip piram性am�kak ko椿u 'toll�ciriyar nall性ai' e췃a peyaril, tamatu valuvi�anta k비p葉uka�ai nilain葉�a muyalki췃a춁r. i춁v�tika�, po웛�lattait tamatu ci웏iyil a�aittuk k葉cikk�ka vaittup pi�aikki췃a춁r. ivaiyell�m po웛�lattaip paya춑a�uttuv틆 pa윜iya춁. 惜�l makka�um po웛�lattait tamakkup pa윜ukk비�kak ko�vatu椿u. mu�iyu�ai m�v퉚tar 葉ciyum u웏ntai p벼웏 i�a�ka�ilirunta a웏�k�웏vaiya�ka�um akk�la ma�춁rka� makka� m�tu ti�itta varkka 葉ciyaiy� k葉�uki췃a춁. iratta u웏vi춁r�y oru t�y vayi윜i� pi웏nta n퉏ap�cattu�a� iya웛aiyi� mattiyil v饍nta kulamarapuk ku�ukka�i� a�ivi춎�t� aracuka�-varkka 葉ci-튋pa葺atu. anta varkkatti� va�iva�i varum i췃aiya 贍um varkkatti춁r, m�v퉚tar 葉ci mutaliyava윜aip po웛�lam�kak k葉�uvar. 惜�l makka類 a�ima춁ttil pakirntu椿u v饍nta i춑a ni춁ivuka�ai v饍aiya�i v饍aiy�kap p뱝i vaittu應a춁r. 性焌� a�imaiya윜a cak틊arattuva camut�yam� makka� itaya v뱉kai. �kav� anta vakaiyil po웛�lam pu춊tam惜a ila�ciya�ka�aip p�tuk�ttu varuki웏tu e췃um k�웏l�m. atu ve�ippa�um vitam, vika웤a�ka�ai yu�aiyat�yiruppi춙m ma웏intu p벼a varkka p퉡ama윜a cam�kattai ni춁ivu k�rvat�l ata웛u oru t�rm�ka palam u椿u. "illai e췃a ko�umai ulakil illaiy�ka vaipp묶" e췃u p�ratip葉umpo�utu atil makka� vi�aiyum po웛�lam uruvam peruki웏tu. ii k�latti웛uk k�lant벼웫m �윜al v�ynta peru� kavi쨅rka� tamakku mu�춊runt틆atu cinta춁ika�aiyum u�arvuka�aiyum pa윜ukk비�kak ko應um at� po�util, ava윜ai m�윜iyum putukkiyum oruvakaiy惜a ilakkiya iracav�ta� ceyki췃a춁r. tamatu k�lattuc camut�yat t퉣aika�ukk튋pavum, a웙vu nilaikkiyaiyavum pa�aiya ka웤a춁ika�ukku uruvam�윜am ceyki췃a춁r. mak� kavi쨅� oruva� pa�aiya cempaik ka葺it ta�kam�kki vi�uki췃惜. cuppirama�iya p�ratiyi� kavitaika�il� ittakaiyat틆 iracav�tattaik k性al�m. ut�ra�a�ka� pala iruppi춙m, ivvi�attil o췃ai ma葺um n튻kuv튾. kali e�춙m col pa�aiya pur性a-itik�ca�ka�ilum k�viya�ka�ilum va�a�ki varuvatu. kali e춑atu yukatti� peyar; kali puru�a춁iyum ku웙kkum. ava� t퉣arka�il oruva�. va�amo�iyi le�unta paur性ika marapi윜벼웙ya n�lka�il� k性appa�um k�lak ka�akkil paya춑a�uva춁 n惜ku yuka�ka�; tir퉡�, tuv�para, kali, kiruta, yuka�ka� ivai. pur�ta춁 nampikkaiyi춑a�i ippo�utu na�appatu kaliyukam. kaliyukat to�akkattil퉧� 'cak틊arac ca椿aiy�ka p�rata yuttam na�antate춑ar. yuka�ka�il ci웏ntatu kirutam. va�amo�iyile�unta ippur性ak katai pa�p葉uk kalappi� vi�aiv�l intiy�ve�kum potuv惜a pa�amarapuka katai (Myth) o췃�ka nilaittu vi葺atu. pakai, paci, pi�i, t�mai, avalam mutaliya춁vell�m kalik�lattil ivvulakil ni췃u nilavuva춁 e춑atu pur性ak kataiyi� karu. kali ivvulakaip pi�ittu 葉ci ceyyu� k�lam ituv�tal�l ita춁ik kaliyukam e췃um, mak벼춁tam惜a kirutayukam i춊t t벼웫m e췃um ematu mu��틆 nampi춁r; itu pur性ak kataiyi� ceyti. "ㅰlattaip pu�춅웙yil 饍ttum iru�kali" e췃u na�ave�p� k�웫m. ita웛up pala n�윜性�uka�ukku mu�춁r� (ki.pi.770) par�ntaka� ne�u쨇a�aiya춁tu v밸vikku�ic cepp뱉uka�il, "�tir�carai akala n�kki, akali�attaik ka�apra� e�춙m kaliyaraica� kaikko椿u" ko�u�k벼mai ceytamai k�웏ppa�uki췃atu. ka�appirar k�lam te�춁ka varal�윜il 'iru椿a k�lam' e춁k k�웏ppa�uvatum ma춁m ko應attakkatu. "tiriyum kaliyukam n薪kit t퉣arka� t�mum pukuntu periya kirutayukam pa윜ip p퉟i춑a ve應am peruka" vi�aiki췃�r namm饍v�r. pa�amarapuk kataika� perump�lum ilporu�kataika鍮! ka웤a춁iy� ava윜i� a�ippa�ai. �yi춙m ma춊ta춁tu cila cinta춁ika�, ila�ciya�ka�, nampikkaika� �kiyava윜i� tira椿a uruvacci�춁m�ka avai mi�irki췃a춁. ulaki� pala pakutika�il v饍um pur�ta춁 makka�i�attum pa�amarapuk kataika� nilavuki췃a춁. pa�amarapuk kataika�ukkuc ce웙v惜a-cemmaiy惜a va�iva� ko�uppa춁 uruvaka�ka�. ivvuruvaka�ka� allatu ku웙y蜃uka� t�m� (Symbols) kavitai, n葉akam, k�viyam mutaliyava윜i웛up poru乙y amaivatu椿u. ut�ra�am�kak kir퉗ka itik�ca�ka�ilum paur性ikak kataika�ilum pur튾ittiyas e�춙m p�ttiram pa�aikkappa葺u應atu. t퉣ar talaiva춁i etirttut t퉣arka�i�amiruntu neruppait tiru�ivantu m惜i�arkkuk ko�utt惜 e춑ata웛�kat t퉣arka� ava춁ik ka葺ic ci웏ippa�utti춁r e춑atu pur性a marapu. e춊춙m, pi웛�lak kir퉗karka� pur튾ittiyasai ma춊ta a웙v�윜ali� ci�춁m�kav� karuti vi�akka�k�웙 vantu應a춁r, "m惜u�a� ta�춁ik k葉�iya ta�aiyel�m cita웫ka" e췃u t퉣araiy� etirkkum caktiy�ka app�ttirattaik ko椿葉i vantu應a춁r. kir퉗ka n葉akattilum k�viyattilum ikkatai i�am pe윜u應atu. ita춁ik karuv�kak ko椿� 涉kilak kavi쨅� �elli (1972-1822) kavitai n葉akam惜a ka葺a웫tta pur튾ittiyas (Prometheus unbound) e춑ata춁ip pa�aitt惜. teyvikatti� peyaril u應a ko�u�k벼maiyai iya웛aiyi� tu�aikko椿um k�tali� vayappa葺um ma춊ta� etirttu ve췃u vi�utalai pe웫vat� �elliyi� kavitaip poru�. m惜i�atti� ve윜iyaik k�vik k�웏 e�unta makatt惜a navak�viyam atu. ta춁tu i�am pir�yattil� �elliyi� kavit� v퉗att�lum ve웙y�lum kavarappa葺a p�rati, ta춁tu marapil varum pa�amarapuk kataiyaip putuppittuk kavip poru乙y m�윜iyatil viyappetuvumillai. kaliyukampa윜iya pur性ac ceytiyaip p�ratiy�r ta춁kk퉧uriya n�ta춁m惜a v퉗attu�a� kavitaika�il kaiy性�u應�r. tarumam atarumam e췃a t�rm�ka ellaikku應irunta akkataikku, araciya�-cam�kap poru� ce웙vai 튋pa�utti��r avar. itu p�ratiyi� potuv惜a kavippa�pi웛u iyaipu�aiyat�. teyva paktiyait t퉏a paktiy�ka urum�윜i��r avar. ivva�ippa�aiyil퉧�, ta춁tu k�lattuc camut�yatti� k性appa葺a a�imai, ma�amai, va웫mai, ko�umai mutaliyava윜i� ku웙y蜃�kak kaliyai amaitt�r. avar e�uti��r: "i췃u t퉣arka�ai a�aikki읃m inta ma黜ulakattil� m辰�um kirutayukattai n葉�um poru葺�ka; a웙v勝am, acuttam, va웫mai, ci웫mai, n틐, ko�umai, pirivu, an�ti, poy e췃a r�k�asak k嚴�a�ka�ai a�ittu ma춊ta j�tikku vi�utalai tarum poru葺�ka." ittakaiya k�윜uka�il� �elliyi� t�kkam pulappa�uvatu oru pu웏mirukka, kaliye췃a patatti웛up p�rati peyta poru�a�uttamum te�iv�ki웏tu. vi�utatalai e췃oru n葉akac cittiram e�utiyu應�r p�rati. kali mu�ivu k�lattaic cittirikka mu춁iyum app葉alil� m惜i�atti� etirk�la ve윜iyaip p葉uki잀r: "matiyi� va춎aiy�l m惜u�a� 븝kuka. m惜a�ac c�ti o췃u; ma춁ttilum uyirilum to�ililum o췃퉧�kum." e췃u, kaliyi� v湜cciy惜atu m惜i�atti� e�ucciyum ve윜iyum�kum e췃u ku웙pp�kak k葉�uki잀r. j�r cakkaravarttiyi� v湜cciyaip p葉um p�ratiy�r, ko�u�k튽a�惜a ava춁tu a�ivaik kaliyi� a�iv�kak k性patilirunt� ettu�ai araciyal utv퉗attu�a춙m u應u�arvu�a춙m, pa�aiya karuttaik kaiy贍ki잀r e춑atu pula��ki췃atallav�? "i�ipa葺a cuvar p튽� kali vi�unt惜 kirutayukam e�uka m�t�!" j�r ma�춁춁i v湜ttik ku�iyaraco췃a춁it t틹웫vitta makatt惜a ok柱par pura�ciyai yukap pura�ci e췃u kavi쨅r varu�ikkump틊u, pur性a�ka�i� k�웏ppa�um yukam�윜attaivi�ac ci웏ntatu atu e췃a poru�um to춊kki웏tu. n葉�u makka� nalamu윜u v饍avum, n惜ilattavar m묶ilai eytavum m嚴�u� kavitai ve웙ko椿u kavi쨅r m蜃�um m蜃�um kaliyi� nacivaiyum kirutatti� t틹웏ttaiyum ku웙ppi�uki췃�r. kirutayukam� p�rati ka웤a춁iyi� ka椿a puttulakam; kampa� ka웤itta ay틊tiyaipp튽a. p�ratiyaip po웫tta�avil kali-kiruta uruvakam惜atu ava춁tu u�arcciyait t嶪�iya 틆 ilakkiyak ku웙pporu乙ka (Literary Motif) amaintatu. ne쨇il 饍appatintu ki�anta atu, i�aiya잀tu talai n蜃�uvataik k性al�m. p�ratiyi� ma춁kkukaiyil ma椿ik ki�anta uruva윜a collukka�a�k�ta cala춁�ka�ukkum ka춁vuka�ukkum ivvuruvakam uyirppa�pum t틹웏mum ko�uttatu e춁l�m. "tuyarka� tolainti�uka tolaiy� i춑am vi�ainti�uka" e췃u potuppa�aiy�kap p葉iya kavi쨅r ata웛u, marapu va�ivanta ku웙pp惜a-k�rmaiy惜a-uruva�ko�ukku mukam�ka, "v湜ka kaviyi� valiyell�m kiruta yukant惜 m퉣ukav�" e췃um, "poykku� kaliyai n惜 ko췃u p�l� katt�r ka�mu��� meykku� kiruta yukatti춁iy� ko�arv묶 teyva vitiyi�t�" e췃um, "kiruta yukattaik k뱉i췃i ni웫tta viratam n惜 ko椿a춁�" e췃um acaikka mu�iy�ta ta�춁mpikkaiy비um ta춎u춁ipp비um p葉i��r; curu�kac co���l, kirutayukam e췃a to�aril kavi쨅r ematu k�lattu uyariya ila�ciya�ka� palava윜ai a�akkivi�uki췃�r. ata��l퉧� ra�y�vil na�ant튋iyatai "yukap pura�ci" e췃u ku웙ppi葺�r. ma黜ulakil vi黜ulakaik k性al v뱝�ume춁t tu�itta mak�kavikkup pa�amaika� y�vum kaliy�kavum putumaika� y�vum kirutam�kavum t벼웙춁. "kaliya�intu puvit tavam v饍kav�" e췃u kavi쨅� p葉um po�utu ivvu�mai te윜e춁p pulappa�uki췃atu. ataipp튽av� kaliyai iru乙kavum kirutattai o�imayam�kavum ka椿�r. col e췃a ta춊p p葉alo췃il� p�rati pi� varum�웫 p葉iyu應�r: "valimai valimai e췃u p葉uv튾- e췃um v饍u� ca�arkkulattai n葉uv튾; kaliyaip pi�anti�ak kai y븝ki�튾- ne쨇il kavalai yiru�a춁ittum n薪ki�튾" ivv�웫 palavakaiy惜a kaviv뱉kaika�ukku u웏ivi�am�kak kirutayukat t틹웏ttai ko椿amai, p�rati p葉alka�ukkup pa�amaiyum putumaiyum kalanta n�ta춁 �윜alai a�ittatu. avar kavitaika�i� k性appa�um 惜m�kat tu�ippi� uyir i�kut惜irukki웏tu. kavitaiyil� ma葺uma췃i vaca춁ttilum itupa윜ip p�ratiy�r e�utiyu應�r. kavitaiyil u�arcci v퉗attu�a� ve�ippa�uttuvatu urai na�aiyil a웙vu va�iyi� pulappa�uki웏tu. i춊 e췃a ka葺uraiyil k性appa�uvat�vatu: "palah勝a aintukka�ukku ma춊ta� etuvarai aniy�yam ceyki잀�� atuvarai kaliyukam irukkum. aniy�yam n薪ki��� kaliyillai; ulakam mu�uvatum kaliyillai- oruva� kaliyai u�aittu no웫kki��l, ava춁ip p�rttup pattupp퉟 u�a�� no웫kkivi�uv�rka�. i程a춁m o췃u, pattu, n�웫, �yiram, k비iy�ka; ma춊ta j�tiyil satyayukam paravutala�aiyum k�lam 튋ke춁v� �rampam�kivi葺atu. itil sant퉗amillai" pi웙toru ka葺uraiyil�, "okkat to�uki윜ir�yi�, kaliyukam o췃u millai" e췃u namm饍v�r colki잀r. hintukka� ta�ka�u�aiya v퉡ap poru�ai na췃�kat terintuko椿u k嚴it to�uv�rka乙��l, kaliyum n薪kip p틐vi�um." v�caka ㅰ춁m e췃a ka葺uraiyi� pi춚arum�웫 e�utiyu應�r: "kali p틊um; v辰 tu춑a�ka�um an�vaciyak ka亢a�ka�um pa葺up pa葺u ulakam aluttup p틐vi葺atu- samatvam� tarmame췃u teriki웏t�? appa�iy惜�l v�ru�ka�: m�ntarka�ai lak�akka�akk�ka vi�utalai ceyv튾. j�ti p퉡a�ka� piray튺a춁m illai e췃u terintat�? ni웏 v튋웫maika�um t퉏a v튋웫maika�um upay튻am ill�tate췃u terintat�? nallatu v�ru�ka�. k비ikka�akk�ka, samatva ne웙yil� p�yntuvi�uv튾. pa�aiya ka葺uka�ai lak�akka�akk惜a makka� k嚴ini췃u takarpp튾: ...k비ikk性akk惜a m惜i�ar ... kaliyai a�ipp튾. satyattai n葉�uv튾" ka葺a웫tta pur튾ittiyas p튽a p�ratiy�rum "ka葺ukka�ait takarpp튾" e췃u k�웫vatu kava춊kkattakkatu. iru�-o�i, aㄴ惜am - meyㄴ惜am, pa�amai-putumai, mu��튋웏m-t퉗kam, ki�akku-m튋ku, mutal�ya mura�p葉uka�aic camaya �ivanta piray튻a�ka�il ve�ippa�utti��r avar. ut�ra�am�ka m�yai e췃a col v퉡�nta marapil� poyt t틹웏ttaik ku웙kkum; atu oru karuttup pa�ivam; atu c�kkumam惜atu. tattuvat tu웏iyil va�a�ki vanta ac collait t�ram惜a araciya� poru�il p�ratiy�r va�a�ki��r. nit惜ak ka�ciyi춁rukku ve應aiya� v�kku웫ti ko�utta araiku웏iy惜a p튽ic cutantarattai m�yai e췃u paritturaittu nir�karitt�r p�ratiy�r. tiru. citampara rakun�ta� k�웙yu應ataip p튽a, "m�yai e췃a v퉡�nta ulakac collukku, putiya t퉏iya artta p�vattai va�a�ki, 涉kil퉧ar葉ci t惜 nammaip p蜃ittirunta m�yai" e췃u ta춁tu m�yaiyaip pa�ittal e췃a p葉�il 涉kil퉧ar葉ciyai n퉟a�iy�kav� c葉i��r. itu k퉣alam karuttu mutal v�tattiliruntu vi葺u vi�utalaiy�kum p튻kaik k葉�uki췃atu e췃u k�웏l�m. ivv�웫 pa�aiya colva�iva�ka�ukkup putiya poru乙�attaiyum a�uttattaiyum ko�ukka mu�intamaiy�윜惜 p�rati navayukak kavi쨅��ka vi�a�ka mu�intatu. yuka m�윜attai 뱉�uccuraikk�y�ka a췃it ta�춁�avil anupava v�yil�kac c�tikka muya췃amaiy�l퉧� avarukkup pi� vant틆 avar tam va�iyaik ka�aippi�ikka v뱝�iyatu �ciriyar putumaippitta� p�ratiyait "tami� ma웫malarcciyi� pir�matittiy�s" e춁 varu�itt�r. 'p葉�ut ti웏tt�l� ivkaiyattaip p�litti�a v뱝�um' e췃u u�aitta kavi쨅춁i v튋evv�웫 varu�ikkal�m? 7. k�talum ka葺upp葉um tolk�ppiyar akatti�aiyiyalil� a춑i춁in ti�aikkuriya talaimakka�aik k�웙vi葺u, kaikki�ai perunti�aikkuriya talaimakka� m퉘varu� c�ttiratt�l u�arttuvar. "a�iy틆 p涉ki춙m vi춁ivalar p涉ki춙m ka�ivarai ilapu웏t te춎a��rpulavar" ita� poru�, a�imait to�il ceyv�rum 퉣iya to�ilaic ceyv�rum akatti�aip p葉alka�il n�kkappa葺�r; avarka� na�uva�ainti�aiyi� pu웏ttav�kiya kaikki�ai perunti�aip p葉ali춌a� i�am pe웫var e춑atu. pala k�ra�a�ka�ukk�ka icc�ttiram mukkiyam惜atu. pa�an tami�k kavitaika�i� k性um k�tal pa윜iya kavimarapu akam e췃a pirivil a�a�kum e춑atum, atuvum a춑i춁inti�ai e췃u oru k�잀kavum kaikki�ai perunti�ai �kiya ira椿u ma�a�kum pi웙toru k�잀kavum vakukkappa�um e춑atum na춌u terintat�. tolk�ppiyatti� k性appa�um ipp�kup葉u pi�춅�unta va�in�lka�il po��� p틹 p틹웏ppa葺u應atu. ut�ra�am�ka, nampi akapporu� pi춚arum�웫 viraivilakka�am k�웫m: "ainti�ai yu�aiyatu a춑u�aik k�mam" "kaikki�ai yu�aiyatu orutalaik k�mam" "perunti�ai e춑atu porunt�k k�mam" 'a춑u�ai', 'orutalai', 'porunt�' e�춙m a�aika�ai n튻kumi�attu a춑u poruntiya k�mam ainti�aikka黜� ki�aikkum e춑atum, ma윜aiya ira椿um 퉡틍oru vakaiyi� ku웏ip葉u�aiya춁 e춑atum e�iti� pula��kum. itu ko椿� pi웛�lac c惜읃r kaikki�ai perunti�ai �kiya ira椿aiyum 'akappu웏m' e춁vakuttu otukkivaikka l�yi춁r. curu�kak k�웙�, a춑i춁inti�aiy� t�ya akam e춁ppa葺atu. tolk�ppiyam ita춁itte�iv�kak k�웙yu應atu. ka�aviyal muta� c�ttirattil� "a춑o�u pu�arnta ainti�ai maru�ki� k�mak k嚴�am" e췃u k�map pu鎚cciyi� ta춎ai ku웙ppi�appa�uki췃atu. it� c�ttirattil ainti�ai m퉘um ci웏ppikkappa葺u應atu. "i춑amum poru�um a웏춙m e췃涉ku a춑o�u pu�arnta ainti�ai" ita��l a춑i춁inti�aiy惜atu a웏m, poru�, i춑am poruntiyatu e춑atu pe웏ppa�um. ita� ma웫talaiy�ka, kaikki�ai, perunti�ai �kiya춁 a웏m poru� i춑am�k�. itta춁i ku웏ip葉uka�u�aiya 'akappu웏' o�ukka�ka�ukku uriyavar�kav� a�iy틆 vi춁ivilar �kiy틆um, or퉣a�i 퉣al marapi�틆um vitikkappa葺u應a춁r. ipp�kup葉�i� a�ippa�ai �yta웛uriyatu. v튋upala camut�ya�ka�il iruntataip p튽av� pa椿ait tami�c camut�yattilum varkka mura�p葉uka� irunta춁. an�karika nilaiyilirunta - pur�ta춁 - k嚴�uc camut�ya�ka� allatu kulamarapuk ku�ukka� a�ivu웫vata웛um, ava윜i� pi�amettai m�tu ta춊yu�aimaiyai �t�ram�kak ko椿a ku�umpam, aracu mutaliya ni웫va춁�ka� t틹웫vata웛um akk�lattil nika�nta varkkap p틆ka鍮 k�ra�am e춁l�m. ipp틆ka�i� vi�aiv�kat to�a�ki, pi�춁r poru�u웤atti mu웏iyi춁�iy�ka uruv�kiyat� a�imaimu웏i. p틆i춑틊u ko應ai a�ikkappa葺a poru�ka�aip p튽av� ma춊tarum ve췃틆 u�aimaiy�yi춁r. mikap pur�ta춁 k�latt� p틆il� ve윜i pe윜�r t튽viya�ainta pakkattu 葉avar y�varaiyum ko췃e�itta춁r; pe�ka鍮 pa�ivi�aikk�kak kaippa윜appa葺a춁r. avaraiy� "ko椿i maka�ir" e췃u ematu pa�aiya ceyyu�ka� ku웙ppi�uki췃a춁. poru� u�aimaiyai �t�ram�kak ko椿� u�aiyavar, u�aiy�r t벼웙춁r; at�vatu celvattukku (a�imaika� u�pa�a) uriyava� u�aiyava��ki�惜 (mikavum pi웛�lattil u�aiy�r e춑atuc�tip peyar�kavum amaintatu). k�lapp튻kil 贍um varkkatti춁r�ka irunta uyarku�ip pi웏nt틆 poru�u웤attiyil 튋pa�um vacatiyum il�pamum karuti 性 a�imaika�ai vaittirunta춁r. ivvuyar ku�ip pi웏nt틆 perump�lum nilattaiy� v饍ntavar�tali� a�imaika� nilattil u�aippavar�yirunta춁r. ekk�ra�att�lum nilam kaim�웫kaiyil annilattukkuriya a�imaika�um kaim�웙춁r. at�vatu a�웙춁ip poru�ka�p튽a ma춊ta a�imaika� vi윜uv뱝�at takkavar�y irunta춁r. a�imaiy튽ai mutaliya춁 a�imai ni웫va춁tti� va�arcciyaiyo葺ik ku�umpa�ka鍮 a�imai p嶪�irunta춁. ku�umpatt비u a�imaiy�kaiyai, kotta�imai e�춙� col u�arttiyatu. c惜읃r ceyyu�ka� iya윜iya k�lattil a�imai ni웫va춁m ettu춁i va�arcci pe윜iruntatu e춑ata춁i u웫tiy�kak k�웫viyal�tu. 惜�l tolk�ppiyam, tirukku웏�, cilappatik�ram mutaliya n�lka� piratipalikkum k�lattil atu cant퉗attukki�ami췃i a�k�k�ram pe윜a oru ni웫va춁m�ka vi�a�kiyatu. "튋웫k kuriyar kayavaro� 웫윜akk�l vi윜a� kuriyar viraintu" "oppuravi 춙lvaru� k뱉e춊 춁�toruva� vi윜ukk� �akka tu�aittu" mutaliya ku웏�p�kka� ivva�akkup pa윜i e�unta춁v�. a췃aiya camut�yattil a�iy�r� mikat t饍nta nilaiyil urimaika�a윜a nilaiyil - irunta춁r e춁l�m. ivarka�ukkuc ci웙tu "uyarnt틆�ka" vi춁ivalar irunta춁r e춁l�m. vi춁ivalar, pi웏r퉣iya karuma�ka�aic ceyv틆. at�vatu ku윜퉣al puriv틆. y饍pp性a va�akkil, 'to葺葉�u v퉘ai' e춁k ku웙ppi�uvataic ceyv틆 e췃u v뱝�um惜�l vi�akka� k�웏l�m. ivarka� a�imaika�aip p튽a nilatt비um kamatto�il비um pi�aippu잀tavar�yk ku�ippi웏nt�r illa�ka�il to椿u ceyt틆�tal v뱝�um. cilappatik�ram kolaika�aik k�taiyil k틍ala� k�윜�kap pi춚arum�웫�atu: "ku�imuta� cu윜amum ku윜i춁i y틆um a�iy틆 p涉kum �yamum n薪ki...." e�춙ma�ika�il, ku윜퉣al puriv틆um a�iy틆 pakutiyum v튋u pirittuk k�웏ppa葺iruttal k性al�m. i�aikk�lattil� c�tip p�kup葉u mu�uva�ivam pe윜ap틊u, ittakaiyatoru v튋up葉�aik ko椿at�yiruntatu e춑atu ma춁�ko�at takkatu. (uyarnt틆) v蜃�up pakkam� varakk嚴�ta mikat t饍nta c�tiyi춁rum, v蜃uv�calukku vantu ott�cai puriyum "ci웙tu uyarnta" c�tiyi춁rum irunta춁r. ivvamaippu muntiya a�imai, vi춁ivalar amaippai u�ko椿at�kal�m. a�iy틆�kav� a췃i vi춁ivalar�kav� pi웏raic c�rntu, cutantarama윜avar�yt tammai u�aiy�rukkuk to椿u ceyv틆� talaimakka� all�t틆�var. ma춊ta u웫ppai uvamaiy�kak ko椿u talaiye췃um, a�iye췃um ipp�kup葉u ceyyappa葺u應atu. pa�av� talaiyum k�lum oru nikar�ka vaittu e黜appa�a mu�iyum�? avv�웫 e黜appa�i�, a�italai 'ta�um�웫m e췃u 性�avarka� karuti춁r. tiru.mu.ir�kavaiya�k�r k�웙yu應atu p튽a, "i웏iva춁iyum ava� paktarka�aiyum 性�ava� a�iy�r" e췃u va�a�kuvatu m튋ku웙tta ulaka va�akkup p벼웏t퉧�m. a�iy틆, vi춁ivalar mutaliy틆 a춑i춁in ti�aikku arukataiyilar e춁kk�웫m uraiy�ciriyar v�tam v�rum�웫: "ivar akatti�aikku uriyarallar틍e춊l akatti�aiy�va춁 a웏tti� va犁malum poru�i� va犁malum i춑atti� va犁malum iyalal v뱝�um. avaiyell�m pi웏rkkuk ku윜퉣al ceyv�rkkuc ceytal arit�kal惜um, avar n性uk ku웏ip葉u�aiyar�kal惜um, ku웙ppa웙y�tu v뱉kai va�iy� c�rak karutuvar�kal惜um, i춑am i춊tu na�attuv�r pi웏r퉣al ceyy�t�r e춑ata��lum, ivar pu웏pporu�kuriyar�yi��r e춌a: i�amp�ra�ari� ikk�윜u ematu kava춁tti웛uriyatu. akatti�ai ye춑atu a웏m poru� i춑atti� v饍�mal iyalvatu e췃a vitiyai mu웛�윜�kak ko椿atum ata� tarukka r�tiy惜a mu�iv�kac camut�yattil� poru�um ata웛u �t�ram惜a cutantiramum ill�r. akatti�aikkuriyavar�k�r e춑atu 튋웏t�ki웏tu. 'viti taru mu웏i v�tam' kaccitam�ka amaintu應atu. ata� poru鍮 ivvi�attil n튻ka v뱝�iyatu. cam�ka nilaiyaiyum takutiyaiyum a�avu k튽�kak ko椿� k�talo�ukkattukkuriy틆 vitikkappa葺u應a춁r e�춙 mu�mai i�amp�ra�ar v�tattiliruntu aiyatti웛i�ami췃ip pula��ki췃atu. pi웏rkkuk ku윜퉣al ceyv틆i�attup poru� i춎aiy�l takunta mu웏iyil� k�tal ceyyavum illa웏m na焌ttavum va�iyillai e췃u ma葺um k�웏villai uraiy�ciriyar. avv�웫 k�웙��l a�tu ulakiyalukku iyaipu�aiyat�kak ko應avu� k嚴um. 惜�l uraiy�ciriyar orupa�i m퉘� ce췃u, a�iy틆 vi춁ivilar mutaliy틆 iyalp�kav� takaimaiya윜avar e춁k k�웫ki췃�r. avar n性uk ku웏ip葉u�aiyavar; ku웙ppa웙y�tu v뱉kaiva�i c�rak karutupavar e춑atu uraiy�ciriyar karuttu. cila camayav�tika� p�vika�ai m紳�nakarattukku uriyavar�kkuvatup튽a, a�iy틆 mutal�yi�틆ai m紳�p pu웏tti�aikk� uriyavar�kki vi�uki췃�r i�amp�ra�ar. i�tu avaratu cam�ka n튻kattait te�iv�kak k葉�uki췃atu. uraiy�ciriyarka�i� k�윜ai v퉡av�kk�kak ko椿u pa�aimai p틹웫m ikk�la e�utt贍ar cilarum ittakaiya karuttai 튋웫k ko椿u應a춁r. ut�ra�am�ka tiru. i�ava�aka��r kalittokaip patippi웛u e�utiyu應a �r�ycci mu�춙raiyil pi춚arum�웫 k�웫ki췃�r: "i�k� k葉�appa�un talaiviyun talaiva춙m (kali.94) k耶iyu� ku웏�a춙m�yiruppatum, avarka� ku윜퉣a� makka乙y uyarnta va�ami췃i, a�aki췃iyiruppatum, avarka� p퉏cum na�aiyum n性am mutaliya uyarnta nalliyalpuka�i췃i nika�vatu� ka웤틆u應attukku etta춁iy� aruvaruppun tu춑amum tarum ve웙tta poru� ka乙katt�m irukki췃a춁" t饍nta nilaiyilu應a ku윜퉣al makka�atu k�tal vivak�ram aruvarukkat takkatu e춑atu ta춊t tami� �rvalari� karuttu. a�ippa葺a karuttukka� a�ipa葺up p틍atu ka�i춁nt惜. tattuva ulaki� k性appa�um vitiv�tatti� piratipalipp�kav� ita춁ik ko應al v뱝�um. at�vatu, camut�yattil uyarnt틆, t饍nt틆 e췃a iya웛ai viti (Natural Law) iruppat�kavum atu makka�i� iyalpi춁�ippa�aiyil vitikkappa葺at�kavum uraiy�ciriyar karutuki췃�r. i�amp�ra�ar tolk�ppiyarukkuk k�latt�� pi웤a葺avar, perump�lum m�lattaiyo葺i n퉟iya poru� k�웫var. �yi춙m, a웙nt� a웙y�mal�, ta춁tu k�lak karuttukka� palava윜ai n�l�ciriyar m퉘튋웙 k�웫m ku윜atti춊췃um n薪kiyavarallar. m튋k�웙ya c�ttira vi�akkam uraiy�ciriyaratu k�lak karuttaiyum u應a�akkiyu應atu. atai camayattil, tolk�ppiyarum vitiv�tattai 튋웫k ko椿avar e춑atu ma춁�ko應attakkatu. ita춁i ut�ra�a m�lam vi�akkuv튾. ka�aviyalil� iya웛ai pu�arccikka� - a춑i춁in ti�aikkuriya talaimaka춙m talaimaka�um etirppa�utalaik k�웫mpo�utu, "o췃� v튋� e췃iru p�lvayi� o췃i uyarnta p�la t性aiyi� otta ki�ava춙m ki�attiyum k性pa" e춑ar tolk�ppiyar. tavamum tavamu�aiy�rukk� e춑atup튽a, iyalp�kav� uyarnta talaimakka�aiy� k�mak k嚴atti웛u viti o췃u c퉟kki웏tu. i�amp�ra�ar pi춚arum�웫 urai k�웫var: "uyarntata� m튋 cellum ma춁 nika�cci uyarnta p�l�yi윜u. k�ma nika�cciyi춌a� otta a춑i춁r�yk k嚴utal nalvi춁iy惜 allatu var�te춑atu karuttu" talaimakka� t�m� etirppa葺uk k嚴iya iya웛aip pu�arcciyaic ci웏ppittuk k�웫mukam�ka, ata춁it teyvap pu�arcci e췃a춁r. p�lvarai teyvam iruvaraiyum o췃u c퉟ttamaiyaik ka�aviyal urai k�rar m퉘varum�웫 vi�akkuv�r: "i춊t teyvap pu�arcci e춁vum pa�um, iruvarum teyvat ta춎aiy�� pu�arnt�r�tali� e춑atu; allat�um, muya웒iyum u�app葉um i췃i oruva웛u oru karumam. kaik嚴i춁 vi�attut teyvatti�惜 �yi윜u e춑atu. atu p튽a ivarkkum muya웒iyum u�app葉um i췃ip pu�arvu mu�intamaiy�lum teyvap pu�arcci e춁ppa葺atu." 'otta ki�ava춙m ki�attiyum' e췃u k�웫m tolk�ppiyar ivvoppu ettakaiyatu e춑ata춁i meypp葉iya� c�ttiramo췃�l vi�akkiyu應�r. talaimaka춙m talaimaka�um otta a춑i춁r�yiruppata웛up pattuvarai oppu i췃iyamaiy�tatu. avai, pi웏pp� ku�imai 性mai 性�o�u uruvu ni웫tta k�ma v�yil ni웏iy� aru鍮 u�arvo�u tiruve춁 mu웏iyu웏k ki�anta oppi춁tu vakaiy� e춑a춁v�m. kulam, o�ukkam, 贍vi춁iyu�aimai, paruvam, a�aku, a춑u, a�akkam, karu�ai, a웙vu, celvam �kiya춁 c�ttiratti� k�웙ya pattuvakai oppum�m. ivai ta춊tta춊y� uyar cam�katti춁rall�t�ri�attuk k性appa�utal k嚴um�yi춙m, celvamum kulapperumaiyum ni웏intavari�att� oru�ku c퉟ak k性akk嚴iya v�yppu椿�kum e춑atu coll�mal� vi�a�kum. 'i葺�r periy틆 i焌t틆 i�ikulatt틆 e�춙m p틊u, �ramum �rami춎aiyum m�ttiram a�avuk튽ka�alla. poru� vacatiyum mukkiyam惜at�kum. 'poru�ill�rkku ivvulakamillai' e췃u va應uvarum k�웙춁r a췃�? pattu vakai oppumai k�웙yavi�attum ava윜u� m耶웏iy� uraiy�ciriyar vitantu k�웫var. a�tu avar u應ak ki�akkaiyai na춌u ve�ippa�uttuvat�ka u應atu. aiyam nika�um i�am u�arttu� c�ttiratti웛up poru� k�웫kaiyil, "celvatt�lum, kulatt�lum, va�iv�lum uyarnta talaimaka춙m talaimaka�um�yi�틆m葉朱 aiyam nika�vatu" e춑ar. k�ma nika�cci ci웏pp�ka amaivata웛u 퉡uv�kav� m튋k�웙ya oppumaika� va웤u웫ttapa�uki췃a춁v�yi춙m, n�l�ciriyaratu pirat惜a a�avuk튽 campantappa葺틆i� cam�ka antastu pa윜iyat�kav� iruttal ka�k嚴u. i�춐ru vakaiy�kak k�웫vat�yi�, k�tali� n嚴pattaip pa윜iyum t�ymaiyaip pa윜iyum e�uttuk�웏 mu웤a葺avarka�, uyarnt틆m葉朱 attakaiya uyarnta k�tal t벼웏 mu�iyum e춁 a웫tiyi葺uk ku웙ppi葺a춁r. tolk�ppiyar pi웏ppu, ku�imai mutaliyava윜ai va웤u웫ttuvataip p튽av�, teyvap pulamait tiruva應uvarum, ku�imaiyaic ci웏ppittu應�r. uyarnta ku�iyi춌a� pi웏nt�ratu ta춎aika�ai vivarikkump틊u, "pi웏ppokkum ell� uyirkkum" e췃u p틊itta pulava�, 'ippi웏ppu o췃u椿u' e춁 튋웫k ko�vataik k性ki읃m. avva�ippa�aiyil퉧� "a�ukkiya k비i pe웙춙m ku�ippi웏nt�r ku췃uva ceytal ilar" e춑atu p벼웏p�kka�aip p葉i춁r e춑atu웫ti, 'ku�ippi웏nt�r' e췃a to�arukku va應uvar a�ikkum poru� ce웙vum a�uttamum ku웏�ai nu�ukikka웤틆ukkup pulappa焌ma� p튻�. tolk�ppiyar, va應uvar k�lattil va�akkup pe윜uvi葺a ku�ippi웏ppu allatu i웤i웏ppu k�lapp튻kil m퉘um urampe윜u. nilam惜iya mu웏i ce�itt븝kiya c붓ap peruma�춁r k�lattil, makatt惜a araciyal tattuvam�kav� nilaipe윜uvi葺atu. "i웤i웏nt�r ka黜allatu illai iyalp�kac ceppamum n性um oru�ku" e춌i잀r va應uvar. at�vatu, uyarku�ip pi웏nt틆i�attil퉧� ceppam, n性 mutal�ya uyarnta pa�puka� iya웛aiy�ka u應a춁v�m. i�tu pi웏ppi��l uyarcci k�웫vat�. ikku웏�ukkup parim퉘a�akar urai poru�ait te�ivu웫ttuvat�yu應atu. "il, ku�i, kulam e춑a춁 oru poru�; 辰�u uyarntava윜i� m퉘a; cemmai - karuttum collum ceyalun tammu� m�잀k�mai. n性 - pa�ip�va�ka�i� ma�a�kutal. ivai ilpi웏nt�rkk�yi�, oruvar ka웤ikka v뱝焌mal, t�m� u�av�m; pi웏rkk�yi� ka웤ittava�iyum ne�itu nill� e춑at�m" ita웛u m퉘um vi�akkam t퉣aiyillai. ittakaiya nampikkaiy� kampar�m�ya�attil a춙ma� k�윜�ka amaintu ki�akki웏tu; "i웤i웏p pe춑ato췃u mirumpo웏i ye춑ato췃um ka웤e춙m peyara to췃u� ka�ina�am puriyak ka椿묶" pe黜araciyi� perumaikku uyarku�ip pi웏ppu mukkiyam�yamaintu應atu. ittakaiya uyarku�ippi웏nta 葉avar arivaiyar m葉朱, na웛u�a�ka�, m�ttirama췃i a�aku mutal�m nallamca�ka�um iyalp�yamaintiruppat�ka ematu pulavar perumakka� ko椿u vantu應a춁r. e춁v퉡惜 k�talilakkiya�ka� vitivilakki췃i avaraip p�ttira�ka乙kap pa�aittu應a춁. a�iy틆, vi춁ivalar mutaliy틆 'n性ukka웏i p葉u�aiyavar' e췃�r i�amp�ra�ar. at�vatu n性ama윜avarka� e춑atu poru�. poru�iyalil� 'n性' e췃a collai vi�akkumi�attu, "n性 e췃atu-periy틆 o�ukkattu m�잀yi춁 ceyy�maikku nika�vat틆 nika�cci" e춁kk�웙, atu �ciriya� k葉�al�k�ta poru�u�aiyatu e췃u ku웙ppi葺u應�r. 'periy틆 o�ukkam' e췃u uraiy�ciriyar k�웫tal k�rntu kava춊kkattakkatu. ainti�ai o�ukkam periy틆 uyarnt틆- o�ukkam�kavum, akappu웏m惜a kaikki�ai perunti�ai o�ukka�ka� ci웙y틆-t饍nt틆 o�ukkam�kavum ko應appa葺a춁. itu camut�ya n�tiyai a�ippa�aiy�kak ko椿a p�kup葉u e춑atu e�iti� pula��kum. periy틆-ci웙y틆, uyarnt틆 - t饍nt틆, e췃a p�kup葉u camut�ya niyatiy�vata웛u �t�ram�ka atu iya웛ai vitiy�kak ko應appa葺atu. atuv� niyativ�tam�kum. 튋웏tt饍vu niyatiy�ka 튋웫kko應appa葺atu. cama�am p벼웏 mata�ka� anniyatikkut tarukka r�tiyilamainta vi�akka�ka�u� k�웙춁. tirukku웏� ita춁it tulliyam�kak k葉�uk勝웏tu: "a웏tt�웫 ituve춁 v뱝焌 civikai po웫tt惜비u �rnt� 춊�ai" ita� poru�aip parim퉘a�akar pi춚arum�웫 ta춁kk퉧uriya nu黜a웙vu�a� k�웫var: "a웏tti� paya� itu e췃u y�m �kama a�avaiy惜 u�arttal v뱝焌; civikaiyaik k�vuv惜비u celuttuv惜i�aik k葉ciya�avai ta��惜� u�arappa�um" a웏tti� p튋웙춁i e�utturaikkap pukuntavar cam�ka 튋웏tt饍vi춁ik ka�ka椿a vi�akkam�kak k葉�uki췃�r. oruva� pallakkil amarntu cukam�kac celki췃惜. ma윜oruva� appallakki춁ic ciramappa葺uc cumakki잀�. m퉘iruppava� a웏tti� paya춁i a춙pavippava�. k湜iruppava� a웏쨇eyy�tava�. �ka, m퉘, k湜 e췃a p�kup葉u c�cuvatam�ka u應atu. ata웛uk k�ra�am� va應uvar k�웫vatu. tolk�ppiyar, va應uvar, i�amp�ra�ar, �kiy틆ell�m or퉧a�ippa�aiyil퉧� makka�aip p�kupa�uttuki췃a춁r. ipp�kup葉�i� a�ippa�aiyil퉧� k�talukkuk ka葺upp葉u vitikkappa葺atu. u�maiyil a춑i춁inti�ai e춁c ci웏ppikkappe웫vatu cam�kattil uyarnt틆atu k�tal o�ukkam�kum. atuvum pula춅웙 va�akki웛튋pap pu춁inturaikkappa�uki췃atu. pa�antami�ilakkiya�ka� k葉�um ipp�kup葉�ai n튻kum p틊u, pa椿aiya kir퉗kari�aiy� nilaviya cam�ka amaippum, atu kalai ilakkiyatti� piratipalikkum vakaiyum ni춁ivi웛u varuki췃a춁. a�imaimu웏i a�ku mikavum va�arcciyu윜iruntatu. �tik�lak kir퉗kattil va�arcci ya윜irunta a�avukku a�imaimu웏i v튋e�k퉧�vatu k性appa�uvatu aiyam�. ata웛up pala k�ra�a�ka� u椿u. 惜�l n�m i�kuk ku웙ppi�attakkatu y�te춊l kir퉗ka �ti ilakkiya�ka�ilum a�imaika�, 퉣al ceyv틆 mutaliy틆 i�am pe잀maiy�kum. uyarku�ip pi웏nt틆� h튾aratu k�viya�ka�ilum pi鍮葺틍i� camp晟a�aika�ilum ci웏ppukkuriyar�y vi�a�kuki췃�r. talaimakka�um c�t�ra�a m惜i�ar�kava췃i, teyvat to�arpu�aiy틆�y vi�a�kuki췃a춁r. talaimakka� c�t�ra�a m惜i�ar�kava췃i, teyvat to�arpu�aiy틆�kak k葉ci taruki췃a춁r. p틆k karuvika� va�ittuk ko�ukkum kollar, �para�a�ka� ceyyum po웛ollar, marav퉘aika� ceyv틆 mutaliya potup pa�iy贍arait tavira, t饍nta makka� evarum avvilakkiya�ka�il i�am pe웏villai. avarka� p�l kavi쨅rukku evvita akka웏iyum illai. ilakkiyac c惜웫ka類�u kir蜃 mutaliya i�a�ka�i� ka椿e�ukkappa葺a kalve葺ukka�i� k性um c惜웫ka�aiyum c퉟ttu n튻kumpo�utu, nilaimai te�iv�ki웏tu. pa椿aiya kir퉗ka camut�yam cutantarar, cutantarama윜avar e춁 iruperum piriv�kap pi�avu椿irukki웏tu. cutantar� iruvakaiyi춁r; uyar ku�iyi� pi웏ntu p�ra�a cutantiramu�aiyavar�y n葉焌�ciyil urimaiyu�aiyavar oru vakaiyi춁r. n葉焌�ciyil pa�kuko應�ta - takuti ku웏inta - cutantarar pi웙toru pirivi춁r, cutantarama윜avarka� iru pirivi춁r; a�imaika� mikat t饍nta nilaiyiliruntavarka�; avarka�ukkuc ci웙tu "m퉘�ka" 'Serfs' e춁ppa�um 養iyakk�rar irunta춁r. pintiya pirivi춁rka� ilakkiyattil cittarikkappa�um takaimai ill�tavar�kak karutappa葺a춁r. cutantarar, cutantara ma윜avar at�vatu parantarar e�춙m p�kup葉u, ematu pa椿aiya ilakkiya n�lka� va�i vanta, citt�nta c�ttira n�lka�il i�ampe윜u vi葺a춁. ut�ra�am�ka, "惜m�p pettatti� paratantara�, muttiyi� cutantara�" e춁 varutal k性ka. kir퉗ka ilakkiyattil cutantarar talaimakka乙yamainta춁r; paratantarar at�vatu pi웏raic c�rntu v饍v틆 ilakkiyatti� ellaikk비�i웛u app�웤a葺avar�yi춁r. tolk�ppiyac c�ttirattukku i�amp�ra�ar k�웫m urai ivvi�attu oppun튻kat takkatu. orumo�iyil� va�a�kum co웛a� ammo�i p퉏upavari� 饍nta nampikkaika�aip piratipalippa춁 v�yu應a춁 e췃u k�웫var. kir퉗ka ilakkiya�ka�il va�a�kum iru co웛a� ivvu�maiyai nir�pippa춁 v�yu應a춁. 'kal틇' (Kalos) e�춙m col a�akaiyum m퉙p葉�aiyum, 'aiskur틇' (aischros) e�춙m col avala�ca�attaiyum ve�kamu應ataiyum ku웙kki췃a춁. at�vatu pa椿aiya kir퉗ka ilakkiya va�akkuppa�i, c惜읃r va�akkuppa�i a�aku ku�ippi웏ppukkuriya to췃�kavum, avala�ca�am n性uk ku웏ip葉u�aiy�raic c퉟ntat�kavum ko應appa葺a춁. pa椿aik kir퉗kattil k�tal e�춙m n�lil �pi鍮ciliyar k�웫vatup튽a, a�aku mutaliya pa�puka� teyvatt�l va�a�kappa葺avai e춁k kir퉗karka� nampi춁r. teyv�mcam poruntiya talaimakka�ukku avai pi웏ppil퉧� amainta춁. kir퉗ka v�rayukac camut�yattaippa윜i tiru. em.ai. �pi춍i k�웫vatu curukkam�kavum vi�akkam�kavum u應atu: "h튾aratu k�viya�ka� k葉�um ulakai 饍am惜a ki�aikk비u o췃u oru k�잀kap pirikki웏tu. k비�ukku m퉘� 'aris�oy' at�vatu ci웏nta makka� irukki췃a춁r; paramparaiy�ka uyarku�ip pi웏pp贍ar惜a ivarka� yutta k�lattilum cam�t惜a k�lattilum cam�katti� perumpakuti atik�rattaiyum celvattaiyum u�aiy�r�yirunta춁r; k비�ukkuk k湜� ma윜aiy틆 y�varum a�a�kuvar. ivarka� y�varaiyum at�vatu potumakka� k嚴�attaik ku웙kkum ci웏ppup peyar o췃um illai.... ivarka�atu vivak�ra�ka�um tu춑a tuyara�ka�um v�rapp葉alka�i� uripporu乙k�... ivvellaik k비�ai p틆, ti蠢rt t�kkutal mutaliya tavirkkamu�iy�ta cantarppa�ka�il퉧� t性�i춁r. a췃aiya poru乙t�ra amaippi춑a�i, putit�kac celvam c퉗arippatum ata��l putiya pirapukka� �vatum na�akka mu�iy�tavai. viv�kam varkka�ka�ukku�pa葺at�kav� iruntatu. ita��l, ata� m�lam�ka v묶um camut�yattil uyarcci pe웫m v�yppum ill�tiruntatu." ci웒ila ci웫pa�iy惜a v튋up葉uka�ait tavira, kir퉗ka v�rayukam tami� v�rayukattai ottat�kav� u應atu. camut�ya amaippil o윜umai iruppata��l퉧� ilakkiya n튻kilum, ve�ipp葉�ilum o윜umaika� tavirkka mu�iy�ta춁v�yirukki췃a춁. cam�kattil t饍nta nilaiyilirunta makka�ukku vitikkappa葺a ka葺upp葉uka�ilum ivvoppumai mikat tulakkam�yu應atu. ii pakti iyakkan tiraiye웙nta pallavar k�lap pakutiyil� pa椿aiya akapporu�ukkup pu춁r v饍vu ki�aittatu. avaitika camaya�ka�i� pe� ve웫ppu, pula춁�akkam, tu웏vu mutal�ya ka葺u pap葉�uk karuttukka�i��l� amukku椿u, patu�ki otu�kiyirunta k�ta� poru� m惜a�ak k�tal�kavum teyv�kak k�tal�kavum n퉟v饍vu pe윜atu. akk�lac camaya varal�웫 k葉�u� ceytiyitu. putu v饍vu pe윜a akapporu乙춁tu putiya t틹웏ttaiyum pe윜atu e춑atu viyappu�aiyatta췃u. ilakkiya varal�윜i춁i n�m u윜u n튻kumpo�utu palv튋u k�la�ka�i� camut�yat t퉣aika�aiyum untutalka�aiyum o葺ip putiya va�iva�ka�ilum amaintuvi�uvataik k性ki췃튾. pakti iyakkatti춑틊u, pa�aiya akapporu� pe윜a n�ta춁 va�iva�ka�ilo췃u ul�. ippirapantattaip p튽av� k틍ai, kalampakam mutaliya춁vum putiya va�iva�ka乙m. ㅰ춁vul�vaip p葉iyavar ci웏nta�iy�rka�il oruvar; illa웏ttiliruntu civali�katt�l mukti pe윜avar; c퉗ki犁r cuv�mika乙� p�r葉�ap pe윜avar; tampir惜 t붓ari� ariya t붓ar; p性appattirar p벼웏 tami�k kalai쨅raip p틹웙ya puravalar; c퉟a n葉�uc ce�k튽aic celuttiyavar; ce�umiya civapaktik ki�aiy惜a centami� vittakam v�ykkap pe윜avar. ittu�aic ci웏ppup poruntiya c퉟am惜 perum贍 n�ya��r iya윜iya ul�vum pi웏 pa춙valka�um tirumu웏ika� varicaiyil vaittu matikkappa�uvatil viyappillaiya췃�. ul�, pallavar k�lattil� muki�tta va�ivam e춁k k�웙�튾. ivvilakkiyatti웛u ilakka�a� ka椿avarka� pi웛�lattup p葉�iyal n�l틆, 'ta춁tu etir�kak k�kkum k�rtta matinalatti��l k�lapp튻ki� 읃췃akk嚴iya ilakkiya va�iva�ka�ukkum vakaika�ukkum tolk�ppiyar viti vakuttu應�r' e췃u n�moru potuvitiyai 튋pa�uttikko椿u, ata춁�ippa�aiyil� ul�viliruntu ci웫kataivarai cakalailakkiya muya웒ika�aiyum tolk�ppiyac c�ttira�ka�ait tu�aikko椿u vi�akka mu웤a�uvatu i췃um k性appa�uki웏tu. �yi춙m pa�춊ru p葉�iyal, navan�tap p葉�iyal mutal�ya pi웛�la n�lka�il퉧� ul�vi웛u varaivilakka�a� k�웏ppa�uki췃atu. ul�vai 'ul�ppu웏m' e춁vum mu��틆 va�a�ki춁r. "tiruvu l�ppu웏m p葉i�묶 tiruccevi c�tti�ap pe웏l v뱝�um" e췃� c퉟am惜 tirukkailaiyil i웏iva춁i v뱝�iyat�kac c퉗ki犁rum ku웙ppi�uvar. teruvil� 및u paruvattup pe�ka�i�aiy� pava춊 vanta ci웏nta n�yaka� oruva춁ik ka椿u ava춁i appe�ka� 퉡tuvat�kak kalive�p�vi��l iya윜uvatu urai e춑atu potuvilakka�am. 'teruvi춊� p퉡ai mutale�u v틆ka� ti웏ttuvakai oruva춁i y퉡tu� kalive�p�t t惜ul�' e췃u navan�tap p葉�iyalum, 'i�aipu춁i nall� rivarma�i ma웫ki� ma윜ava� pava춊 varav및 paruvam u윜am� ��rto�ap p틁ta tul�v�m' e췃u ilakka�a vi�akkap p葉�iyalum ul�vi� ilakka�a� k�웫m. oru vakaiyi� p�rkkumpo�utu ivvul�p pirapantam惜atu pallavar k�latti� pi웤akutiyil� tavirkkamu�iy�tapa�i amainta ilakkiya va�ivam e췃� k�웏t t벼웫ki췃atu. at�vatu ul�pp벼웏 틆 ilakkiyam t벼웫vata웛惜a c�ttiyakk�웫ka� c惜읃r ilakkiya�ka�ait to�arntu mella mella uruv�ki vanta춁; avai pari�amitta va�ivam� ul�. ita춁ic ci웙tu vi�akka v뱝�um. c惜읃r ceyyu�ka�aip po웫ttavarai akatti�aiyil aka춁inti�aikkuriya tu웏ika鍮 ava윜i� ci웏ppup poru乙yamainta춁. kaikki�ai, perunti�ai �kiya춁 ci웏ppa윜a춁v�kak ko應appa葺a춁. ut�ra�am�ka p틆vaik k틄peruna웛i應ip�l ta춁kku應a k�talai e�uttuk k�웫m ceyyu�ka� cilava윜ai nakka黜aiy�r e�춙m pe�p�� pulavar y�ttu應�r. avai kaikki�aik k�mak k�ta� p�kka� e췃u ko椿u pu웏ttil a�akkiyu應a춁r ava윜ait tokutta �ciriyarka�. aka춁inti�aiyaik ka葺upp葉uka� ni웏inta 't�ya' o�ukal�잀kak ko應a muya췃u應a춁r. c惜읃rilakkiya�ka�aik ka椿u ilakka�amamait tavarka�. tolk�ppiyar it t�ymaiv�tatti웛uc cariy惜a va�ivam ko�uttu應�r. k�ta� ki�ava춙m ki�attiyum pala vakaika�ilum ottu應avar�yiruttal v뱝�um e�춙m k비p葉�i웛u a�ippa�aiyil� camut�ya u�arvu iruntatu; at�vatu camut�yattil� talaimakka乙yu應틆� tamakku� 't�ya' mu웏iyil k�mak k�talil 蜃upa�a mu�iyum e춑atu tolk�ppiyari� karutt�kat teriki웏tu. a웏m, poru�, i춑am �kiyava윜i� peyaril 't�ya' t�kak ko應appa葺uvanta aka춁inti�ai vitika�ait takartterintu ko椿u k�talai v�yvi葺upp葉i maki�um nilaimai paktiyiyakkatti� k�ra�am�kavum k�riyam�kavum amaintatu. paktiyiyakkam惜atu camut�yattil� c�ti, kulam, pi웏ppu mutaliya varampuka�ai u�aittuk ko椿u '�vurittut ti췃u�alum pulaiyar묶um' avarcivapaktare춊� ci웏ntavar� e췃u k�웫m c養nilaiyai 튋pa�uttuvatup튽a, ilakkiyattil� 튋pa葺u vanta pala vitika�ai m�웙p putiya cinta춁ip pa�aippuka�ukku va�i vakuttatu e춁l�m. �yi춙m, itu ti蠢re춁 튋pa葺a m�윜am e춁k karutakk嚴�tu. putir�kat t벼웫m ilakkiya va�iva�ka�ukkum vara� mu웏iyum va�arcci mu웏iyum u應a춁. pallavar k�lattil� t벼웙ya ulakiya� c�rpu�aiya n�lka乙춁 nantikkalampakam, mutto應�yiram �kiyava윜ilum aka춁inti�aikkup porunt�ta kaikki�ai ci웏pp�ka e�utt贍appa葺u應atu. mutto應�yirattil� 'pe�p�� kaikki�aic ceyyu�ka鍮 vantu應a춁." inn�lka�il ma�춁raik ka椿u maka�ir maiyalu윜up 'p퉏uvatu' p튽av�, ara춁�iy�r p葉alka�il� civa춁ik ka椿u pe�ka� ceyali�antu k�웫m v�rttaika�um avartam nilaiyum k性appa�uki췃a춁. v�tiyil� pali k뱉�u v�cal 튋um picc葉a춁 m�rttiyaik ka椿�, allatu tillaiyil na�ami�um ampalak k�tta춁tu k튽a� ka椿�, ne쨇aip pa웙 ko�utta pe�ka� p葉um akap p葉alka�i� tarukka r�tiy惜a va�arcci nilaiy� ul� e춁k karutal�m. n辰�a teruvil na�anta civa��r ta� ne쨇aik kavarnta ceytiyaip pe黜orutti, appar t퉣�ratti� pi춚arum�웫 k�웫ki췃贍: "t嶪�u cu�arm묶it t�n� 잀�ic c�la�kai y퉚tiy틆 cu�alv�y n�kam p嶪�u po웙yarava� k�ti� peytu po웒a�aika �avait饍ap purive� 畜l�r n辰�u ki�antila�ku ti�ka� c嚴i ne�unteruv� vante춁tu ne쨇a� ko椿�r v뱝�u na�aina�akkum ve應� 읂웙 ve�k葉u m퉣iya vikirta ��r�" e췃u apparum, "kavarp�m pu춁lun ta�matiyum kama�ca�ai m葉�ayal� avarp�m paliy� �aiyam vavvay� y惜alam vavvutiy�" e췃u campantarum palik뱉�u vanta perum惜 pe�ka� u應am ko應ai ko椿at�kak k�웫var. tiruppaiㄴ�li e�춙m talam ce췃a cuntarar, palikku e�untaru�um perum惜 tiruva�ivaik ka椿a maka�ir maiyalko椿u vi춁viya k�윜�kap pi춚arum p葉alaip p葉iyu應�r. 'n涉ka� ko椿uvanta piccaiyai i�am葉焌tavar�yum, p튻am葉焌tavar�yum irukki췃튾' e췃u pe�ka� v�yvi葺uk k�웫vat�ka amaintatu p葉al: "centa mi�tti웏m valli r튰e�ka� aravam mu춌aiyil 葉av� vantu ni웛umi te춌o l틄ali m�윜a m葉柱 mi�akil튾 painta� m�malar untu c튽aika� kanta n�웫pai� ㅳliyar anti v惜amum m묶i y튰olum �ra 鰍ya vi�a�kar�" kaikki�ai e춑atu oru maru�ku u�at�ya k뱝mai e췃u k�웏ppa�um. civa� ta�춙�aiya k�talai ve�iy� k葉焌ma� pe黜�kiya ta춁tu ne쨇aik ko椿at�kap p葉um pe黜ai appar p葉ali� k性al�m. "ka應attai ma춁ttakatt� karantu vaitt�r u應attai n�r ko椿�r 틊al ov� o�itika�um o윜iy� ru�aiya k틍�!" ivv�웫 amainta kaikki�ait tu웏ip poru�ai e�uttuk ko椿u, ata춁i n蜃�i va�arttut ta춊 yilakkiya va�iv�kkiya perumaiyum ti웏maiyum c퉟am惜ukku uriyatu. akattu웏ika� n惜�윜ai e�uttut tokuttut teyv�ka n�l�m tiruc ci윜ampalak k틍aiyait tiruv�tav�ra�ika� ceytatu p튽avum, perun ti�aikku� a�a�kum ma�al�rum nika�cciyai e�uttuc ci웙tu m�윜ip periya tiruma�al, ci웙ya tiruma�al �kiyava윜aip pa�aitta tiruma�kai ma�춁� p튽avum, n�yaka� v�tiyil ul�p p틍ataik ka黜u윜a maka�ir m�l ko應um pe�p�� kaikki�aip poru�aip paktiyum ㅰ춁mum kalanta pa춙val�kkiyu應�r c퉟am惜 perum贍. potuv�kap pallavar k�lattil� k�ta� poru� pe윜a e�ucciyi� paya��ka n�yaka�-n�yaki p�vam ilakkiya va�ivam pe윜atallav�? antap pi�춁�iyal퉧� ul�, ma�al p벼웏 pirapanta�ka�ai n�m n튻ka v뱝�um. peru� kavi쨅r palaratu kavitaika�ai - ku웙pp�ka ne�um p葉alka�ai n튻kum po�utu, ovvoruvarukkum ovv틆 u�akk葉ciy�, p퉟a춙pavam� uruvakam�ka amaintatu. kavitaiyai va�ina�attic celvataik k性al�m. cuvarkkattaip piramm性�am惜a uruvakam�kak ko椿u cuvarkka n�kkam, cuvarkka m蜃ci �kiya k�ppiya�ka�aip p葉i�惜 mil�a�. naracum, cuvarkkam �kiyava윜aip p퉟uruvakam�kak ko椿� itt�liyak kavi t�nt퉧um k�ppiya� camaitta춁�. pir惜cis tomsa� e�춙m katt튽ikka camayak kavi쨅춙m ta춁tu Hound of Heaven e춁ppa�um ne�um p葉alil attakaiya uruvakam o췃a춁iy� amaitt惜. potuv�kak kavi쨅r attakaiya uruvakam o췃a춁iy� a�ika�aik kaiy贍pavar묶um, camayak kavi쨅rka�ukku uruvakam� 饍nta a춙pavap poru乙kavum amaintu vi�uki췃atu. ivvuruva�ka�ai ilakkiya nayattukk�ka a췃it tamatu mu�u nampikkaiy�kak ko椿u kavi쨅r p葉uki췃a춁r e춌i잀r �i.es. eliya�. ut�ra�am�ka, tirupperuntu웏iyil� ta춁kkuk k葉ci tanta va應al, civapurattil ma�춁raip p튽a v�윜iruppat�kavum, avaraic cu윜it t퉣arum ka�a�ka�um 틐�tu v퉡ak빙ami葺uk ko椿iruppat�kavum, antap p퉟avaikku應� t�mum ce췃a c퉣ittu ava� t贍 va�a�kic cintai maki�a v뱝�um e췃u u�maiyil nampiya ma�iv�cakar tamatu n�lai �tm�vi� peru y�ttiraiy�kak k性umpa�i p葉i��r. m퉣iya ma�ic civikaiyil �rntu vanta am�ttiyar惜a v�tav�r, "t퉣arparavum paramar teyvacapai ka椿�r." e췃� ka�avu� m�mu춊varum ku웙ppi葺u應�r. tirukkail�yattil� ku�iko椿irukkum civapurattaracar a�ku tamakkuk k葉ci aru�umpa�i pa�inta paktarka�ukku ira�kip pava춊 varuvataip periyatoru m惜atak k葉ci (vision) a춙pavittup p葉iyu應�r c퉟am惜. akk葉ciyum p퉟uruvakam�ka amaintamaiy�l n�lum mu�umai pe윜a ilakkiya va�ivam�ka amaintatu. kataiyo췃i춁i e�uttut tiraippa�atti웛u v뱝�iya tiraikkataiyaik k葉cika乙kat t蜃�um �c�riyar p튽ac civapurattil� pava춊 varum perum惜i� tirukk튽am mu�uvataiyum na춌u k性um vakaiyil ul�k k葉ciy�ka amaintu應�r n�ya��r. curu�kak k�웙� kailaimalaiy� civapuram�ki vi�uki웏tu. iya웛aiyum pirapa쨇amum ata춙� a�a�ki vi�uki췃a춁. "c�r�r cival튻an ta�춙� civapurattil er�r tirukk틐i lu應iruppa - v�r�yntu ce�ka �amarar pu웏�ka�aikka� ce췃辰�i e�ka�kuk k葉ciyaru� e췃irappa" e췃u n�li웛惜a t틹웫v�yaik k�웫ki췃�r kavi쨅r. ivv뱝�uk븍ukkuc cevic�yttu i웏iva춙m pava춊 varuki잀�. attaru�attil퉧� 및paruvattaic c퉟nta 'uruttira ka�ikaiyar a�ka黜araik ka椿u akamuruki췃a춁r. civapuram oru nakaram: annakaril oru tirukk틐il; akk틐ilil v�윜irukkum civapir惜 v�tiyulam varuvat惜atu, ulakiya� k葉ciyait ta�uviyu應atu. araca��ka irunta perum�kk틊aiy�r ul�kk葉cikku uriyavar�kavum u應avar a췃�. tamatu conta a춙pavattaiyum teyvikat t묶il� ku�aittut tantu應�r e춁l�m. v�tivarupavar civa�. e춁v� civapurattu v�tika�um, avv�tika�i� k性appa�um m葉a m贍ikaika�am civa춁iy� ni춁iv嚴�um va黜am amaintu應a춁. k�ta� ma�appi�iy비um ka�i웫 varuvataik ka椿a n�ya��r, m�tarp pi웏ik ka黜iy惜ai malaiy惜 maka�o�um m�taik k葉ciy�kak ka椿urukuvatu p튽ac civapurattut terukka�am m贍ikaika�um civa춁iy� u�arttuki췃a춁. "v惜an�r t涉ki ma웏iy튾pi v惜pi웏iy� 遵춁mil c�la mu�aiyav� - y勝amil� ve應ai ya�ital�l v및at turip틆tta va應al� p튽um va�ivu�aiya - vo應iya m葉am..............." ㅰ춁 ul� e�춙m p퉟uruvattil� itu or uruvakat tu�i e췃u k�웏l�ma췃�. icci웫 uruvakamum mu윜uruvaka m�yamaintu應atu. o應iya m葉a�ka�il� ni웛i췃a춁r o椿비i m�tar. ve윜i v�ra� oruva� pava춊 varuvataip p튽av� �ca춙m varuki췃惜. at�tak ka웤a춁iy�yi춙m u�maip튽ak k葉�ivi�um ti웏� kavi쨅r pir惜ukku椿u. ........................튋웫k ko�iyum pat�kaiyu� ko윜ak ku�aiyum va�ivu�aiya to�kalu� c養uk - ka�ikama�um p�m惜 karu�ku�al� ru應am putitu�p惜 v�m惜a v�ca�." pallavark�la ilakkiyap pa�puka�il o췃u akk�lak kavi쨅ri�attuk k性appa�um 饍nta tami� mo�ip pa윜�kum. camayamum mo�iyum kaik틊tuk ko椿� ce췃a춁. i웏iva�� virumpik k뱉�at�kac c퉗ki犁r cuv�mika� k�웫m ul�vaip p葉iya n�ya��rum nirampiya tami�p pa윜u u�aiyar�yk k性appa�uki췃�r. m�lvi�aim퉘 vanta n�yakaraik ka椿u mammar ma춁tta乙ya ma�antaip pe黜ai varu�ikkum po�utu. "o應iya t�ntami�i� teyva va�iv贍" e췃u ci웏ppuc ceyki췃�r. t�ntami�i웛um teyvat ta춎aikkum to�arpu k性appa�uki웏 tallav�? pi웛�lattil� t벼웙ya ul� n�lka� palavum tami�p pa윜aik k葉�uva춁v�ka u應a춁. �tiyul� �ciriyar ittu웏iyil va�ik葉�iyu應�r e췃� karutat t벼웫ki웏tu. peru�k�ppiya va�ik葉�iy惜a tiruttakka t퉣ar. "tami� ta璃iya c�yalavar" e췃u p葉um po�utu, c퉟am惜i� centami�t ti웏ttai ni춁ivu k�잀ma� p튻a mu�iy�tu, 'tami� v퉚tar' e췃u nampi �r�raip p�r葉�uki췃�r c퉗ki犁r. tami� v퉚tari� na�pi웛ut takuntavar� c퉟am惜 e춑atil e應a�avum aiyamillai. ul�vil ma葺umi췃it t�m p葉iya 'tiruv�r�r mumma�ikk틍ai' e�춙m n�lilum, akapporu� ne웙yaip pa윜iy� p�kka�ai amaittu應�r. ul� aka춁inti�aikku� a�akk�tatu p튽av� ivar p葉iya ant�tip p葉alka�ilum pala aka춁inti�aiyall�ta춁. ivai y�va윜aiyum n튻kum p틊u, potuv�ka akapporu�aiyum, ci웏pp�ka ata춁ic c�rntatum c�r�tatum惜a kaikki�ait ti�aiyaiyum a�inilaiy�kak ko椿u, p퉟i춑a ne웙yil centami�kkuc ci웏pput tarum p�kka�aip p葉iyu應�r e췃u tu�intu k�웏l�m. i�tu ka葺upp葉�ukku� irunta k�talukkuk ki�aitta oruvakaiy惜a vi�utalaiyi� vi�aivu e췃um k�웏l�m. 8. cittar tattuvam tami� mo�i to춎aiy惜atu; varal�윜up puka� pa�aittatu. ilakkiyac celvam nirampiyatu; tattuva va�am u�aiyatu e췃ell�m a�ikka�i palar k�웏k k뱉ki췃튾. ikkuralka�i� mattiyil pa�antami�ar ka椿a viㄴ惜a n튻kum a웙vum, p틊iya�avu mukkiyattuvam pe웏villai e췃� k�웫tal v뱝�um. ira椿�yiram varu�a�ka�ukku m퉘�kat to�arcciy惜a n�karika va�arcci ka椿a tami� makka� viㄴ惜attaip p틹웙y� vantu應a춁r. e춊춙m 惜m�kat tu웏ikkuk ko�ukkappa葺a muta춎aiyi� vi�aiv�kap poru�aip pa윜iya �yvu mella mellap pu웏kka�ikkappa�al�yi윜u. innilaiyil ata춁i 븍av�vatu p뱝i vanta a웙쨅r k�lattuk k�lam v饍ntu應a춁r. attakaiy틆aip pa윜iya cila ku웙ppuka�aik k�웫vat� ik ka葺uraiyi� n튻kam�kum. viㄴ惜a n튻kum a웙vum ma춊ta춙�aiya ka웤a춁iyi� vi�aivalla; v饍kkait t퉣aika�, avaciyap poru�ka� �kiyava윜i� a�ippa�aiyil t벼웫va춁 avai. ma춊ta� pa�aikkum karuvika�ait tu�aiy�kak ko椿u ma춊ta� ka椿upi�ippa춁v� viㄴ惜a u�maika�. ki웙ttu aptatti웛u 및u n�웫 varu�a�ka�ukku mu�춁ra�avil te�춊ntiy�vil v饍nta makka�, irumpi� pa�paiyum paya춁iyum a웙yat to�a�ki춁r. ata� pi�춁r� avarka� mu�u n�karika va�arcciyu웏t to�a�ki춁r e췃u varal�윜�ciriyar k�웫var. ikk�lap pakutiyai 'irumpuk k�lam' e춁vum peyari葺a�aippar. akk�lattil� v饍nta makka� pir퉡a�ka�ai a�akkam ceyvata웛up pala mu웏ika�aik kaiy性�a춁r. ava윜il o췃ut惜 peru�kal cava a�akkamu웏i e춁ppa�uvatu. nilattai aka�nta cavattai vaittuc cu윜ivarac cavappo葺ip튽ap peru�ka웛a�ai a�ukki vaippat� ivva�akkamu웏iyi� pirat惜a amcam�kum. �makkiriyaika�i� oru pakutiy�kac cavakku�ikku� palavitam惜a ma�p性�a�ka�ai vaippar. putaiporu� �r�ycciyi� vi�aiv�kat tolporu� �yv贍ar ittakaiya ma�p性�a�ka� palava윜ai �r�yntu應a춁r. karumai ni웏mum cemmai ni웏mum amainta ma�p性�a�ka�aic ceyta ammakka�ukku 틆a�avu irac�ya춁 a웙vu iruntiruttal avaciyam. ma黜aip palv튋u veppa nilaika�i� cu�ump틊u, atu ka웫pp�kavum civapp�kavum ni웏 v튋up葉a�aiki웏tu e춑ar; ma黜u�a� appirakm mutaliya v튋u poru�ka�aiyum kalattal v뱝�um. p性�attai va춁ivata웛uc cakkaram v뱝�um. ma�p性�ak kalai va�arcciyu�a� pa椿aiya irac�ya춁mum pautikamum t틹웏 nilaiyil arumpat to�ki vi葺a춁. ittakaiya c養alil퉧� irumpum va�akki웛u vantatu. n�karika va�arcciyi� muta웤a�iyi춁it tami� makka�um ulakatti� pi웏 pakutika�il v饍nta makka�aip p튽a viㄴ惜a a웙vi� tu�aiko椿� ka�anta춁r. anta varal�윜u nilaikkup pi�춁r tami�c camut�yattil etta춁iy� m�윜a�ka� nika�nta춁; tattuvam va�arntatu; camaya�ka� ni웫va춁�ka乙ka uruppe윜a춁. to�il ceyv틆 to�il ceyy�t틆 e�춙m p�kup葉u nilaittatu. a웙var a웙vill�t�r e�춙m pi�avu t벼웙yatu. iva윜i웛튋pa viㄴ惜attilum m�윜am 튋pa葺atu. pur�ta춁 viㄴ惜a a웙vi� paya��ka a췃aiya ma춊ta� peritum muya췃u ma黜�l p性�a�ka�aic ceyt惜. ava윜i� paya춁ip pe윜惜. pi��贍il cilar ma�p性�attaip paya춁윜a a�intu p튻um ma춊ta v饍vi웛u oppi葺u m�y�v�tam p퉏i춁r. viㄴ惜am va�ar�tu pi춗a�kiyatu. viㄴ惜am e춑atu ca�apporu�ka�aip paric틊ittu �r�yvati� m�lam ava윜i웛i�aiy� cila u웏vu mu웏ika�aik ka椿a웙vat�kum. u웏vuka�aik k性pata웛uc cila k비p葉uka� avaciyam�ki췃a춁. nir�pikkappa葺a k비p葉uka� u�maika乙ki췃a춁. avvu�maika�aik k비p葉uka乙kak ko椿u m퉘um putiya paric�la춁ika�aic ceyyavum ava윜i춁i nir�pikkavum v�yppu 튋pa�uki웏tu. ittakaiya oru to�ar nilaiy�kav� viㄴ惜a a웙vu mu��튋uki웏tu. e춁v� ca�apporu�ka�ai 튋웫kko�vatum, ava윜i춁i �yvatum viㄴ惜a n튻ki� muta웤a�iy�kum. 惜�l, intiy�vil� t벼웙 va�arnta perump�l惜a tattuva tarica춁�ka� ita춁i 튋웫k ko�vatillai. poru�ka�um pirapa쨇amum anittiyam惜avai e췃um, i웏iva� allatu piramam� mu�umuta� poru� e췃um, atu ca�apporu�ka�ukku app�웤a葺atu e췃um attattuva�ka� k�웫m. ivv�tam惜atu karuttukka�i� piratipalipp� poru�ka� e�춙m karuttu mutal v�tam�kum. ivv�tam viㄴ惜a n튻ki웛um ata� apiviruttikkum ukantatu a췃u e춑atu ve�ippa�ai. curu�kak k�웙�, ulakil� karuttu mutal v�tatti웛um poru� mutal v�tatti웛umi�aiy� nilavivarum mura�p葉�i춁i i�kut te�iv�kak k性al�m. k性pa춁va윜aik ka�akke�uttup pa쨇ap�ta�ka�i� nu�pattai nu�uki a웙yavaippatu viㄴ惜am e춊l, 'k性pa춁vell�m poy: k性�tatu o췃u u椿u; ata춁i ma춁tti� tu�aiko椿u t뱉u' e춁k k�웫vatu ila�ciyav�tat tattuvam. v퉡a, upani�ata k�lattil퉧� ipp틆葉�an to�a�kivi葺atu. i췃uvarai pala cantarppa�ka�il poru� mutal v�tamum viㄴ惜a n튻kum 涉k涉kut talai t�kki춁. c惜읃r ilakkiya�ka�il� ita춁ik k性al�m. nalvi춁i, pi웏v�nilai mutuliyava윜il� nampikkai ill�tavarai ma춁tti� ko椿u k틄peru쨇붓a� oru p葉alaip p葉iyu應惜. itu pu웏n惜�윜i� k性appa�um. c涉kiyam, cama�am, pauttam, y튻am mutaliya tattuva camayak karuttukka� tami�n葉�il paraviya k�lattil viㄴ惜ac c�yal poruntiya pala cinta춁ika� ilakkiya n�lka�ilum tattuva�ka�ilum etirolikkal�yi춁. e춊춙m, vaitika camayak karuttukka�um can�ta춁 tarumamum� peruva�akk�ka nilavi춁. iva윜i� mattiyil� tamm�liya췃a�avu u�arcci p�rvam�kav묶um viㄴ惜ap pa�pi춁i va�arkka mu춁intavar cilarirunta춁r. avaraic cittar e췃a�aikkal�yi춁r. cittarka� e췃�l 'a웙var' e춑atu poru�; vi�a�kiya a웙vuraiya�aivar e춁l�m. tami� n葉�il� pati�e� cittaraip pa윜iya va�akkum ceviva�ic ceytika�um u應a춁. cila potup pa�puka�aiy� ku웙kkal�m. tami� n葉�il� cittarka� iya윜i춁v�ka, iracav�tam, vaittiyam, m�ntirikam, c�muttirik�la�ca�am, ir퉗ai c�ttiram, v惜a c�ttiram mutaliya tu웏ika�aic c�rnta n�lka� k性appa�uki췃a춁. iva윜i� pala i�춙m 튽aiccuva�ika乙kav� ki�akki췃a춁. v퉡�ntac c�rpu應a i웏it tattuva�ka� y�vum, "k�yam� poy; u�alai vi�uttu uyiri� 蜃튋웏tti웛�ka u�ai' e췃� m�y�v�tam p퉏i춁. ipp튻kai va춎aiy�kak ka椿ittu ma웫tta춁r cittar. tami�il� tirum�lar muta� mutal�ka ivvetirk kuralukku uruva�ko�utt�r e춁l�m. tirumantirattil� palavi�a�ka�il u�ampi� i췃iyamaiy�maiyai va웤u웫ttuki췃�r tirum�lar. ".................u�ampo�u cetti葺u iruppar civay튻ika� "u�amp�r a�iyil uyir�r a�ivar." "u웫tu�aiy�vatu uyirum u�ampum." "u應am peru�k틐il 耶 u�ampu �layam." tirum�lari� ikkaruttukka� m�y�v�tatti웛u n퉟 mura鎚춁 meymmai v�tattai a�i nilaiy�kak ko椿avai. tirum�lar oru cittar. tirumantirattai 'tantiram' e췃um k�웫vatu椿u. tantiram e춑atu intiy�vil� pa椿uto葺u va�arntu vanta oru va�ip葉�u mu웏i. ivvu�ali� tu�aikko椿� ivvu�ali� m�lam�kav�-p퉟i춑attai a�aiyum u�maiyaik k葉�uva춁 y튻am, tantiram mutaliya춁. kiriyaika�, ca�a�kuka�, mantira ucc葉a춁�ka�, u�a웤ayi웒i, u�alvalimai mutaliyava윜u�a� neru�kiya to�arpu ko椿a춁. y튻amum, tantiramum, ma춊ta u�alukku u�mai- mey e�춙m peyarai meyy�kak k�웙yavarka� tantirav�tika�. anta�avi웛u avarka� meymai v�tika�. cittarka�i� ippa�puka�aip pa윜i, c�mi citampara��r k�웫vatu varum�웫: "cittar p葉alka�ai 饍ntu pa�itt�l, avarka� vaitika matatti웛u etir惜avarka乙kav� k性appa�uki췃a춁r. vaitika matak ko�kaika� palava윜ait t�kkuki췃a춁r. 惜�l avarka� ta�ka�ai n�ttikar e췃�, ulak�yatarka� e췃� ve�ippa�aiy�kac collik ko應avillai. ve�ippa�aiy�kap p葉avillai. ka�avu� a춑arka� p튽av� k葉ciya�ikki췃a춁r. �yi춙m cittarka�i� p葉alka�il� ulak�yatattai - n�ttikattaip pa윜iya ka椿a춁�ka�um k性appa�avillai e춑atu ku웙ppi�attakkatu. i췃aiya viㄴ惜ika�um, 惜m� ta춊tta oru poru� e춑atai oppuk ko應avillai. 惜m� e춁 o췃u ta춊y�ka matav�tika� colluki췃a pa�i a�iy�ta ta춊pporu乙ka illaiye춑at� pala viㄴ惜ika� karuttu. cittarka�i� ko�kai ita웛u ottiruppataik k性ki읃m." cittarka�aip pa윜ik k�ytal uvattal i췃i �r�yntavarka� y�varum 퉗틄itta kurali� k�웫vatu itut惜. cittarka�aip pa윜iyum avarka�atu irac�v�tattaip pa윜iyum e�utiya 틆 �r�yccik ka葺uraiyil�, kumpak빎am k�.ci. v�rar�kava aiyar ivv�웫 k�웙yu應�r: "perump�l惜a cittarka� ca�karari� orumaiv�tat tattuvattaiyum intukka�i� vikkiraka va�ip葉�aiyum etirttu ma웫ttavar�kav� k性appa�uki췃a춁r." ivv�웫 cittarka� vaitika camayattai etirttu ni웛avum, vaitika ne웙yi춁rum avarka�ait ta應i vaitta춁r. mikac cam�pak�lam varai caiva citt�ntika�um cittar n�lka�ai vilakki vaittirunta춁r. tami� ilakkiya varal�웫 e�utiya k�.cu. pi應ai mutaliya cilar� cittar p葉alka�um ka웛at takunta춁 e춁k k�웫t to�a�ki춁r. marapu va�i varum karuttukku e�uttukk葉焌kap pi춚arum iru m튋k븍ka� amaiyum. "ituk�웫m caiva c�ttira varicaiyil� nu�aivata웛u i�am pe잀ta pa쨇ama nilaiyil� ni웛um cittar n�l avviy�cattil akkirast惜am pe윜uvi葺atu. "caiva camayattait t�pittu upakaritta caiva camaya kuravarka� ka웤itta va�iyaik kaippi�ittu o�ukum caiva makka�um cittar n�lai n튻kavum icaiv�r�? oruk�lum icaiy�r." m튋k嚴�iya iru k�윜ukka�um mu웏iy� vi.citampara r�mali�kam pi應ai, tirunelv퉘i m�. c�mpaciva pi應ai �kiy틆�l tirun惜ma웏i vi�akka �r�ycci e�춙m n�li� k�웏ppa葺avai. tami�ari�aiy� nilaviya c�tiyamaippi춑a�i, pa쨇amar n�l varu�attukkup pu웏mp惜a varu�att�r; cittarka�aip pa쨇ama nilaiyil u應틆 e췃u k�웫vatu u윜u n튻kattakkatu. curu�kak k�웙�, vaitika camaya ellaikku app�웤a葺avarka� e췃a karuttuk k�웏ppa�uki웏tu. vaitika camayika�i� k틄�v퉏atti웛uk k�ra�am emakkut terintat�. i�aikk�lac camut�yam v퉡a v饍kkaiyai m�l�t�ram�yk ko椿u varu鎚cirama tarumatti� a�ippa�aiyi� ka葺iye�uppappa葺iruntatu. v퉡a va�akko�u m�웫pa�um etuvum �kkur튰attu�a춌a椿ikkappa葺atu. cittarka類 a�ippa�aiyaiy� k비ari ko椿u ve葺i춁r. "catur v퉡am a웫vakaic c�ttiram pala tantiram pur性a�ka�aic c�윜um �kamam vitam vitam 惜at惜a v튋u n�lka�um v辰惜a n�lka� e췃u 葉�y p�mp�!" itu p�mp葉�ic cittar p葉al; itaivi�ak ko�iya t퉣a ninta춁iyum, pa�ipparaiyum v튋u e�춁 iruntirukka mu�iyum? intu marapu va�ic camut�yam pu춊tattilum pu춊tam惜avai e췃u p틹웫va춁va윜ai 'v辰惜avai' e췃u a�ittuk k�웫ki잀r p�mp葉�ic cittar. tiru.v�rar�kava aiyar ku웙ppi葺a vikkiraka va�ip葉�etirppukkum it� cittari� p葉alo췃ai ut�ra�am�kap p�rkkal�m. 'u�iyi葺a ka웒ilaiyil u椿� u�arcci ulakatti� m嚴arka�ukku u椿� u�arcci pu�iyi葺a cempil ku윜am p튾� aㄴ惜am p튻�tu m嚴arkke췃u 葉�y p�mp�" ci웒ila parip晟aika�il tavira, cittarka�i� mo�i na�ai pa�aku tami�il amaintiruppata��l p葉alka� vi�akkam v뱝焌 e�imaiyu�aiya춁v�y iruppatum kava춊kkattakkat�. p�mara makka�ai n튻kiy� ivai p葉ap pe윜a춁 e춑atu ita��l u웫tippa�uki췃atu. camayattu웏iyil pura�cik kuralaiye�uppiyatu p튽a, cam�kat tu웏iyilum ta�ar�ta camattuva v�tika乙ka avarka� tika�nta춁r. "camaya p퉡am palav惜a c�ti p퉡a�ka� camayatt틆k k퉧all�tu ca웒�tuk ka�ukk�?" e췃um. "c�tip pirivi춊l� t�m嚴�uv튾 cantai ve�iyi춊l k튽 n葉�uv튾" e췃um "c�tiy�vatu 퉡a焌? calam tira椿a n�rell�m p�ta v�cal o췃al�? p�tam aintum o췃al�?" e췃um, acaikka mu�iy�ta u웫tipp葉�u�a춙m, ta�춁mpikkaiyu�a춙m, 饍nta nampikkaiyu�a춙m p葉i춁r cittar. civav�kkiyar p벼읃ratu kural ematu k�lattatu p튽ac camut�ya u�arvu t틐ntu應atu. iva윜aiyell�m n튻kum po�utu cittarka� ki�arcciy贍ar (Rebels) e췃� k�웏t t벼웫ki웏tu. k湜� n�m k葉�iyu應a oppumaip pakutika�ai avat惜ikkumi�attu avv�웫 k�웫vatu poruttam�kak k性appa�um. camayattu웏iyil avarka� ve�ikk葉�iya etirppu, u�maiyil cam�kat tu웏iyil irunta mura�p葉�i� vi�aiv퉧�m. a췃aiya nilaiyil avarka� tammait t�m� cam�kattiliruntu vilakkik ko椿a춁r. tamakkup pi�ikk�ta춁va윜ai 튋웫 v饍vatilum otu�ki v饍vatu m퉘 e춁k karuti춁r. a쨇�tu tamatu u應ak ki�akkaiyaip p葉it ta應iya p틊um, ata��l camut�ya m�윜attaik k性a mu�iy�tiruntatu. avarka� etaiyum ku웙kk븍�kak ko椿u iyakkam na�attavillai. ma춁m opp�tava윜aic c葉i��rka�. atu etirma웏ic ceyal�kum. ata��l n퉟a�iy惜a �kkap pa�ika�aic ceyya iyal�tu p틐i윜u. t뱄kit tampittu ni췃a camut�yattil valimaiyu�a� vi�a�kiya pautika vat�ta v�tattaiyum karuttu mutal v�tattaiyum p틆葉um m�rkkam avarka�ukkut teriyavillai. cittarka�aip p벼웏 cilar�l amm�윜am na�aipe윜irukka m葉焌tu. ata웛uriya varal�윜u ka葺am a췃irukkavumillai. �kav� can�ta춊ka�i� mu�u m�cc惜a etirppai etirttu ni웛avalla itayak kumu웏lka�aip p葉iyat비u tiruptiya�ai v뱝�iyavar�yi춁r. innilaiyi� cila cittarka� k�yakalpam, iracav�tam, mutuliya na�aimu웏i m�rkka�ka�il kava춁� celuttal�yi춁r. avai 틆a�avukku makka�i� apil晟aika�aiyum ta�uviya춁v� yamainta춁. m�tavar iya윜iya 'carva tarica춁 ca�kirakam' e�춙m n�lil ir�c퉏uvara tarica춁ttaip pa윜ic cila cuvaiy惜a karuttukka� k性appa�uki췃a춁. irac�v�tatti��l k湜惜a ul튻a�ka�aip po���ka m�윜al�m e췃u pa椿aik k�latti� palar nampiyatu p튽av� iracav�tatti��l ma춊ta u�alaiyum a�iy�mal nilaikkac ceyyal�m e춁 avarka� nampi춁r. ma춊ta u�al ka黜i웛um, pula춌a�ukkum pulappa�uvatu; e춁v� atu u�mai. ata췃i, u�alai vi葺api� uyir p퉟i춑am a�aiyume췃a k�윜i웛u �t�ram k틆i 性ittiram�kak k뱉�avarka� ir�c퉏uvarav�tika�; caiva camayatti� oru pirivi춁r�kav� ivarka� vi�a�ki춁re춊춙m poru�ka�aip pa윜iya meymmai v�tatti웛u mukkiyattuvam a�itta춁r. "ma춊ta춙�aiya ila�ciyam p퉟i춑am a�aivat�. atai a�aivata웛u mutalil ㅰ춁m t퉣ai. vittaiyi� m�lam� ㅰ춁ttaip pe웫tal k嚴um. vittai cittippata웛u n틐a윜a v饍vu avaciyam. u�al nalla ti�ak�ttiram�ka iruppata웛u utavupavai appirakam (Mica) p�taracam (Mercury) �kiya ira椿um. ivv�웫 k�웫var ir�c퉏uvar�tika�. iracar�avam e�춙m n�lil k틍inta pakava� e�춙m pa椿ait cittar ivv�웫 k�웙yu應at�ka m�tavar k�웫var. appirakam, p�tacaram �kiya ira椿um mu웏iy� p�rvatiyaiyum civa춁iyum ku웙ppat�kap parip晟ai p퉏uvar cittarka�. avvira椿aiyum u�ali� p�ciyum, pi웏 m�likaika�aiyum tir�vaka�ka�aiyum u�ko椿um palv튋u cittika�aip pe웏l�m e췃u cittarka� e黜i춁r. ivvita nampikkaika�ukku a�ippa�aiy�ka u應atu u�alaip pa윜iya karuttu. 'u�al nittiyam惜atu; i춊maiy惜atu; nallatu. ulakam i춊yatu' e춑atu cittar v�kku. ita��l ulakiyal avarka� cinta춁iyil mukkiyattuvam pe윜atu. pe웏v�, tu웏vum poymmai v�tamum ka椿ikkappa葺a춁. ma윜틆 iracav�ta n�l�ciriyar pi춚arum�웫 k�웙yu應�r: "citaiva윜a nilaip튋u�aiya u�ali춁ivi�ap p퉟i춑a mayam惜atu v튋e�춁 iruttal k嚴um? viㄴ惜am ci웏ppu, celvam, i춑am vi�utalai, �kiyava윜i� ka�a쨇iyam atuva췃�!" ir�c퉚tira cint�ma�i e�춙m n�li� to�akkattil퉧� pi춚arum�웫 k�웏ppa�um: "e�춙�aiya contap paric틊a춁ika�i� vi�aiv�kak ka椿ava윜aiy� n惜 vi�ampuv묶; n惜 paric틊itta웙nta p�taraca �yvuka鍮 e춁tu n�li� k�웏ppa葺u應a춁. paric틊a춁ika� na�atta mu�iy�tavai pa윜ip p퉏uvarka� v辰� muyalki췃a춁r." curutika�aiyum, cimirutika�aiyum, �kama�ka�aiyum piram性am�kak ko椿a m�y�vatika�i� kuralukkum m튋k�웙yava윜i웛um ettu�ai v튋up葉u椿u e춑atu 饍ntu kava춊kkattakkatu. ulakattaiyum m惜i�a u�alaiyum meyye춁k ko椿avarka� cittarka�. u�al-ulakam - u�mai e�춙m acaikka mu�iy�ta nampikkaiyilirunt� avaratu viㄴ惜a n튻kum, at�vatu paric틊a춁i v뱉kaiyum t퉣aiyum va�arnta춁. appirakam, kantakam, p�taracam mutaliya pat�rtta�ka�i� iracav�ta �yv惜atu, potuv惜a va�arccikku utaviyatu. tamatu �r�yccikk�kap palv튋u karuvika�ai - yantira�ka�ai - avarka� amaitta춁r. t튽ayantiram, cuv퉡a춊yantiram, pata춁 yantiram, t�payantiram mutaliya춁 ava윜u� cila. u�alukku u웫tiyum u웫tu�aiyum a�ippata웛u ul튻a�ka�aiyum m�likaika�aiyum nu�uki �r�ynta춁r cittarka�. ita� vi�aiv�kac citta vaittiyam va�arntatu. ul튻a vakaika�, iracavakaika� mutaliyava윜�l ceyyum maruntuka�, tami� n葉�uc cittaru�aiya ta춊mu웏i e췃u palar k葉�iyu應a춁r. paspam, cent�ram, tir�vakam mutaliya춁 immu웏iyaic c�rnta춁. ul튻a vakaika�ai marunt�ka m�윜uvata웛u irac�ya춁mum, m�윜iyata� vi�aivu vaittiyap poru乙kavum ka椿a tami�c cittarka�, makka� c�k�mal v饍al�m e�춙m u�al u�maiyai yo葺iy� tamatu paric�la춁ika�aic ceyta춁r. ul튻a�ka�aiyum, t�tup poru�ka�aiyum m�likaika�aiyum takka camayattil� pe윜u, uriya ta�paveppa nilaika�il vaittu, ukanta mu웏iyil� paya춑a�uttuvata웛up paruva�ka�aip pa윜iya a웙vu t퉣aiy�ka iruntatu. ita춁iyo葺i v惜ilai a웙tal avaciyam�yiruntatu. ita� paya��ka v惜a c�stiram va�arntatu. ata� upapiriv�kac c틊i�amum virintatu. ivva�avu muya췃u u�alaip p�tuk�ttu i춑am ka椿a avarka� u�al a�akaip pa윜i cintippatu iyalpallav�? u�alamaippaip pa윜i nu�uki �r�yvatum iyalput惜�. u�alukku ittu�ai muta춎ai a�ittavarka� u�a웛�웫 c�ttirattai va�artta춁r. itu c�muttirik� la�ca�am e�춙m peyaril cittarka乙l �r�yappa葺atu. itupa윜i ti.n�.cuppirama�iya� pi춚arum�웫 k�웙yu應�r: "viㄴ惜a mu웏ippa�i c�muttirik� la�ca�amum oru c�ttiram퉧�kum e춑atai nir�pittu, l�vatar, c�rlas 焌rvi� �kiy틆 e�utiyirukki잀rka�. c�muttirik� la�ca�am u�a웛�웫 c�ttirattai a�ippa�aiy�kak ko椿atu. nav勝a viㄴ惜a mu웏ippa�i atai �r�ynt�l ira椿u vi�aya�ka� te�iv�kum. u應attu iyalpuka�il k性um v튋up葉uka�ukku 튋pav� pu웏tt틹웏ttil k性um v튋up葉uka� amaiyum e춑atu o췃u. u�ali� potu amaippukku 튋pav� ovv틆 u웫ppum amaintirukkum. atup튽a ovv틆 u웫ppum u�ali� motta amaippi� oru p�kam�kum e춑atu ira椿�vatu." ivv�웫 irac�ya춁m, t�vara c�ttiram, vaittiyam, v惜ac�ttiram, u�a웛�웫 c�ttiram, c틊i�am mutaliya pala a웙viya� tu웏ika�ilell�m cittar v�kkuka鍮 namatu marapu mu웏i viㄴ惜atti� ci웏ntu vi�a�kuki췃a춁. makka� y�varukkum potuv惜a a웙viyal tu웏ika�il 蜃upa葺a cittarka� tamatu k�lattukkup p튽ic c�ttira�ka�, c�tip p�kup葉uka�, kuru葺u nampikkai, vaitikap pa윜u, matave웙, t�ymai v�tam, v퉡a va�akku �kiyava윜aip pala va�ika�il etirttatil viyappetuvumillai. 惜�l ata� k�ra�am�kav� meymmai v�tika乙춁 avarka� k퉣alam k�ya cittika�, cuyanalamika�, m�ntir�karka�, citta cuv�t勝ama윜avarka� e췃ell�m nintikkappa葺a춁r. t余ikkappa葺a춁r. cam�kattil� pu웏kka�ikkappa葺a춁r. u�춁tam惜a avarka�u�aiya viㄴ惜ap paric틊a춁ika� k湜ttaram惜a mantira j�la vittaika乙kavum, ka�ka葺u vittaika乙kavum, ala�ciyam ceyyappa葺a춁. ivai y�va윜i� vi�aiv�kavum cittarka� camut�yattil iruntu otu�kiyum, otukkappa葺um v饍nta춁r. avartam karuvika� iyantira�ka� - va�arcciya�aiya villai. curu�kakk�웙�, cam�kattil� u�alu�aipp贍arukkum puttic�vika�ukkum i�aiy� pi�avu t벼웫m po�utu viㄴ惜am t뱄kuki웏tu. v饍kkaiyum viㄴ惜amum i�aint�la췃i u�maiy惜a viㄴ惜a virutti 튋pa�utal c�ttiyama췃u. tami� n葉�i� mattiyak�la varal�웫 ita웛ut takka c惜잀kum. m묶葉焌ri� to�arpi��lum, putiya cam�ka 튋p葉uka�i��lum viㄴ惜ak kalvi, namatu cam�kattilum ippo�utu paravi varuki웏tu. at� camayattil atu putiya cam�ka 튋웏tt饍vuka�ai u椿�kki varuki웏tu. viㄴ惜at tu웏iyil u�aipp틆 uyar nilaiyai eytum v�yppum, pi웏r t饍vu nilai pe웫m c養nilaiyum uruv�ki췃atu. ituvum arttama윜at�. ittakaiya piracci춁ika�ukkup pi�춁�iy�kap pa椿aiya viㄴ惜atti� varal�웫 pala p葉alka�ai emakkup puka葺um. cittarka�aip pa윜ic cintikkum p틊u c勝a t퉏attup pa椿aikk�la ㅰ춊yar惜a t�v틐ika� (Taoists) ni춁ivukku var�ma� p튻�r. iru c�r�rukkum mika neru�kiya o윜umaika� u應a춁. c勝�vil� pauttamum, ko춑�siyas matamum pa椿aiya k�lam to葺up peruva�akkam�ka iruntu vantu應a춁. �yi춙m t�v� m�rkkamum c勝avaral�윜i� ci웏ppu i�am pe윜u應atu. ulakama乙viya ka黜비�attaip pe윜irunta mak�kavi p�ratiy�r tamatu cuyacaritaiyil "n�mamuyar c勝attut t�vu m�rkkam" e춁k ku웙ppi葺u應�r. tami�akattuc cittarukkum t�v틐ika�ukkum oppumaika� m�ttirama췃i, n퉟a�iy惜a to�arpuka�u mikuntirukki췃a춁. itil �cciriyappa�uvata웛u etuvumillai. ivaiyira椿um - cittarka� tattuvam t�v틐iyamum- 튋att饍a or� ta춎aiy惜a c養alil� t벼웙 va�arnta춁. cittarka�, cittavaittiyam, iracav�tam mutaliyava윜ai va�arttatu p튽av� c勝att�v틐ika�um t퉗av�tam, vaittiyam, iracav�tam mutaliyava윜ai uruv�kki춁r... "c勝�vil� iracav�tam t�v틐iyatti� a�ippa�aiyil퉧� cuyam�kat t벼웙yatu." e춌i잀r �.es.j벼ca�. at� camayattil pa椿aikk�lam to葺� te� intiy�vi웛um c勝atti웛um palavitam惜a to�arpuka� iruntu應a춁. ce�춁ip palkalaik ka�aka ve�iy蜃惜a (lekcika�) akar�tiyai oruvar pura葺ip p�rtt�l, cum�r muppattaintu co웛a� - poru�peyarka� 'c勝am' e췃a a�aipe� 웏춁v�kak k性al�m. iva윜il pala vaittiyat to�arpu�aiya춁v�y iruppatu ku웙ppi�attakkatu. cittarka�ukkum c勝a n葉�uc cittarukkum ne�u�k�lam�kav� u웏vu iruntu varuvat�ka ceviva�ic ceytika� k�웫ki췃a춁. itupa윜ic c�mi citampara��r k�웫ki잀r: "namatu n葉�uc cittarka�um, c勝a n葉�uc maruttuvarka�ukkum �yirakka�akk惜a 性�uka葺u mu춑� to�arpu u椿u e췃u teriki웏tu... c勝a n葉�u vaittiyam namatu n葉�uc citta vaittiyam p튽av� ci웏ntu vi�a�kaki췃atu... p튻ar e춑avar tami� n葉�uc cittarka�il� oruvar�kak karutappa�uki잀r. ivar c勝ar, c勝attiliruntu tami�akattukku vantavar. pa�a춊 malaiyil� ta�kiyirunt�r. pulipp性i e춑avarum c勝ar. ivaraiy� 'viy�krap�tar' e췃u ku웙ppi�uki췃a춁r. ivar p튻ari� m性avar e췃um colki췃a춁r. v�rar�kava aiyaravarka� tamatu ka葺uraiyil� p튻ar tami� n葉�ukku vanta k�lattait tu�iya mu웤a�uki잀r. "p튻ar tami�i� pala vaittiya n�lka�um iracav�ta n�lka�um e�uti��r. c勝attavar惜a avar ki.pi. m耶잀m n�윜性�il intiy�vukku vant�re춑ar. mutalil p葉��, kay�, mutaliya i�a�ka�ukkuc ce췃api�, te�춊ntiy�vukku vantu, tami�c cittari�am iracav�tamum vaittiyamum ka윜�r. avarum ittu웏ika�ait tami�arukkup p틊itt�r. te�춊ntiy�viliruntu ar�piy�vukkuc ce췃u, a�kiruntu t�yakam tirumpi��r e춑atu ait�kam. avaru�a� c勝attukkuc ce췃a tami�c c蜃arka� cilar po웙yiya� kalaika� payi췃u vantu tami� n葉�i� puka�eyti춁r. pulipp性i e춑avar p튻aru�a� vantu tami� n葉�il ta�kiyiruntavar. avarum tantiram, iracav�tam, vaittiyam mutaliya춁va윜aip pa윜ip pala n�lka� e�utiyu應�r. tiru. v�rar�kava aiyarum, c�mi citampara��rum tami�n葉�il� paramparai paramparaiy�ka nilavi varum ceytika�aiy� tokuttuk k�웫ki췃a춁r. pala n�윜性�uka乙ka nilaittu vanta ivv�ymo�ic ceytika� perump�lum u�maiy惜avaiy�. ava윜ai ma웫ppata웛u v뱝�iya �t�ra�ka� illai. ivv�웫 tami� n葉�uc cittarukkum c勝at t�v틐ika�ukkum varal�윜ut to�arpuka� iruntu vant�lum, iru c�r�ril oru pakutiyi춁�amiruntu ma웫c�r�r it tattuva�ka�aip pe윜uk ko椿a춁r e췃u ko應a v뱝�iyatillai. avv�웫 ko�vatu an�vaciyam惜a piracci춁ika�il emmai i�uttu v湜ttuvatu ma葺umi췃ic cam�kaviya� karuttukka�ukku mura鎚kavum irukkum. v튋oru cantarppattil� p퉟�ciriyar n�t�m k�웫vatu i�kum poruttam�kak k性appa�uki웏tu. "karuttukka� 틆i�attiliruntu ma윜aiya i�attukkuc ce췃u paravi춁 e춑atai n惜 튋웫k ko應a m葉朱�. or� ta춎aiy惜a piracci춁ika�ai �yum or� ta춎aitt惜a u應a�ka� or� mu�ivukku varum e춁 etirp�rkkal�m." oppiyal �yvu paya춙應at�ka amaiyav뱝�i� ittakaiya 'orup�웛비�' ma춁 nilai attiy�vaciyam�kum. camaya campantam惜a cinta춁ika� pu�aipeyarvatu pa윜i u�춊kka v뱝�iya karutto췃aip p퉟�ciriyar tomca� �skilacum ate춃um e�춙m n�li� ku웙ppi葺u應�r. pur�ta춁 ekiptukkum kir퉗kattukkum u應a to�arpait te�ivu웫ttum p틊u pi춚arum�웫 e�utuki잀r: "camayak karuttukka� va�ikak k�윜il veku t�ra�ka�ukkum mitantu celki췃a춁 e춑atu�maiy�. �yi춙m, tammait t涉kat tay�r�yu應a ma黜il퉧� avai v퉟耶웙 nilaikki췃a춁. ava윜i� pi웤a葺a va�arcciyai 涉ku應a cu윜uc c養nilaika鍮 pirat惜am�ka nir�ayikki췃a춁. iru amaippuka�ukkum potuv�ka u應a amca�ka�i� mukkiyattuvattai matippi�uvata웛u, iru n葉�uk kamatto�ili� potuv惜a varal�윜up pi�춁�iyil ira椿aiyum vaittu n튻ki, iru amaippuka�ilum k性um v튋up葉uka�ai avvap pirat퉏atti� ci웏pp惜a varal�윜up pa�puka�i춁�ippa�aiyil vi�akka v뱝�um. ita춁it tiruptikaram�kac ceytu mu�itt�la췃ip paravalait ta춊ttavoru k�ra�iy�ka n�m �r�ytal iyal�tu." arumanta ivveccarikkaiyai ma춁ttirutti, cittarukkum, t�v틐ika�ukkumu應a o윜umai v튋웫maika�aic curukkam�ka �r�yv튾. iru c�r�rukkum to�arpu iruntatu varal�윜u�mai. ata� iyalpum paya춙m� ci웏pp�ka n튻kattakka춁. mutalil� t�v틐ika�aippa윜ic ci웙tu k�웫v튾. pa椿aik k�latti� c勝�vi� peruva�akk�yirunta camaya�ka� ira椿u: ko춑�ciyas matamum pauttamum� avvira椿um. iva윜aivi�a n葉�i� pirapalam�yirunta ne웙ka�u� t�v� m�rkkam o췃�kum. t�v� ne웙yi춁i matam e춁l porunt�tu. pauttattaip p튽av�, allatu ko춑�ciyas matattaip튽av� atu n葉�i� araca matam�ka vi�a�kiyatu illai. t�v� m�rkkattaip po웫ttavaraiyil ata� k�웫ka� pala, c勝�vi� pur�ta춁 varal�윜uk k�lattiliruntu va�iva�i varuki웏te춁c cila a웙쨅r cu葺ikk葉�uvar. intiy�vil� t벼웙ya tarica춁�ka�u� c涉kiyam to췃uto葺� nilavi varuvatup튽a, t�v� karuttukka�um mikap pa�a�k�lan to葺� c勝�vil iruntu vantavai. �yi춙m t�v틐ika� perump惜maiyi춁r�ka irukkavillai. pauttam ko춑�ciyasmatam mutaliya춁 ni웫va춁 va�ivamum arac涉ka �taravum pe윜ut tika�ntamaiy�l, ava윜aip pi춑a윜uvatu e�it�kavum paya춙應at�kavum iruntatu. mata�ka� makka� camut�yattil� k嚴�u ma춁pp惜maiyi� a�ippa�aiyi� ce�ittu va�arva춁. ci웒ila niyama�ka�ai y�varum 튋웫kko�vat� matatti� m�lav퉟�kum. ko춑�ciyas matam avv�읂 ta�aittu va�arntatu. ut�ra�am�ka, ko춑�ciyas m비cam e춁 o췃iruppat�ka 튋웫kko椿u, ma춊ta� nallamu웏iyil v饍ntu, i웫tiyil ata춁i a�aital, v뱝�um e췃u p틊itt�r. vaiyattil v饍v涉ku v饍um mu웏iyaiy� ko춑�ciyas matam a�uttik k�웙yatu; oru vakaiyil, ko춑�ciyas va應uvaraip p벼웏var. i�춐ruvakaiyil mu윜u mu�ut惜a camayav�ti. tamatu k�lattut tantaiva�ic camut�yattai mu�u ni웏iv惜at�kak ko椿a ko춑�ciyas, ma춊ta� kuravaraipp틹웙 v饍av뱝�ume춁p p틊itt�r; ka�amaika�aiyum ca�a�kuka�aiyum ma춊tar va�uv�tu ceyyav뱝�ume춁 va웤u웫tti��r. ko�kaiya�avil ivvupat퉏a�ka� uyarntavaiy�yiruppi춙m, ku�umpam, arac涉kam mutaliya ni웫va춁�ka� ma춊taraik ka葺uppa�uttuva춁v�yamainta춁. ca�a�kuka�um campirat�ya�ka�um malivatait ta�ukku� caktiya윜irunta춁. ko춑�ciyas a춑aiyum na�uvunilaimaiyaiyum e�utturaittap틊um, na�aimu웏iyil a�akkumu웏ikku etir�ka makka� e犁ma� p�rttuk ko應um tattavam�kav� avaratu p틊a춁i ceya웤a葺atu. ita웛u ma웫pp�kat t벼웙ya m�rkka�ka�il talaiy惜atu t�v� ne웙 e춁l�m. t�v틐ika� teyvatti� u�maiyai ma웫tt�rka� allar. 惜�l ca�a�ku - campirat�ya�ka�ai ve웫ttotukki춁r. c勝a meyyiyali� u應iyalpu e�춙m n�lil p퉟�ciriyar �pu� y�-l惜 pi춚arum�웫 k�웫ki잀r. "t�v틐iyam ta춊ttu v饍nt틆�lum 性�ika乙lum va�arkkappa葺atu. 'ulakattai ve웫ttotukkiyavarka�' e춁t tammaitt�m� k�웙kko椿avarka鍮 ata춁ip p뱝ip p틹웙춁r." ko춑�ciyas t�v틐ika� cilaraic cantittataip pa윜iya ceytika� lu춞� e췃a n�li� k�웫ppa葺u應a춁. ulakaik k�kkum n튻ka� ko椿irunta ko춑�ciyas, tamm�l atu �k�tu e춁t terintum, ata춁ic ceyya mu춁iki잀r e췃u att�v틐ika� k�웙춁r�m. "ni웫ttu! ni웫ttu! 葉ciyi� pa�ke�uppavarai �pattu etir n튻kuki웏tu. ulakame�kum kalakkamum ku�appamum nirampi u應a춁. ava윜ai ell�m m�윜a mu�iyum�? n�m emmaiy� k�pp�윜ikko�v튾. poru�ka�aip pu웏kka�ipp튾; v饍kkaiyaip p뱝uv튾." t�v틐ika� cilaratu k�윜�kak k�웏ppa�um mu웛�웙ya v�kkiya�ka� avarka�i� potuv惜a v饍kkait tattuvattait tira葺ik k�웫ki췃a춁 e춁l�m. ku�appamum kalakkamum ni웏inta ulaka v饍kaiyai ve웫ttotukkiya t�v틐ika� ulakil� m�윜ama윜a nilaiy惜a poru� o췃u u椿e춑atai 튋ka v뱝�iyavar�yi춁r. atuv� t�v�. atuv� o췃�kiyum palav�kiyum t벼웫ki웏tu. ivv�웫 cintitta t�v틐ika� tavirkka mu�iy�tapa�i pirapa쨇attaippa윜iyum iya웛aiyaippa윜iyum 饍am�ka u�춊tta춁r. iya웛ai m�윜a�ka�aip pa윜ic cila niyatika�aik ka椿a웙nta춁r. ava윜ai oruva� u�arntuko椿�l tu춑ami췃it ta춁tu v饍kkaiyai amaittuk ko應al�m e춁 e黜i춁r. curu�kakk�웙�, ma춊ta u�alaiyum ka黜u� karuttum�kap p뱝i춁r t�v틐ika�. iya웛aiyai 嚴uruvi u�춊tta avarka� "uyir� pirat惜am" e췃a춁r. ivv�웫 ko應avum, u�ampaip p뱝uvata웛u ukanta m�likaika�, au�ata�ka�, mantiratantira�ka� mutaliyava윜ait t뱉uvatu iyalp�yi윜u. pi웛�lattil cila t�v틐ika� karuttu mutal v�tatti� at�ta celv�kkuk k�ra�am�kak k�yattai poyye췃um, atiliruntu vi�utalai pe웫vat� v饍kkaiyi� ila�ciyam e췃um p틊itta춁r. �yi춙m t�v틐iyatti� a�ippa�ai t퉗av�tam, ca�av�tam e춑a춁v�. cakti (�윜al), iya웛ai viti mutaliyava윜ai 틆a�avu nu�ukkam�ka �r�ynta t�v틐ika� paramporu� o췃a춁i 튋웫kko椿ap틊um, pirapa쨇attaic ca�av�ta a�ippa�aiyil퉧� vi�akki춁r. 묶e춊l u�alu�aippai �t�ram�kak ko椿a paric�la춁ika�aic ceytavarka� t�v틐ika�. apparic�la춁ika� ve�it t틹웏tti웛u m�yavittaika�p튽ak k性appa葺apo�utilum, u�maiyil viㄴ惜a viruttikkum poru�v�tatti웛um neru�kiya to�arpu�aiya춁. itu ku웙ttup p퉟�ciriyar n�t�m c勝�vil viㄴ惜amum n�karikamum e췃a n�lil (ira椿�m tokuti. pak.34) k�웫va춁 a웙vu ko�uttu va춁v�yu應a춁: "viㄴ惜amum m�yavittaiyum ava윜i� to�akka nilaika�il v튋upa�uttip p�rkka mu�iy�ta춁. iya웛aiyai a�uttik k�웙ya t�v틐ika� k�lakkiramattil� tavirkkamu�iy�tapa�i ta춊y� avat惜ikkum pa�iyiliruntu paric�la춁i mu웏ikkuc ce췃a춁r. iracav�tam t�v틐ika� ka椿a웙nta m�lappa�iva viㄴ惜am� y�kum. marunt�kka iyalum maruttuvat tu웏iyum t�v틐ika�u�a� neru�kiya to�arpu�aiya춁v�. t�v틐ika� ve웫m avat惜ippiliruntu paric�la춁ikku mukkiyama�ittata� paya��ka a췃aiya kalvi mu웏iyil makatt惜avoru m�윜attai u椿�kki춁r. paric�la춁i e춑atu c養nilaiyai m�윜iyamaittu oru nika�vai avat惜ippatu�a� ni췃uvi�avillai. nilam惜iya mu웏iyil v饍nta uyarku�ip pi웏pp贍ar mattiyil� ul�viya ci웫 k嚴�atti춁r�kiya tattuvav�tika� kaiyiliruntum, aracavai c�rnta kalai ilakkiya k�rari�amiruntum, vilaki, u�alu�aipp�lum kaivi춁ika乙lum u�maika�aik ka椿a웙yum m�rkkattaip pukuttiyatu. ita��l t�v틐ika�atu karuttukka�aic ci웏pp�kak k�웫m v�yppill�tu p틐i윜u. mara�ama윜a v饍kkaiyai a�ikkavalla ku�ikaiyaic ceyyum poru葺u ulaikka�attil t�pp뱝ik ko椿irukkum iracav�tiyum, aimperum p�ta�ka�aiyum 性 pe� tattuvattaiyum e黜i avaipa윜iya vi�akkatt�l ma춁 amaitipe웫m ㅰ춊yum, p퉧pic�cuka�ai o葺uvata웛�ka yantirattaka�uka� v�rttu mantira ucc葉a춁� ceytu ma웏ivi춁ika� puriyum t�v틐iya m�yavittaikk�ra춙m a�ippa�aiyil oru nikar惜avar�. kaivi춁ika乙l iya웛ai ve췃a�akkiy贍al�m e�춙m nampikkai �tik�la m�yavittaik k�ra춙kkum viㄴ惜ikkum potuv惜atu. irakaciya ma@ai$웏ivi춁ic ceyalka�il nampikkai ko椿틆um, iva윜ai namp�ta pakutta웙v贍arum e춁 iru ti웏tt�r ulakil irunta춁r. n�t�m avarka�i� i웫tivaca춁m nu춊ttu n튻kat takkatu. ko춑�ciyas matam pakutta웙vi� p퉟il ka�amai, ka黜iyam, ka葺upp葉u, mutaliyava윜ai va웤u웫ttiyatu. ma�춁rka� ㅰ춊yar�ka irukka v뱝�um e춁vum ila�ciyav�tam p퉏i윜u. 惜�l na�aimu웏iyil pal�tk�ramum, il�pa n튻kum, �virakkama윜a cura椿alum� nilavi춁. e춁v�, ko�kaikkum ceyalukkum, citt�ntattukkum ceya� mu웏ikkum perumpi�aviliruntatu. 晟葉a p�titta춁mum p튽iyupac�ra�ka�um malinta춁. iva윜aiy� ve웫ttotukki춁r t�v틐ika�. ippa�pu ematu cittari�attum ci웏pp�kak k性appa葺ata췃�? ulakattaiyum ulaka ni웫va춁�ka�aiyum pu웏kka�itta t�v틐ika�, tamatu u應u�arvaiy� a�avuk튽�kak ko椿u v饍nta춁r. u應o�iyi� ka椿ava윜ai uraitta춁r. tarukkar�tiy�kava췃i anup�ti ne웙 ni췃u tamatu u應at tu�arvuka�aik k�웙춁r. itu ve�it t틹웏tti웛u, pakutta웙vi웛u mura鎚춁t�yum, pi웤튻k惜at�yum iruttal k嚴um. 惜�l atu ka椿u n�m 퉙�웏k k嚴�tu. p퉟�ciriyar n�t�m k�웫ki잀r (pak.97): "anup�ti ne웙yum pakutta웙yum v�tamum ettakaiya c養nilaiyil� mu웤튻kuc caktika乙ka vi�a�kuki췃a춁 e췃oruvar k뱉kakk嚴um. pakutta웙vu v�tam m嚴a nampikkaika�aiyum a웙vukkup porunt�ta춁va윜aiyum etirttup p틆葉um mu웤튻kuc caktiye췃um, a웙y�mai k�ra�am�kac camut�yattil� cilar pe윜uvarum ta춊c calukaika�ai etirkkum �yutam e췃um potuv�ka n�m karutuvatu椿u. 惜�l, pakutta웙vi� a�ippa�aiyil� e�unta cila cinta춁ika� va�akk�웏윜a pa�amaippa葺ava� ka�umaic camut�ya amaippu�a� i�aintu makka�aik ka葺uppa�utti amukkum nilaiyai a�aiyump틊u anup�ti ne웙 pura�cikaram惜at�ka amaital k嚴um. ata� v�yil�ka etirppuk kural e�akk嚴um." pakutta웙vu v�tam惜a ko춑�ciyas matam puraiy비ipp벼a c勝accamut�yatti� a�akkumu웏ika� atta춁iyaiyum �m틊ikkum araca matam�ka m�웙yap틊u, ma웏imukam�kavum anup�ti ne웙yilum k�웏ppa葺a t�v틐iya p틊a춁ika� camut�yac ceytika�ai v튋uva�ivatti� k�웙춁. t�v틐ika�i� tattuv�rttap p葉alka� orupu웏mirukka, avarka� akk�lac camut�ya amaippai etirttavarka� e춑atu potuv�ka va웤u웫ttappa焌ta ceytiy�kum. n�t�m k�웫ki잀r (pak.100): "ko춑�ciyas matattai ma葺uma췃i nilam惜iya amaippumu웏i mu�uvataiyum t�v틐ika� ve웫ttamai p틊iya�avu te�ivu웏ttappa焌tiruppatu viyappukkuriyato췃�. 'k湜ait t퉧a ㅰ춁ttai e�uttuk k�웫m app�vit tu웏vika�' e췃a t틆a�aiyil avarka�ai varu�ippavarka�, t�v틐ika� kaiy性�a va춃o웛a�ai oru ka�am cintittup p�rttal takum." cittarka�i� ㅰ춁 v�kkuka�aip pa�itt틆 p퉟�ciriyar n�t�mi� k�윜u mu윜ilum u�maiy� e춑atai oppukko應at taya�kam葉焌r. "poym mata�ka� p틊a춁icey poykkurukka�" e췃um "p�ra�attai a웙y� m嚴ar n�yp튽a kuraittalaiv�r" e췃um "v�cita춁i a웙y�ta ca椿i m�kka� v�rttaiyi��l maru葺i vaipp�r." e췃um cittarka� p葉uvataik k뱉�a n�m t�v틐ika� kuralai vi�a�kik ko�vatu ka�i춁ma췃u. cittarukkum t�v틐ika�ukkum neru�kiya o윜umai k性appa�um amcam o췃aik ku웙ppi�al�m. tamatu k�lattuc camut�ya amaippaiyum vitimu웏ika�aiyum etirtta춁r�yi춙m, avvetirppaic ceyal va�iv�kki��r allar. tamatu �tma c�ntikku va�i ka椿a춁r퉧a췃ic camut�yattai m�윜a mu춁iyavillai. itu avar�atu mu웤튻ki춁ik ku웏ip葉u�aiya t�kkiyatu. tiru. �pu� y�-l惜 e�utuki잀r: "ulakiliruntu vilakik ko椿amaiy�l (t�v틐ika�) tammaiy� p뱝upava r�yi춁r. ita� vi�aiv�kac camut�yattaip po웫tta�avil �kkapp�rvam惜a n튻kunilai avarka�i�attuk k性appa�avillai. tamatu o�ukkal�윜ukkuc cam�t惜amum vi�akkamum k�웫vati� kait퉟ntavar�yirunta춁r. ivv�웫 p�rkkumpo�utu avarka� cuyanalamika鍮." "ta�춁iya웙ntu o�ukuv틆 ta�춁i ma웏ipp�r ta�춁iya웙 y�tavar� ta�춁ik k葉�uv�r pi�춁iyoru ka�avu�aip p뱝a ni춁iy�r p퉟o�iyaip p뱝uv�r e췃u 葉u p�mp�!" itu p�mp葉�ic cittar p葉al. ita춁i oru t�v틐iyum p葉iyirukkal�m. 惜웏vintu a�a�kuvat� cittar ko�kai: atuv� t�v틐ika�i� ku웙kk븍um�m. tammai ma웏ippavar camut�yac c�rtiruttav�tika乙kav�, cam�kap pu춁rutt�ra�a� ceypavarka乙kav� irukkaviyal�tu. 惜�l t�v틐ika�i�attum cittarka�i�attu� k性appa葺a ippalav勝attaiyum ku웏ip葉�aiyum n�m a�avukku m�웙p peritu pa�uttal�k�tu. a췃aiya nilaiyil avarka� k葉�iya etirpp� p�r葉�attakkatu. camut�ya m�윜atti��l 튋pa�akk嚴iya putiya v饍kkaiyai e黜ip p�rkkum iyakkaviyala웙vu avarka�i�am irukkavillai. e춁v�, m�cu ma웫va윜a pur�ta춁 k嚴�uc camut�ya v饍kkaiyaiy� m辰�um k性avi�ainta춁r. tiru huvai-l� c勝a meyyiya� curukkam e�춙m n�lil ku웙ppi�uvatu p튽a," avarka� pur�ta춁 camut�ya v饍kaiyai m蜃�um amaikka vi�ainta춁r. avarka� k�lattil paraval�kak k性appa葺a cam�ka mura�p葉�aiyum p퉟葉�a�ka�aiyum ku웏ippata웛u atuv� ci웏nta m�rkkam�kat t벼웙yatu. ita춁�ippa�aiyil퉧� avarka�atu c�tv�ka etirppum e�untatu." namakkup pi�ikk�ta capaiyiliruntu n�m e�untu p틐vi�uvatu p튽a, tamakkup pi�ikk�ta nilam惜iyac cam�kattiliruntu otu�kit ta춊v饍vu na�atti춁r t�v틐ika�. n�t�m k�웫vatu p튽a, "avarka� avv�웫 vilakik ko椿at� 葉c퉝attait terivittata웛uc cam惜am�kum." camut�yattil� p�rat�ram惜a e�ucciyaiy� m�윜attaiy� u椿upa黜�vi葺�lum, t�v틐ika�i� p틊a춁ika� tami� n葉�il� cittar p葉alka�aip p튽a p�mara makka�i�aiy� ku웙ppi�attakka�avu va�a�ki vantu應a춁. c勝a varal�윜aip pa�ikkum po�utu, t�v� m�rkkattaip p뱝iya makka� t饍nta nilaiyilirunta u�aikkum makka乙kavum iruntu vantamai pulappa�um. maruttuvam, marunt�kka iyal mutaliya춁 mantira tantira�ka�u�a� pi�aintu k性appa�i춙m, v饍kkaiy비u to�arpu u�aiya춁v�. avai a췃u to葺uc camut�yatti� k湜ma葺attil u應a makka�i�aiy� peru� celv�kku�a� vi�a�ki vantu應a춁. iracav�tam, m�ntir�kam, maruttuvam, marunt�kkam mutaliya ceya춎u웏ika�ai a�ippa�aiy�ka ko椿iya�kiyamaiy�l, 틆a�avi웛묶um ikal튻a cintaiyu�aiyatu cittar tattuvam. tami� n葉a�i� palv튋u k�ra�a�ka�i��l cittarka�atu viㄴ惜a n튻kum p튻kum to�arcciy�ka va�aravillai. va�ar�tatu m�ttirama췃i veku viraivil퉧�, cu윜u mu윜um celv�kku�a� vi�a�kiya m�y�v�tatti웛um karuttu mutal v�tattukkum etir ni웛a m葉焌tu ava윜u� kalakkal�yi윜u. 惜�l, c勝�vil� t�v� m�rkkam m�ttima췃ip palv튋u tu웏ika�il� viㄴ惜a apiviruttikkum 퉡uv�ka viruntatu. ata� tarukka r�tiy惜a vi�aivuka�um mukkiyam惜avaiy�. tami� n葉�aip po웫ttavaraiyil cittar tattuvatti� potintu應a viㄴ惜a n튻kilum, camut�ya u�arv� uyir�윜alu�a� vi�a�kivantirukki웏tu e춁l�m. camayattu웏iyil� uyar vaitika ne웙ka� cittar tattuvattaip "pa쨇ama" nilaiyil vaittap틊um, v�웫m, ta�춁mpikkaiyum, karuttu웫tiyum poruntiya cittar v�kkuka� u�arcci p�rvam�kac camut�yac c�rtiruttattai m튋ko應a virumpupavarkku u웫tu�aiy�ka iruntu應a춁. ce췃a n�윜性�il� ir�mali�karum in n�윜性�il� p�ratiy�rum cittarmarapaip p뱝iyavar퉧�var. va應al�ri�attuk k性appa葺a camaraca n튻kuc cittar va�i varuvat�. tiru.vi.kaliy性a cuntara��ri�attum immarapu�arcci or틍a�i te춑a�uki웏tu. ivai y�vum cittar tattuvatti� u應�rnta cam�ka u�arvukkum, mu웤튻kukkum ka葺iya� k�웫ki췃a춁. ivvi�attil� ir�mali�kar campantam�ka o췃u k�웏t t벼웫ki웏tu. avarukkum avar k�lattil v饍nta cila caiva citt�ntika�ukkum m嶪�a pakaimaikku oru k�ra�am avar tammaiyoru cittar e춁k k�웙kko椿amaiyum�kum. "t嶪aic ci웫 turump�kat t벼웙�ac ceyv튾 turumpaip perun t嶪�kat t틹웏c ceyv튾 性aippe黜um pe黜ai 性um �kac ceykuv튾 �rav�rittu etir�y ni췃u 葉u p�mp�! e췃u cittar vallapam p葉iya p�mp葉�ic cittar mutaliy틆 p晟aiyil퉧� ir�mali�karum tamatu cittika�aip pa윜i ku웙ppi葺irukki잀r; tamatu mara�amil�p peruv饍vupa윜ic colliyirukki잀r. ita춁i avaratu etirika� evv�웫 n튻ki춁r e춑ata웛u e�uttukk葉焌ka, n�valar avarka�i� c蜃ar�kiya ka춁karatti춁 up�ttiy�yar avar e�utiyu應�r; "karu�ku�i ir�mali�kapi應ai ye�춙moruvar t西civ惜up�ti pe윜avare췃um, 틊�tu�arntavare椿um... amma葺il nill�tu, cettavarka�ai uyirppipp튾e췃um, puttirarill�tavar ka�ukkup puttira p�kkiya� ko�upp튾e췃um, kuru�ar cevi�ar mutal惜avarka�u�aiya ku웏ip葉uka�ai n�kkuv튾e췃um, pacittavar ka�ell�rukkum a�춁� ko�upp튾e췃um, ta黜�r�l vi�akkeritt튾e췃um, amma葺il nill�tu, m性ikkav�caka cuv�mika� citamparattil� cap�n�yakaru�a� kalantatup튽at t�mu� kalapp튾e췃um, i�춙m ivaip튽ap pala piray튰a춁ma윜a v�rttaika�aic collik ko椿u tiriv�r�yi춁r." p�rati ir�mali�karaip p�r葉�iyap틊um, tammaic cittar�kap p�vitt�r퉧a췃i u�maiyil tammaic cittar�kak ko應avillai. p�rati cittari�amiruntu pe윜atu kavi va�am�kum. evv�잀yi춙m itu cittar p�kka�i� k�la�ka�anta ci웏ppiyalpaik k葉�uki췃atu. cittar p葉alka�ai viriv�ka �r�ynt�l, etta춁iy� ariya ceytika� ki�aikkum. ava윜ait ta춊y�kavum oppun튻kiyum �r�ytal i췃iyamaiy�tatu. 9. cintukkut tantai irupat�m n�윜性�ut tami�k kavitaiyulaki� talaimaka� p�rati, putumaik kavi, pura�cikkavi, t퉏iya kavi, ma웫malarccik kavi, makka� kavi e췃ell�m p�r葉�appe웫m ava� navayukattai n�v�rak k�viya�aitt惜. p�ratiyu�a� irupat�m n�윜性�u ematu ilakkiyatti� pukuki췃atu. e춊춙m p�ratiyi� putumaiyaip palav�웫m e�uttukk葉�um iracikarum, ilakkiya varal�윜�ciriyarum ava춙kku mu��비ika乙ka iruntu kaviva�am嚴�iya ilakkiya kartt�kka�ai e�uttukk葉�uvatu ku웏ivu. pa�amaiyaip pa�amaiy�kavum, putumaiyaip putumaiy�kavum k性um ematu ilakkiya varal�윜�ciriyar 튋pa�uttiyu應a varal�윜uk kuru葺u�arvi� piratipalippu ituve춁l�m. p�ratiyi� putumaippa�pi� 饍attaiyum, iyalpaiyum a웙ntuko應uvata웛u ava춁tu cakap葉ika�aiyum mu��비ika�aiyum c퉟ttut terintu ko應al attiy�vaciyam. mutalil� p�ratiy�r k�lattuc camut�yac c養alaiyum ilakkiya kartt�kka�i� ma�틁ilaiyaiyum ci웙tu n튻kutal v뱝�um. 1882il e葺ayapurattil� p�rati pi웏nta v밸aiyil, intiy�vi� pirat惜a nakara�ka�il mattiyatara varkatti춁r ku웙ppi�attakka�avu mutircci pe윜irunta춁r. patto춑at�m n�윜性�i� na�uppakutiyiliruntu 涉kil퉧� arac涉kam� ti葺ami葺u 涉kilak kalviyaiyum kalvimu웏iyum parappat to�a�kiyatu. pa�춅�u� k�lam�kat t뱄kik ki�anta hintu camut�yam-mukal�yap pa�aiye�uppu, pi웏 �kkiramippuka� mutaliyava윜�l atikam p�tikkappa焌tirunta hintu camut�yam-涉kil퉧ar葉ciyil mu윜u mu�ut惜a m�윜am pe웏t to�a�kiyiruntatu. iru vakaiyil 涉kil퉧ar葉ci 'putiyatoru' cam�kam t틹웏kk嚴iya v�yppai 튋pa�uki웏tu. o췃u; 涉kilak kalviyi� paya��y u�alu�aippa윜a matipp惜a turaitta춁 uttiy튻am pe윜u vacatiyu�a� v饍um va�i cila intiyarukkuk ki葺iyatu; ira椿�vatu: 涉kil퉧aratu poru乙t�rac 'cura椿al' mu웏iyaip pi춑a윜ic cila intiyarka� "mu윜ilum putiya vakaiy惜a u�aippukkut tammait takutiy�kkiyum, t퉣aiy惜a po웙yiyal a웙vaip pe윜um" kait to�il mu웏iyil mu��튋um v�yppaik ka椿a춁r. ivvira椿u vakaip p튻ki� tarukkar�tiy惜a va�arcciy� intiya puttic�vika�um intiya p�r�v�kka�um�var. p�ratikku paruvanterinta k�lattilirunt� ivviru p튻kuka�um ava춁i etirn튻ki vantu應a춁. to�akkattil ira椿aiyum p�rati ve웫tt惜. itu 饍ntu kava춊kka v뱝�iyatu. 묶e춊l, p�ratiyaip pi웏 camak�lap pulavari췃um v튋upa�uttum a�ippa�aik k�ra�a�ka�il ituvum o췃u. turaitta춁 uttiy튻attarka�ai "t�tarka�", "c퉣akar" e췃u ala�ciyam�kak ku웙ppi葺惜. to�il mu웏iy�l mu�춙kku vara vi�aipavarka� pa�akk嚴iya p葉�aip p�rati ta춁tu tantaiyi� v饍kkaic c틊a춁iyiliruntu na춌a웙ntava�. mutal性maik ko�kaiyi� iyakkapp葉�ai a웙yam葉焌ta p�ratiyi� tantai ci�춁c�mi ayyar, app�vitta춁m惜a u應�ril m�lata춁m tira葺ik kaitto�iltu웏iyil i웏�ki��r; 1880il e葺ayapurattil� pa쨇�lai o췃ai ni웫vi��r. mu�ivu n�camt惜. p�rati innika�cciyait ta춁kk퉧uriya mu웏iyil cuyacaritaiyi� ku웙ppi�uki췃惜: "薪ki ta웛i�ai yentai peruntuyar �ytiya ni췃a춁�, t�ya va웫maiy惜; 븝ki ni췃a peru� celvam y�vaiyum 嶪ar ceyta katiyil i�anta춁�. p涉kil ni췃u puka�ccika� p퉏iya pa椿ai na�parka� kaineki�t t퉗i춁r; v涉ki yuynta ki�ai쨅rum t�tarum v饍vu t퉧ntapi� y�tu matippar�?" ipp葉�il 嶪ar e춑atu vit퉏iya 涉kil퉧arai. va.u.ci. citamparam pi應ai kappal비�a muya췃a k�lai palv튋u c養ccika�i��l ac cut퉏iya muya웒iyai ve應aikk�rak kampe춊ka� mu웙ya�ittatup튽av� p�ratiy�ri� tantaiyum mutal贍ittuva poru乙t�ra amaippi� iyakkavitiy惜a matsa niy�yattukku (ci�춁 m勝aipperiya m勝 vi�u�kutal) paliy�ki잀r e춑atu te�ivu. ittakaiya n퉟vuka� p�ratiyait to�akkattilirunt� 涉kil퉧ar vir틊iy�kkivi葺irunta춁. tu춑amum tuyaramum v葉�ap p�ratiy�ri� tantai mara�ama�ainp틊u kavi쨅rukku vayatu pati��웫. m튋k�웙ya nika�ccika�i� paya��kavum to�arp�kavum� akk�la 涉kilak kalvimu웏iyaip p�rati ve웫tt惜 e췃u karuta i�amu椿u. p�rati k�lattup puka�p�tta e�utt贍arum ilakkiya �ciriyarka�um mu웛�웙ya turaitta춁 ma�틄�vamum 涉kil퉧araip pi춑a윜i mu��튋a v뱝�um e췃a nampikkaiyum u�aiyar�yirunta춁r. 涉kilak kalvi ittakaiya ma춁pp튻ku u�aiyavarka�aic ciru葺ikkum e췃u makk�l�, elpi춖�a� mutaliya pirapala 葉ciy贍ar etirp�rttirunta춁r. intiya t퉏iya ma웫malarcciyi� u�a춊ka�cciy�kat t벼웙ya "putiya" ilakkiya�ka�aip pa�aitt틆i� perump�l惜avarka� 涉kilak kalvi ka윜a mattiyatara varkkatti춁r�. at�vatu tamatu 涉kilak kalvit takutiy�l putti c�vika乙ka v饍ntavarka�. tamatu varkka iyalpu k�ra�am�ka ivarka� palavitam惜a p튽ic ca�a�kuka�, �c�ra�ka�il atikam pakti cirattaiya윜avar�y, piracca춁ika�ai v饍kkaiyi� t퉣ai karuti n튻ki춁r. anta vakaiyil avarka� ve�ippa�aiy惜a paya�蜃�uk ko�kaiy贍ar e춁l�m. t�m ka윜a 涉kilamo�i-ilakkiyattil ma葺uma췃i, ulakame�ka�um nav勝a v饍kai, urai na�aiyaiy� ci웏ppikki웏tu e춁 ivarka� ka椿a춁r. tamatu v饍kkai nilaiy비o葺iya, ata웛u i췃iyamaiy�ta, putiya e黜a�ka�um ila�ciya�ka�um karuttup pa�iva�ka�um e�iya, te�iv惜a uraina�ai m�lam�kav� na�am葉uki췃a춁 e췃a웙nta춁r. ce췃a n�윜性�i� na�uppakutiyil� camayattu웏iyilum cam�kattu웏iyilum ila�ciya v퉗attu�a� mu�춊췃u�aitta �웫muka n�valar p벼웏varka� uraina�aiyi� mukkiyattuvattai na췃�ka u�arntirunta춁r. n�valar tamatu yukattukkum ata웛튋웏 c�ta춁ttukkum u應a to�arpaip p�ra�am�ka u�arntirunt�r. 湜an葉�up pulavar c튾acuntara��r p葉iyu應atup튽a, ceyyu� na�aiyil퉧� payi췃u vanta tami�a�a�ki웛u, "va�춁na�ai va�a�kuna�ai vaca춁na�ai ye춁ppayi윜i vaitta �c惜" nallai nakar n�valar, akk�ra�atti��l퉧� "vaca춁 na�ai kaivanta vall贍ar" 惜�r. 'va�a�kum vaca춁 na�ai'kku �tar�a m�ka vi�a�kum n�valar, ceyyu� iya윜a mu춁intap틊u campirat�ya mu웏ippa�i "c�rp�tta karuvi n�l..." e췃u to�a�kuvatu p벼웏 pa�aiya na�aiyil amaintava윜aiy� p葉i��r. katirai muruka춎퉘 cila k�rtta춁�ka� p葉iyu應�re춊춙m, potuv�ka avar ceyyu�ka� akk�lattil v饍ntu kavi p葉iya mak�vittuv惜 m勝葉ci cuntarampi應ai, vittuv惜 tiy�kar�cac ce葺iy�r mutaliy틆 ceyyu�ka�aipp튽ac ceyyappa葺avaiy�. p�rati k�lattil v饍nta mikap perum vittuv惜ka� m�ttirama췃i mu웛�웙ya 涉kilak kalvi payi췃a nav勝arka�um pa�aiya pant�k kavika�aiy� p葉upavar�yirunta춁r. ut�ra�am�ka, p�ratiyi� i�amait t붓a��ka irunta n�valar c튾acuntara p�ratiy�r nirampiya 涉kilap pulamai pe윜avar; nav勝a v饍viyal terintavar; pall性�uka� va�akka웙쨅r�kat to�il p�rttavar. ta웛�lat tami�il putuk kavitaika� arit�yu應a춁 e췃u�arntu inta n�윜性�i� to�akkattilirunt� uraiyum ceyyu�um e�utivantavar. putukkavika乙ka a���r pa�aittava윜u� "m�ri v�yil", "ma�kalak ku웙ccip po�kal nika�cci" e춑a춁 vittuv惜ka�um viyantu p�r葉�iyavai. 惜�l k�ytal uvattali췃ip p�rkkum oruvar ava윜aip pa�antami�c ceyyu�ka� e춁k karuti��l viyappirukk�tu. ippa춙valka�il c튾acuntara p�ratiy�ratu 饍nta tami�ppulamai cu�arvi�uki웏tu. 惜�l avai ta웛�lat tami犁l 惜avaiyalla. "po�kal nika�ccip p葉alai" 1909-m 性�il e�utat to�a�ki��r. atupa윜i mu�춙raiyil (1947) k�웏ppa�uvat�vatu: "mu� e�utiyava윜u� cilava윜aip poruttam n튻ki tiruttiyum amaittatu itt饍icaik koccakac ceyyu�. ipp�kka�ai va黜avakai e춁k ko應i춙m i�ukkillai... itu akatti�aic ceyyu乙tali�, itil "cu葺i oruvar peyar ko�ap pe잀r" �yi춁r. icceyyu� akappakutiyil, 'nika�ntatu k�웙 nilaiyal' e춙m tu웏iyil talaivi k�윜�kum. itu tolk�ppiyar k�웫m 'c퉟i mo�iy�� cevviti� ki�antu, 틊al v뱝焌tu ku웙ttatu t벼웫m' pula� vakaiy�kum. 'viruntu' vakai e춊춙m poruntum." c惜읃r ceyyu�ka�ukku, nacci��rkki춊yar, p퉟�ciriyar mutaliya i�aikk�la uraiy�ciriyar vi�akka� k�웫vatup튽a, tamatu putumaik kavikku ittu�ai vi�akkam avaciyame춁k karutuki잀r ka�akk�yar. n�lukku mukavurai va�a�kiya karantait tami�c ca�kap pulavar n�. kantac�mippi應ai k�웫vatup튽a, "ipp�kka�il collil noymaiyum poru� e�imaiyum k性avillai." oru p惜aic c틹웫kku oru avi� patam e춑atup튽a ka�akk�yar p벼웫 "tami�ilum 涉kilattilum pala ariya a웙vi춊kkum n�lka� iya윜iy틆" ittakaiya pa�aiya na�aiyaiy� p틹웙춁r e춑ata웛u ippa춙var ci웏nta c惜웫. �yi춙m i�춙m틆 ut�ra�am p�rpp튾. ve應akk�l cuppirama�iya mutaliy�r (1857-1947) uyartara v퉘aiyiliruntavar; h퉝ar� spe춖ar 涉kilattil kalviyaippa윜i e�utiya ka葺uraiyai mo�ipeyarttavar. �yi춙m avarp葉iya k튾pi viruttam, nellaic cil뱉ai ve�p� e춑a춁 marapuva�i vittuv惜ka� viyantavai. ka�ita n�웤퉟�ciriyar�yum viㄴ惜at tu웏iyil 蜃up葉u�aiyar�yum vi�a�kiya p嶪�i ara�kan�ta mutaliy�r kaccik kalampakam p葉i ara�k튋웙��r. ivvut�ra�a�ka� oru perum u�maiyai emakku�arttuki췃a춁. tami� n�val ilakkiyam e췃a n�lil n惜 v튋oru to�arpi� k�웙yiruppatu i�kup poruttam�kat t벼웫ki웏tu: "putumaiy惜a karuttukka�ai vaca춁m�ka e�uta mu춁inta a웙쨅r palar tami�k kavitai e�utiya p틊ilum pallu�aikkum ka�i춁 na�aiyil� marapu va�ivanta p葉alka�aiy� p葉i춁r. atuvarai e�upp�r kaippi應aiy�ka iruntuvanta vaca춁ttai ivarka� ta�춁mpikkaiyu�a� kaiy性�a춁r; ata� ejam惜ar�yi춁r. kavitaiy� p�rampariyac ci웏ppu�aiyat�kali�, ata춁ip payapaktiyu�a� a�uki춁r. kavitai ivarka�ai 틆 a�avuk튽 ko椿um uraina�aiyaip pi웙t틆 a�avuk튽 ko椿um matippi葺a춁r. ivv�ra�inilai i췃uvarai k性appa�uki웏te춁l�m. pa�antami�k kavitaippa윜u u應avar�kavum, t퉣aiy튋pa�i� t�mum ant�ti, kalampakam mutaliya pirapanta�ka� p葉um �윜al pe윜avar�kavum irunta ivarka�atu mukkiyam惜a pa�aippukka� kavitaiy�kava췃i uraina�aiyi lamaintamai kava춊kka� p�latu." m튋k�웙yavarka�ukkuk kavitai cokuc�kavum i춑ap poru乙kavum iruntatu. at� camayattil ivarka�i� perump�l惜틆 pa�antami�k kavitaika�ai ava윜i� k性appa�um a웏viya� karuttuka�akk�kav� p틹웙춁r e췃u e黜at t벼웫ki웏tu. anniya �tikkatti� vi�aiv�ka 튋pa葺uk ko椿irunta p�rat�ram惜a camut�ya m�윜a�ka� makka�atu o�ukal�웫ka�aip p�tikkat to�a�kiyirunta춁. �ra�inilaiyilirunta ik kalvim惜ka� pa椿aiya n�tin�lka�ait tu�aiy�kavum pukali�am�kavum ko椿a춁r. m�tavaiyar e�utiya patm�vati carittiram p벼웏 n�valil ita춁ik ka椿u te�iyal�m. i춊, v튋u cilar 涉kilak kavitaika�aipp튽at tami�ilum iya윜ip 'putumai' k性a vi�ainta춁r. ivarka�ukku e�uttukk葉焌kap paritim�� kalai쨅r e춁t tamatu peyarai m�윜iyamaittuk ko椿a vi.k�. c�riyan�r�ya�a c�stiriy�raik ko應al�m. itt�liya ilakkiyatti춊췃u pati��잀m n�윜性�il 涉kilattukku i�am peyarnta 'co춅�' (Sonnet) e�춙m ceyyu� va�ivattai avar tami�i웛u a웙mukappa�utta mu춁int�r. ta춊pp�karat tokai e췃a tokuti ve�ivantatu. 焌k�ar p틄paiyari� p�r葉�urai ata웛uk ki�aittatu. 惜�l 11-7-1901il p틄paiyar e�utiya a�inturai poru乙�am mikunta k밸vika�aik ko椿at�yiruntatu. paritim�� kalai쨅r ipp�cura�ka�aip pa�aittukko椿irukkump틊u p�ratikkup pati��잀m pir�yam t性�iyiruntatu. kaviyulaki� ca쨇arikkat to�a�kivi葺�r. mutalil p틄paiyari� karuttaip p�rpp튾. p�r葉�urai 涉kilattilu應atu. "......ittokutiyil ma웫piracuram ceyyap pe윜u應a n�웤attoru ku웫n tami�c ceyyu�ka� potuv�ka icainayamum kalaimerukum u�aiya춁; iva윜i� k�웫ppa�um u�arvu cuvaiyum ka葺urai va춎aiyum pe윜ut tika�ki췃atu... 涉kila ilakkiyam ku웙pp�ka 涉kilak kavitai k�lant틹um ell�p pa�i nilaika�ilumu應a makka�ai �rttu avartam u應a�ka�aip pi�ittirukkum ta춎aiyai n튻ku�k�l, tami�k kavitai ta춁kkuriya mikap pu춊tam惜a ka�amaiyil an�vaciyam�kat tava웙yu應atu e췃� e黜at tu�iki췃튾. ata� nalam p�r葉�uv틆 mika cilar�; tami� k�웫 nallulakatti� peruntokaiy惜a potumakka�atu ne쨇ait tami�k kavitai e췃um kavarntu應at�? i췃u kavarki췃at�? i춊yum kavarum�? oppun튻kimi�attuk k性appa�um ikk밸vikkuk k�ra�a�ka� pala k�웏kk嚴um: n�m anniyar e췃a vakaiyil pa�ipu�a�퉧� ikkaruttait terivikka mu춁iki읃m. at�vatu, oppa윜a ta춊c ci웏ppiyalpuka�um, n퉟ttiyumiruntum, potumakka� t퉣aikku iyainta e�imaiyum poru� te�ivum ata춊�attup potuv�kak ku웏iv�. itto�arpi� tami�k kavitai araci tanta ka�aicip perum pa�aiyal惜a n�tine웙 vi�akkam e�춙m n�lai n튻ku�ka�. potumakka�ukku vi�aya�ka�aik k�웏 mu춚antu muya췃�l tami�il c�tikkakk嚴iyava윜ai ann�lilu應a pala ceyyu�ka� k葉�uki췃a춁." m묶葉�ut tami�a웙쨅ru� talaici웏ntu vi�a�kiya p틄paiyarai mo�in�� pulavar�kavum mo�i peyarpp�ciriyar�kavum� perump�l惜틆 a웙ntirukki췃a춁r. ivva�inturai m�lam nu춊tt�r�yum ilakkiyat ti웏��yv贍ar�kavum avar emakkuk k葉ciya�ikki췃�r. ki웙ttuva v퉡�kamattait ti웏mpa�a tami� makka�i�aiy� parappuvata웛�ka to�akkattil� tami�aikka윜a p틄 avarka� tami� k�talar惜�r e춑atu vi�ayama웙ntavarkkup putiya takaval a췃u. tami� kavitai m퉘u應a k�tal pa윜ic cila "kacapp惜a" u�maika�ai a�inturaiyil ku웙ppi葺u應�r. e�imaiyum, poru葺e�ivum, potu makka�um cuvaikkavalla ta춎aiyum varal�윜uc ci웏ppu mikka tami�k kavitaiyi� k性appa�avillai e춑atum, kumarakuruparacuv�mika� iya윜iya n�tine웙 vi�akkam p벼웏 n�lka� mu웛�웙ya amca�ka�aik ko椿u vi�a�kuva춁 e춑atum p틄paiyaratu karuttu. avar ivv�웫 e�utiya k�lattil uyarnta nilaiyilirunta tami�ar evar�vatu ivv�웫 k�웙yiruppar e췃u k�웏 mu�iyavillai. n�m 퉘av� p�rttatup튽a avarka� 'yamakam tiripu ant�ti' p葉ikko椿iruntavar�. p틄paiyar k�웙ya karuttukka�ukkut talaiyacaittu ava윜aiy� 性ittaram�kak k�웫vatup튽a irukki웏tu p�ratiyi� pi춚arum k�윜u. y�varukkum na춌u pa�akkam惜a m튋k븍t惜: "e�iya pata�ka�, e�iya na�ai, e�itil a웙ntu ko應akk嚴iya cantam, potu ja춁�ka� virumpum me葺u iva윜i춁iyu�aiya k�viyam o췃u ta웛�lattil ceytu taruv벼 namatu t�y mo�ikkup putiya uyir taruv벼�ki췃惜." �laiyill� �rukku iluppaipp� carkkarai e춑ata웛i�a�ka, ki�aittava윜u� ci웏ntat惜a ta춊pp�curat tokaiyaip p�r葉�i��r p틄. �yi춙m 'co춅�' p�vakaiyaip pi춑a윜i e�uta muya췃a c�stiriy�r virumpattakka�avu ve윜ipe웏 villai e춑atai o�ima웏ivuvi췃ik k�웙��r. 'co춅�' e췃a pati�惜ka�ip p葉al ci웙ya a�avi춁t�yi춙m, air틄piya ilakkiya m퉡aika� palar�l kaiy贍ap pe윜up pa�ka춊ntu i춊ya p葉al�ka amaintatu; i웫kkamum ne웙vum parip�ra�am�ka u應at�yt tika�vatu. perum p�l惜a co춅� p�kka�il�, mutal e葺u a�ika�il p葉a� poru� a웙mukam ceyyappa葺ut ta�aiy�, k밸viy�, aiyam�, piracci춁iy� e�uppappa�uki췃a춁. i웫ti �웏�ika� vi�ai pakarntu, karuttamaiti ka椿u mu�iva�aiki췃a춁. ippa�pi춁iy� ma춁ntiruttip p틄paiyar c�stiriy�ratu p�cura�ka�aip pa윜ip pi춚arum�웫 k�웙yu應�r: "...atuma葺u ma췃ik kavipporu�ukkum i웫tiyil a�uttam pe웫m karuttukkum irukkav뱝�iya orumaipp葉u ku웏ipa葺u應atu e췃� k�웏v뱝�um. ivvi�arpp葉�ai i췃aiya nilaiyil mu윜�ka n�kka mu�iyum� e춑atu cant퉗am�." i�춙mo췃u, air틄piya mo�ika�il� 'co춅�' ci웏pp�kak k�ta� kaviy�kav� va�arntatu. mutto應�yiram, nantikkalampakam, mutaliya n�lka�ilum, na윜i�ai, ne�untokai mutaliya tokai n�lka�ilum u應a akatti�aip p�kka� p벼웏춁 avai. 涉kilak kavi쨅� mil�a� (1608-1674) avva�ivattait t惜 k�웙ya araciyal, a웏viya� karuttup pa�iva�ka�ukku v�ka춁m�kap paya춑a�utti�� 춅춊춙m, atu a�ippa�aiyil ta춊nilai u�arccipp葉al�. 惜�l ematu kalai쨅r�, ata춁ip pu웏tti�aik k西cip poru�ukkup paya춑a�utti��r. a웙vi� tu�aiko椿u vaca춁�ka�ai y�ppamaitikku� a�ukkiyatu p튽a irukki웏tu avaratu p�curam. ceya웛aiyum pa焌柱pamum p튽iyu�arcciyum ve�ippa�aiy�kav� t벼웫ki췃a춁. 틆ut�ra�am: "paritiy�! n葉o웫m pa�pi 춊�a�katir arunila maka�ka� �a黜alpu� 춁kaiye춁 e�ka�um v�cupu po�kuka�i coyv틐! na�pakal vemmai na춊ko�i te춊춙� k�lai m�laiyuni� katir nalam puka�var ulaki� ka黜�! u웫ma椿a varac�! u�춁ru 춊췃a웏 m�tiya viyal�; pa椿aiyiravi� p饍tta춊 y葉ciyil v惜am va웏kkum; t勝a� ci웏kkum; ㅰ춁 mi웏kkum; m惜am pa웏kkum uyirka �uya�kum; payirka �iya�kum. ti춁nto�i 춊춎ak�r ceyappa�i talaiv� e춌ol ni춌aru�ai ye춌ol? na춌u웏 v�윜u n�ta! vi� ma�iy�." c�riya춁ip pa윜ic cila potuc ceytika�aik ka�i춁na�aiyi� k�웙yu應�r퉧a췃i avar u應atti� ve應ap perukkuk kavitaiy�ka amaiyavillai e춑atu vi�akka v뱝焌t te�iporu�. c�riya춁ip pa윜iya ik ka葺uraiy비u p�ratiy�ri� cila a�ika�ai oppun튻ki��l vi�ayam t惜�kav� te�iv�kum. tamatu p�ttiram o췃a� v�yil�kac c�riya춁i varu�ikki잀r: "a�iv惜at t퉍�ka paritik k븍am a�appa웙ya viraivi춐�u cu�alak k性p�y; i�iv惜at to�imi�춁l pattuk k비i e�uttava윜ai o췃upa�a urukki v�rttu, mu�iv惜a va葺attaik k贍i 涉k�, moy ku�al�y cu윜uvata� moympu k性�y; va�iv惜a to췃�kat taka�i ra椿u va葺amu웏c cu�aluvatai va�aintu k性p�y." p�ratiyi� ta춊tta춎aiyum m퉡�vil�camum a�it틹um tu應ik kutikki췃a춁. ivviru p葉alka�aiyum arukaruk� vaittup p�rtt�l muntiyatu pala n�윜性�uka�ukku mu�춁r iya윜appa葺at�kat t벼웫m. 惜�l u�maiyil ira椿i웛um i�aiy� cum�r pa�춊ra椿u 性�uka� t�m u應a춁. p�ratiy�r p西c�li capatattai 1912il p葉i��r. 惜�lum ivvi�ayattil n�m c�stiriy�r m�tu a�avukku m�웙k ka椿ipp�ka irukkat t퉣aiyillai. 묶e춊l, tami�il m�ttirama췃ip pi웏 intiyamo�ika�ilum muta� muya웒iy贍arka� 涉kilam, pire쨇u mutaliya mo�ika�iliruntu ilakkiya uruva�ka�ai e�uttup paric�la춁iceytu p�rttirukki췃a춁r. ut�ra�am�ka, nav勝a va�ka ilakkiyatti� mu��비ika�i� oruvar惜a maikk퉘 matuc�ta춁 tattar (1824-1873) kalkatt� intuk kall�riyil m性ava��ka irunta k�lattil 涉kilattil� 'co�튋' p�kka� e�utiyavar. avar iya윜i ve�iyi葺a i웫ti n�lum n�윜u ira椿u (102) co춅� p�kka�aik ko椿a tokaiy�. caturtaspat� kavit�val� (pati�惜ku a�ipp�kka�) e췃� attokaikkup peyarumi葺irunt�r. va�k贍a ilakkiya vimarcakarka� k�웏va춁va윜aip p�rkkump틊u, paritim�� kalai쨅ri춙m, matuc�ta춁 tattar p퉟�윜alu�a� putiya p�vakaiyaik kaiy性焌r p튽at teriki웏tu. e葺ayapurattil� kavitaip p�laiva춁ttil v饍nta p�ratiy�r �elli mutaliya 涉kilak kavika�aip pa�ittavar�tal�l, potuv惜a ipp튻ki웛u vilakki췃ic 'co�튋' p�vu�a�퉧� pattirikai ulakai e葺ip p�rttirukki잀r. maturaiyiliruntu ve�ivanta "viv퉗ap惜u" pattirikaiyi� j�lai m�ta ita�il ta춊yirakkam e췃a p葉al (co�튋) ka�i춁na�aiyil ve�ivantatu, ka�i춁 na�aiy�yiruppi춙m c�stiririy�ratu p葉alilum u�arcci mikuntat�kav� u應atu. "kuyili��y! ni��비u kulaviyi� kalavi payilvati� ka�itta pa��贍 ni춁intu pi� i췃e춁k ki�aiy� e黜il y튰a춁ippa�um ku윜amum va�amum ko�itiraip y튰a춁ippa�um ku윜amum va�amum ko�itiraip pu춁lum m퉣i�ap purinta vitiyaiyum ni춁int�l p�viy묶 ne쨇am pakire춁l arit�? kala�karai vi�akkoru k�vatam k비iy� mala�kum틆 ci웙ya marakkalam p벼읂� mu�ampa�u ti춁�k贍!mu�춁r y惜 ava�u�a� u�ampo�um uyire춁 u윜u v饍 n葉ka�il va�iye춁 pa웏ntan�r ma윜iy惜 e��tu ki�iyi춁ip pirintu�ik kiriye춁k ki�akkum ceyalaiye� iyampuval civa�� mayalaiyi� 웕췃evar vakuppara� kava�k�." pulavar kantac�mi na焌ttiya pattirikaikku a춙ppiya ikka�춊 muya웒iyaik ka�i춁m惜a pa椿ita na�aiyil e�utiyiruppatu u�maiy�. 惜�lum, pi웛�lattil avar e�utiya kuyilp葉�u, cuyacaritai, mutaliya p葉al�i� t틹웏ttai iti� cant퉗atti웛u i�ami췃ik k性ak k嚴iyat�ka irukki웏tu. ata웛um m퉘�ka, kavi쨅춁tu u應attaik k性ki췃튾. p�rati ta�춙�arccik kavi e춑atu itil nir�pa�am�ki웏tu. kuyil, viti, ne쨇am, p�viy묶, kulavi, mutaliya co웛a� pi웛�lak kavitaika�il p�ratiy�r�l va�a�kappa葺irukkum v퉗attai a웙pavarukku ipp葉al i춊kkum. m튋k�웙ya p葉alai ma葺uma췃i y惜, cantirikai mutaliya kavitaika�aiyum co�튋 p�kka乙ka e�utiyu應�r p�rati. avai pa윜iyum veku viraivil퉧� attakaiya muya웒ika�iliruntu avar 'vi�utalai' pe윜atu pa윜iyum ca윜up pi�춁r kava춊pp튾. ivvi�attil n�m ma춁�ko應a v뱝�iyatu o췃u t惜. p�ratiy�ratu camak�lap pulavari�attuk k性appa�um iru pa�puka乙m pa�antami� na�aiyum, 涉kila v葉aiyum to�akkattil tavirkka mu�iy�tapa�i p�ratiyi�attu� k性appa�uki췃a춁. 惜�l ma윜aiy틆 to�arntu appa�puka�ukku uruva�ko�uttuk ko椿irukka, p�ratiy� mi�춁l v퉗attil putuppi웏vi pe윜ava� p튽 ta춊pp�taiyo췃ai vakuttuk ko�ki잀�. itil퉡惜 ava� ta춁tu cakap葉ika�iliruntu vilaki, mu��비ika� cilaraic c�rntu ko�ki췃惜. imm�윜am n�윜ukku n�웫 v�tam ti�ume춁t t벼웙yatu alla; mu윜u mu�ut惜apa�imu웏i va�arcciyumalla. ira椿um kalanta ta춊cci웏pp惜a nilaiye춁l�m. n�m 퉘av� p�rttatup튽a, ta춁tu tantaikku nika�nta p퉟i�iyum ata웛u mu�uk k�ra�am�ka irunta anniya poru乙t�ra amukkamum p�ratiyai pati춁int�m pati��잀m vayatil퉧� 've應aikk�ra vir틊i' �kkiyirunta춁. na�par citampararakun�ta� ku웙ppi葺u應atu p튽a, "p�ratiyi� t퉏a paktikk惜a a�ippa�ai ava춁tu 15-vatu vayatil퉧� itayattil patintuvi葺atu e췃u n�m ti葺ava葺am�kak ko應al�m. e춊춙m itayatti� a�iy饍attil patinta anta a�ippa�aim�tu ava춁tu u應attil t퉏apakti...cupakirutu 性�il, 1902-m 性�il allatu 1903 to�akkattil, 饍am�kak ku�iko應at to�a�kiyatu..." (p�rati: t퉏apaktiyi� t틹웏m', t�marai, cep.1967). it t퉏apaktiyait tattuva tarica춁m p튽at ta춁kk퉧uriya p性iyil p�rati e�utiyu應惜. 1909il ve�i vanta "ja춎ap�mi" e췃a n�lukku (svat퉏a k�ta�ka� - ira椿�m p�kam) putuvaiyiliruntu e�utiya mukavuraiyil pi��튻kip p�rkki잀�: "c�riya� utittavu�a�� c퉡a춁p pirakiruti ma葺um퉧a췃i ac퉡a춁p pirakirutiyum, putiya j�va춁iyum u웒�kattaiyum pe윜ut tika�ki췃a춁. iva윜i춁i yoppav�, n葉�il 틆 putiya �tarcam-or ki�arcci-틆 m�rkkam t벼웫m퉧惜�l m묶makka�i� ne쨇a ma춁ittum iraviyai n튻kit tirumpum c�riya k�nta malarp튽a avv�tarcattai n튻kit tirumpuki췃a춁. ce췃a cupakirutu varu�attil� p�rata n葉�il carva cupa�ka�ukkum m�l�t�ram�kiya "t퉏apakti" e췃a nav勝a m�rkkam t벼웙yatu, nall틆ka�i� cintaiyell�m u�a�� pu�akitam�yi춁. nall틆u�aiya ku�a�ka�il� ku웏iyu�aiyava��kiya y惜um t퉣iyi춁tu kirupaiy�l apputiya cu�ari춊�attu a춑u p嶪朱�... m�t�vum ata춁i a�k�k�ram ceytu ko椿贍." ivvarika� n�lukku mukavuraiy�ka m�ttiramall�tu kavi쨅춁tu piraka�a춁m�kavum amaintu應a춁. 1902�m 性�i웛um 1905�m 性�il niv퉡it� ammaiy�raic cantitta nika�ccikkum i�aiyil p�rati veku turitam�ka nav勝a m�rkkatt�l - t퉏a paktiy�l - �kar�ikkappa葺u vi葺惜. ituv� kavitaiyi� k性um pura�cikkuk k�ra�am. itu 饍ntu kava춊kka v뱝�iyatu. kavit� v饍vi� �rampattil ell틆aiyum p튽av�, 涉kila co�튋 mu웏iyaip pi춑a윜iyum, 'ca�ka' y�pp惜a' akava웤�vaik karuviy�kak ko椿um conta vivak�ra�ka�aic campirat�yam惜a mu웏iyil p葉uki잀�. akk�lap p葉al talaippukka鍮, ivvu�maiyai e�uttuk k葉�uki췃a춁. cantirikai, y惜, ta춊maiyirakkam mutaliya춁 ta춁tu conta ma춁 u�aivuka�aik kavipporu乙kak kavi쨅r ko椿葉uvataik k葉�i ni웛i췃a춁. 惜�l nav勝a m�rkkattait ta�uviyavu�a�퉧� "ta�춁i" ma웏ntu ta춁kku app�웤a葺u virintu paranta pu웏ulaku�a� ta�춁ip pirikka mu�iy�tapa�i pi�aittuk ko�ki잀�. i웏i paktiyaip p葉iya m性ikkav�cakar, "a웤uta m惜a amuta t�raika� e웤ut tu�aito웫m 튋웙춁�...." e췃�r.p�ratiy�rukkut t퉏apakti avv�읂 iruntatu. n�vukkaracar p葉i��r: "ta�춁i ma웏nt贍ta� n�mam ke葺贍; talaippa葺贍 na�kai talaiva� t贍�" atup튽ap p�ratiy�rum ta춊mai irakka�ka�ai yell�m uta웙t ta應ivi葺u ta�춁iyum ta춁tu kavimalarka�aiyum talaivikkuc camarppitt�r. antak ka�attil퉧� akaval, co�튋 mutaliya y�ppu ellaika� ma웏intu putiya utv퉗a k�ta�ka� uruppe웏t to�a�kivi葺a춁. pa�aiya i웏i paktarka�i� kut�kala u�arcciyum, "n�m�rkku� ku�iyall튾; nama춁i a쨇튾" e췃a 惜ma v�ramum avaratu v�rttaika�il potu�at to�a�ki춁. ta춊maiyiliruntu ne쨇비u pulampiya nilaip틐 u應ak ka�ippaiyum u웫tiyaiyum ulakai n튻ki urattuk k�vum u�ap p涉ku t벼웙yatu. annilaiyil t�yum惜avar 惜antak ka�ippu me葺il atuk�lavarai k뱉k�ta putuyukak kural olittatu. "vant� m�tara me춑튾" e췃a k�tattai a웙y�tavar ilar. ippo�utu accilu應a p�rati kavitait tokutika�il i�ampe잀ta p� o췃ai ma葺um ut�ra�a� k葉�uv튾; 'vant� m�taram' k�tatti� �잀vatu cara�am atu. "t퉣inam p�rata p�mi-e�ka� t�maika� y�vaiyun t�rttaru� ceyv贍 �viyu�al poru� m耶웫m - anta a�춁i po� 잀�i춙k karppitam�kki." nav勝a m�rkkattaik ka�aipi�itta pi�, p�rati p葉�ukka� p葉i�惜; ava춁tu cakap葉ika� ceyyu�ka� e�uti춁r. "vant퉙�tara k�tat"taip p葉uvata웛u mu춑�, 1905 cep�ampar 14�m t퉡i ce�춁ik ka�a웛araiyil na�anta cut퉏iya m性avar potukk嚴�attil p�rati "va�kam� v饍iya" e췃a talaippil cila k�ta�ka� p葉iyirukki잀�. p�ratiy�r p葉i ve�ivanta mutal�vatu t퉏�v퉏app葉al ituv퉧�kum. ivai y�va윜aiyum c퉟ttup p�rkkump틊u 틆u�mai pulappa�uki웏tu. nav勝a m�rkkattai 튋웫k ko椿a p�rati, kavitaiyai makka類�u to�arpu ko椿u, uraiy葉i u웏v葉um c�ta춁m�kap paya춑a�utti�惜. pa�uttavum, ata� pa�pum pa�iyum paya춙m m�웙춁. ta춁tu cakap葉ika�i춊췃um vekut�ram pirintu ce췃uvi葺惜. �kav� i웫ti �yvil ilakkiyatti� u應a�akkam� uruvattai nir�ayikki웏tu e�춙m k�윜ukkup p�ratiyi� pari鎚mam ma웫kkavo黜�c c惜웫 pakarki웏tu. �yi춙m intac cantarppattil cikkal ni웏intat�kkappa葺u應a appiracci춁ikku� n�m i웏�ka v뱝�iyatillai. paritim�� kalai쨅r, c튾acuntara p�ratiy�r, cuppirama�iya mutaliy�r, ir�kavaiya�k�r mutaliy틆 tolk�ppiyari� ka葺a�aiyaiyum 乏kspiyari� m퉡aiyaiyum e黜ip perump葉upa葺u, tami�akattu a웙쨅rum, ve應aikk�rap p퉟�ciriyarka�um oru�k� p�r葉�akk嚴iya ceyyu�ka�ai e�uta muya췃u ko椿iruntap틊u, k養ukkup p葉iya tami�k ki�aviyaip p튽a mu�춊췃u k뱉p틆ukkup p葉ip paravacama�aint惜 p�rati. ita��l kavitaikkuriya pur�ta춁p pa�pu o췃ai m蜃�um emakku u�artti�惜 p�rati. n惜 pi웙t틆i�attil� k�웙yu應ataip p튽a, (ne�um pakal; murukaiya� kavitaika�, 1967) "k�kitattil e�utiy�, acca�itt� ma춁tti웛u� oruvar mu�umu�uppatalla kavitai. p葉app葉a v뱝�um; atut惜 p葉�u. p葉�e췃�l icai ta�uviyumirukkum; ta�uv�malumirukkal�m. 惜�l 튰ai nayamirukkum. c�t�ra�a ma춊tar, uraina�aiyaik ko椿u tamatu karuttukka�aiyum u�arvuka�aiyum pulappa�uvatu p튽ak kavi쨅� ceyyu�ait tu�aikko椿u pi웏ru�a� uraiy葉uki잀�. uyar kavika�ukkuriya 틆 ilakka�am atu. p�ratiy�r ceyta atimukkiyam惜a putumaika�ilo췃u kavitai m�lam ta춁tu cam�ka makka�u�a� u웏v葉iyat�". ka�anta pati춁intu irupatu varu�a�ka乙ka - ku웙pp�ka 1947-kkup pi�춁r v�ra va�akkam k�ra�am�kat tami�akattil p�rati p葉alka� n葉aka�ka�ilum, tiraippa�a�ka�ilum vevv튋u icaiva�iva�ka�aip pe윜iruppataiyum n惜 mu�춁rk k�웙yataiyum o췃�kak ko應a mu�iy�tu. icaik kalai쨅rka� karn葉aka ir�ka�ka�il p�ratip p葉alka�aip p葉uvatum ittakaiyat�. p�rati mutali� kavi쨅�; ira椿�kav� c�kittiya kartt�. ira�a�i� mu웏iyaiyum m�윜ivi�ak k嚴�tu. p�rati ta춁tu p葉alka�ai urattup p葉ic co웛a� ovvo췃i춁tum u應�rnta �윜alai ve�ippa�uttiyataiy� n惜 i�kuk karutuki읂�. p�ratiyi� ca�k�tat ti웏maiyai a췃u. p�ratiyaik ka椿u k뱉�avarum, avarka�aik ka椿틆um orumukam�kak k�웫vatu itut惜: mantirac col i춑am po�kapp葉uv�r kavi쨅r. p�rati putuvaiyil irunta k�lattil avaratu a춑ukkup p�ttiram惜a ci웫mi yatukiriyiliruntu p퉟�ciriyar vaiy�purip pi應aivarai palarum kavi쨅ratu kuralaiyum u�arcci tatumpap p葉um mu웏iyaiyum varu�ittu應a춁r. itu p�ratiyi� perumai campantam惜atu ma葺uma췃u. avarai avaratu cakap葉ika� perump�l惜틆iliruntu v튋upa�uttik k葉�a utavuvat비u, avaratu kavi �윜ukka�ai oruv�웫 ka椿a웙yavum ku웙 k葉�uvat�yu應atu. yatukiri amm贍 e�utuki잀r. "m�varum p葉�i� ocai vanta tikkai n튻kic ce췃튾. a�k� oru ka葺umaratti� m퉘 p�ratiy�r amarntirunt�r. ka웫ppuc cokk�y; kaccai p비�a v벋�i; k�ppiya kara�ka�. ka�alil utayam�kum p�lac�riya춁i n튻kiyapa�i p葉ikko椿irunt�r avar. ve�iccam na췃�kap paravavillai; ma�kal�ka iruntatu. kamp�ram惜a p葉�u, u應attaik kavarum r�kam, p葉�i� unnatam惜a poru� ell�m c퉟ntu u�maiyil teyvattai etiril k性patup튽 mayirkk�cce웙yac ceyta춁. u應am ku�irntatu. p�ratiyaip pa윜i e�utiya cila �ciriyarka� ittakaiya campava�ka�ai avaratu vicittiram惜a cup�vattukku e�uttukk葉焌kak k�웫var. kavi쨅춁i allatu kalai쨅춁i ka웤a��l튻atti� ca쨇arikkum ap�rvap pi웏viy�kak ko應um ka춁vulaka ilakkiyak k비p葉�i� vi�aivu atu. 惜�l p�ratiy�raip po웫ttavaraiyil kavitai v饍v비u ira椿a웏k kalantiruntatu. kavitai, ni웏inta pulamaiyi� ve�ipp葉u ma葺umalla, v饍kkaikku u�avum�kum. v튋틆 i�attil� yatukiri amm贍 e�utuki잀r: "�r� p�ratiy�rukkuc ca�k�tak kacc퉟ika�aik k葉�ilum p�mp葉�i, va黜惜, nelkuttum pe�ka�, cempa�avarka�, u�avar ivarka�u�aiya n葉비ip p葉�ukka� e췃�l mikavum i亢am.... oru n贍 m�lai... cempa�avarka� m勝ka�ai nirappik ko椿u, cant빙am�kap p葉iyapa�i t빎iyaik karaiy튋웙k ko椿irunt�rka�. e�ka類�u p퉏ik ko椿irunta p�ratiy�r avarka�u�aiya p葉�ukku 'cap晟' colla �rampitt�r. n惜,'itu e�춁 v뱉ikkai! avarka� arttam r�kam o췃um ill�mal p葉um p葉�ai n�r ivva�avu meccuki잆r�! e�ka�ukku o췃um puriki웏tillai' e춌i읂�." yatukiri amm贍 ci웫vayatu ni춁ivuka�aic colki잀r. p�ratiyaip periyavar�kak karuti v饍ntavar. 틆a�avu mutircci pe윜a tami�a웙쨅r es.vaiy�purip pi應ai k�웫vataip p�rpp튾: "avaru�aiya p葉alka�ai avar p葉ik k뱉ka v뱝�ume췃a �val e춁kku atikam�yiruntatu. anta �valai ni웏iv튋웙k ko應a itu takka camayame췃u e黜i�묶. 'ci�춁� ci웫ki�iy�' e췃u to�a�kum p葉alka�aip p葉umpa�i k뱉�uk ko椿묶. p�ratiy�r ka�ka� oru nimi�am m嚴u椿a춁. mukattil� putiyatoru polivu. a춑u tatumpum c�r�rattil p葉at to�a�ki e�ka�aip paravacam�kki��r." ivv�웫 v�yvi葺up p葉um pa�pi춁ip p�ratiy�r ta춁tu mu��비ika� cilari�amiruntu pe윜�r e춑ata춁ic ci웙tu pi���l kava춊pp튾. i�ka ma춁�ko應a v뱝�iyatu y�te춊l, v饍kaiyaiy� kavitaip poru乙kkiyamaiy�l ta춁tu v饍kkaiya춙pava�ka�aiyum ta�춁ic c�rnt틆 v饍kkai nika�vuka�aiyum n葉�u na�appukka�aiyum p葉焌kki��r. atu poru�; va�ivamum a춙pavatt�� pe윜atut惜. palv튋u u�aipp贍ika�i� n葉�upp葉alka�ai ma葺uma췃ip piccaikk�rar p葉�ukka�aiyum ta춁t�kki��r. putuvai aluttup p틐t ti蠢re춁p piri葺i� intiy�vukku m�웫v뱉attil p벼a camayam (1918) reyilil piccaikk�rap pe黜orutti p葉iya hintust惜ip p葉ali� me葺il "p�rukku應� nalla n葉u" e췃a k�tattaik kava춁� ceyt�r�m. ivaiyell�m c�t�ra�a makka類�u to�arpu ko椿u cantarppattukk튋웏v�웫 navanavam�kap p�ratiy�r p葉iyataik k葉�uki췃a춁... p葉um p葉al "koccaka orup튻� allatu va黜a ott饍icaik kaliy� allatu ka�ine�i l�ciriya viruttam�" e췃u avar cakap葉ika� tamatu oyvu n퉟a�ka�il ma椿aiyaik ku�appik ko椿irukka, p�ratiy�r tamatu anupavattaiy� �t�ram�kak ko椿u c�t�ra�ak ka웛a�ai vairama�ika� �kkik ko椿irunt�r. oru camayam p�ratiy�r v蜃�il cakti p�jaikkup pi웏ku "vant� m�taram" p葉ivi葺u, "t�m ceyta putiya p葉al�kiya 'pe�mai v饍ke췃u' e춑atai i�kil實 "n비me葺il" p葉i��r�m. (p�rati ni춁ivuka�. pak. 115) curu�kak k�웫vat�yi� p�ratiyi� camak�lap pa�ipp贍ika� t�m tami�ilum 涉kilattilum ka윜utt퉟nta uyarta춊c cenne웙 ilakkiya�ka�i� va�ini췃u takai c惜웏 - m性pu應a-ilakkiyam pa�aikka virumpi춁r. i�aikk�lattil� tami� marapu citaivu윜iruntatu u�maiy�. ilakkiyap pa�aippu 튋att饍a ni췃u p틐iruntatu. e춁v� pa�aiya perumaikku ettakaiya i�ukkum 튋pa焌ta vitattil c惜읃r cenne웙yait tamm�liya췃a�avu putuppikka mu춁inta춁r. paritim�� kalai쨅r, c튾acuntara p�ratiy�r attakaiy틆�. avarka� anta vakaiyil navacenne웙y贍ar (Non-Classicists). 惜�l avarka� tami� ilakkiya varal�윜ait tava잀ka vi�a�kik ko椿irunt�rka�. cenne웙 evva�avu t惜 perumai pa�aitt�r�yiruppi춙m, ata춁i m蜃�um nilain葉�a mu�iy�tu. ta춁tu pa�aiya 't�ymai'yu�a� iya�ka mu�iy�mal� atu ce췃u t퉧ntiruntatu. ata� paya��kav� ilakkiyam pi�avu椿u irup�웤a葺u, potumakka� (n葉비i) ilakkiyam e췃um, uyarnt틆 ilakkiyam e췃um o췃aiyo췃u vilakki ni췃atu. iyakkaviyali춑a�i im mura�p葉�ai a웫tt�la췃ip piracci춁i t�r�tu. evva�avu va춎aiyu�a� (n퉟maiyu�a춙m) avarka� pa�aiya cenne웙yai a�utti va웤u웫tti춁r� avva�avukkuk k�lattiliruntum v饍kkaiyi춊췃um vilakiyavar�yi춁r. ita춁i ut�ra�am�lam vi�akkuv튾. ir�kavaiya�k�ri� p�rik�tai, c튾acuntara p�ratiy�ri� m�riv�yil, cuntarampi應aiyi� ma�벼ma鰍yam, mutaliyava윜ai e�uttukko椿�l, avai muntaiy틆 n�웛aruttukka�aiyum, y�ppamaitika�aiyum, uvamai uruva�ka�aiyum po��퉝틹 pi춑a윜uvataik k性al�m. m�lak kataiyo췃ai e�uttuk k�lattukk튋웏 vakaiyil n�ta춁 na�aiyil amaippatu oru muya웒i. ava윜aip pa�iye�uppatu oru muya웒i. pi�춁tu pa�iye�ukkum ti웏maiyaiya췃i v튋etaiyum u�artta vallata췃u. 'ca�ka'c c惜읃r p葉iya akatti�aic ceyyu�ka�aiy� m�l�t�ram�kak ko椿u illatu, i춊yatu, nallatu e춑a춁va윜aip pukuttip pi웛�lap pulav틆ka� k틍ai ilakkiyam p葉i춁r. m�lam m�lamt惜; pa�i pa�it惜. ituku웙ttu 焌k�ar va.cupa.m性ikkam k�웫va춁 cuvai payappa춁: "ca�ka ilakkiya�ka� n퉟a�i v饍viliruntu t벼웙ya m�lap pi웏vika�, avai ka웤avar ne쨇a� pukuntu v饍vai ne웙ppa�utta vallavai. ca�kac c惜읃r akapporu�ait to�arpu�aiya tu웏ika乙ka vaittup p葉avillai. akatti�aikkut to�arpa윜a kavipp葉alka� e�unta tolk�ppiya ne웙y� v饍vukkup poruntum. anne웙ppa葺a p葉alka鍮 uyiru�aiya v饍vup p葉al�kum... k틍ai e춑atu ca�ka ilakkiyam e�춙m periya m贍ikaiyaik ka椿u pa�iye�utta oru varaip pa�am�kum; amm贍ikaikku� cellap paya춑a�um va�ik葉�iy�kum; ilakkiyam t틹웙ya ilakkiyam�kum." (ci윜ilakkiyac co웤o�ivuka�, n惜k�vatu m�n葉u, talaimaiyurai.) imm튋k븍i� k틍aiy�ciriyar pa윜ik k�웙yatu vi�akka ut�ra�am퉧a췃ip p�ratiyi� camak�lap pulavarkkup poruntuvata췃u. avarka� ceytavai va�in�lka�akku va�in�lka�. at�vatu ni�ali� ni�alp튽a! tolk�ppiyar 性aikku attu�ai matippuk ko�utta ippulavar perumakka�i� palar tolk�ppiyar neki�ntuko�ukkum ti웏� pa�aittavar e춑atai ma웏nta춁r. tolk�ppiyam ceyyu�iyalil, "marap퉡惜um n�� col viyal惜 y�ppuva�ip pa葺a췃u" e�춙� c�ttirattukkup p퉟�ciriyar k�웙yu應a uraip pakuti i췃um cilarukkup p틊am a�ikkavallatu. "e춁v�, collum poru�um avvakk�latt�r va�a�ku m�윜惜� ceyyu� ceyka e춑at�yi윜u. ita춁tu paya� oru k�lattu va�a�kappa葺a col oru k�lattu ilav�kalum poru� v튋upa�utalum u�aiya. at븍i, it븍i, ut븍i e춁vu� kuyi� e춁vum ni췃a ivai oru k�lattu�av�ki ikk�lattilav�yi춁. ivai mu웛�lattu�a ve춑at� ko椿u v湜nta k�lattu� ceyyu� ceyyappa焌. i춊p, p葉�i춙n tokaiyi춙m u應a coll� m蜃�atoru k�lattukku uritta췃ip p틐i�, mu웛�lattu�ave춑at� ko椿u pi웛�lattu n葉�ic ceyyu� ceyyappe잀 e춑atu. i춊p poru�um ivv�읂 k�latt惜um v튋upa�utalu�aiya". cuntarampi應ai, ma웏imalaiya�ika�, paritim�� kalai쨅r mutaliy틆 n�lka�aip pa�ikkump틊u avarka� p퉟�ciriyaratu m튋k븍aik ka윜um ata� va�i nill�mai pulappa�um. p�rati tolk�ppiyam pa�itt惜� teriy�tu. 惜�l pu춁rje춎am e췃a ka葺uraiyil� pi춚arum�웫 e�uti�惜: "ne�u� k�lattukku mu��� e�utappa葺a n�lka� akk�lattup p晟aiyait ta�uvi춁vai. k�lam m�웏m�웏 p晟ai m�웙kko椿u p튻i웏tu. pa�aiya pata�ka� m�웙p putiya pata�ka� u椿�ki췃a춁. pulavar antak k�lattu ja춁�ka�ukkut te�iv�kat teriyakk嚴iya pata�ka�aiy� va�a�kav뱝�um. arumaiy惜a u應ak k葉cika�ai e�imai ko椿a na�aiyil� e�utuvatu nalla kavitai... namatu kavitaiyil� 惜antam ku웏iyat to�a�ki윜u; ruci ku웏intatu; kara�umura焌춁 kallum ka應i mu應um p벼웏 p�tai namatu kavika�ukku nalla p�taiy�kat t벼웏l�yi윜u. kavir�yar 'ka�' e춑atai 'cakku' e췃u collat to�a�ki��r. rasam ku웏intatu; cakkai atikappa葺atu. u�mai ku웏intatu! pi�춁l ti웏maika� atikappa葺a춁. intap p튻kai mu웙ya�ittu ve윜i k性patu ilakuv惜a k�riyama췃u. ata춁ic ceytu mu�ippatu ta춊 ma춊ta� oruva��l �kuvatuma췃u. p�ratiy�r varal�윜aip pi��튻kip p�rtt�r; cama�am mutal�ya paracamayak k비p葉uka�aiyum ava윜i웛u �t�ram�yirunta makka� pirivaiyum etirttuk ki�arcci ceytu p葉�ut ti웏tt�l� camut�yattaip p�litta caiva n�ya춎�r, vai�ava 饍v�rka�, p튽ic ca�a�kuka�aiyum vara葺u v퉡�ntattaiyum ki椿al ceytu campirat�yattukku etir�kak kural e�uppiya cittarka�, aravaika�aiyum �t勝a�ka�aiyum a�uk�tu potu makka�ai nampi avarka� virumpum me葺il p葉iya cam�ka c�rtirutta u�arvu pe윜irunta k틄�lakiru巷a p�ratiy�r, ir�mali�ka cuv�mika� mutaliy틆aip pakkapalam�kak ko椿�r. at� camayattil avarka�ukku app�lum p벼�r. ita춁it te�intu ko�vata웛up p�ratiyi� mu��비ika� cilarai a웙tal v뱝�um. kampa� mutal ir�mali�kar varai p�rati p�r葉�iya pa�puka� "o�i, te�ivu, ku�irnta na�ai" �kiya m耶웫m�m. i�a�k�, va應uvar, kampar mutaliya kavi쨅raip p�rati p�r葉�iyu應�r; 饍v�r�tiy틆 p葉alka�il� avar �웙t ti�aittirunt�r e춑atai akacc惜웫ka乙l a웙ki췃튾; cittar v�kkuka�i��lum avar kavarappa葺irunt�r. ivai i�aikk�lam varai va�arntu vanta kavimarapiliruntu p�rati pe윜avai. �yi춙m p�ratiyi� kavitaiyaip pala va�ika�il 饍am�kap p�titta kavi쨅rka� ava춙kku mu� oru n�윜性�uk k�latti웛u� pi웏ntavarka�. potuv�kap "peru� kavi쨅r" e춁p p틹웏ppa�uvar allar. �yi춙m ivar� p�ratiyai va�i na�attic ce췃u應a춁r. pati춅葺�m n�윜性�iliruntu tami�ilakkiyattil� potumakka� c�rnta ilakkiya va�iva�ka� cila t벼웏l�yi춁. n葉akap pa�pum icaip p涉kum ko椿a ivvilakkiya�ka�, vittuvak k�yccalum v辰 ala�k�ramum, paka葺um, pa焌柱pamum malinta ilakkiya ne웙kku etir vi�aiv�kat t벼웙춁. irupat�m n�윜性�u ilakkiyatti웛u mu�춁웙vippuk ko�uttu ni췃a춁. �ti춁�ka�um ma�a�ka�um �taritta m勝葉ci cuntarampi應ai p벼웏 mak�vittuv惜ka� kalviyulakil kamp�ra na�aip비�ut tirinta c養nilaiyil�, 'terupp葉aka'r�kap pu웏 ellaiyil ni췃avarka鍮 ipputiya ilakkiya va�iva�ka�aip pa�aitta�itta춁r. nanta� carittirak k�rtta춁i e�춙m n�lukku m勝葉ci cuntarampi應aiyi�am mu�춙rai o췃u v涉kuvata웛�kak k틄�lakiru巷a p�ratiy�r palak�lan 'tava�ki�antamai' pa윜ic c�min�taiyar avar carittiratti� ku웙ppi葺u應�r. k�lave應attil mu춁ivar a�ipa葺up p튻ap pi�춁var nilaittiruppatu vicittiram惜a ceytit惜. k틄�lakiru巷a p�ratiy�r p벼웏 potumakka� c�rnta kartt�kka�aiy� cuppirama�iya p�ratiy�r tamatu u�maiy惜a va�ik葉�ika乙kak ko椿�r. itil viyappetuvumillai. i춁m i춁ttai n葉um. a웙vu p�rvam�ka m튋k�웙ya kaviv性araip pi춑a윜u mu춑at�kav� icaittami� c�rnta ilakkiya�ka�il� p�ratikku u�arcci p�rvam惜a pi�ippu iruntatu e춑atu ne쨇il nilaini웫tta v뱝�iya ceytiy�kum. t퉏apakti e�춙m p퉟alai v�cat to�a�kiyap틊u, ata춙� m養ki n�r葉ap p�rati 퉘av� tay�r�kiyiruntataip p튽a, itilum ava춁tu i�amaikk�la v饍kkai pi웛�la malarccikku mikap poruttam惜a erukka�am�ka amaintatu. p�ratiyi� i�amaikk�la v饍kkaiyaip pa윜i e�utiyu應a y�varum, ava춊�attu 饍ap patintirunta icai ㅰ춁ttaiyum, camaya ilakkiya 蜃up葉�i춁iyum ci웏pp�kak ku웙ppi葺u應a춁r. p�rati k�lattil v饍nta kalvi cir벋�arka� palarukku ittakaiya v�yppu iruntatu. 惜�l n�m m퉘� k葉�iyatu p튽a ilakkiyattil 튋pa葺irunta tarappiripu k�ra�am�ka 'pa�akutami�il' p�mararum pi�itti춑u윜u icait tami�ai avarka� pu웏nilaiyil vaittu �yntiruppi춙m, "cenne웙" ilakkiya �kkatti웛up paya춑a�utta oppavillai. 'c퉟i mo�iyai'c centami留�u kalakka virumpavillai. itu vi�ayattil p�rati kampa춁it ta춁kku ila�ciya puru�a��kak ko椿惜. pu춁rje춎am e췃a ka葺uraiyil kampa� matam� ta춁kkuc cammatam e춌i잀�. ivvi�attil kampar varal�윜i� k性appa�um kataiyo췃u poruttam�kat t벼웫ki웏tu. kampar oru camayam 'tumi' e췃a collaip p葉alil amaittup p葉iyap틊u, kavir�jarum c붓a춁tu p퉟avaip pulavarum惜a o葺akk�ttar "tumi" e췃a v�rttai tami� n�lka�i� k性appa焌tatu e췃u 葉c퉝itt�r�m. kampar� atu ulaka va�akkil u椿e춁 v�ti葺�r�m. v�kkuv�tam m嶪�u c붓a춙m campantappa葺uk kamparait ta춁tu k�윜ai nir�pikkum�웫 k뱉kavum m�varum teruva�iy� p틐i춁r. ci웙tu n퉟attukkuppi� �yar c퉟iyil tayir ka�aiyum pe黜orutti pakkattil neru�ki ni췃u vi�aiy葉iya ku�antaika�aip p�rttu "pi應aika鍮, t�rap p틐vi�u�ka�. u�ka� m�tu tumi te웙kkum" e췃贍. innika�cci kampar pa윜iya ka葺ukkataika�il o췃�kavum iruttal k嚴um. 惜�l kampa춁tu makka� c�rpai 性ittaram�ka e�uttuk k葉�uki웏tu. kampa� e췃oru m惜i�a� v饍ntamaiyaic ci웏ppittup p葉um p�rati kampa춁ip p튽a n葉비ip p葉alka�, paktip p葉alka� e춑a춁va윜il ne쨇aip pa웙ko�uttava��. t퉣�ram, tiruv�cakam, tivviyap pirapantam, tiruppuka�, kantarala�k�ram, tiruvaru�p� mutaliya pa춙valka� perump�l惜a tami� makka乙l poru�a웙ntum poru�a웙y�malum ca�a�ku mu웏iyi� p葉appe웫va춁. p�rati ava윜ai mu춎�tiriy�kak ko椿u k�latti웛튋웏 vakaiyil poru� m�윜a� ceytu uruva orumaipp葉u ka椿惜; t퉏apaktiyait teyva paktiy�ka urum�윜a� ceyta pulava� pa�aiya icait tami�ilakkiya va�iva�ka�aip putiya poru�aip p葉ap paya춑a�utti�惜. orut�ra�am p틊um惜atu. m性ikkav�cakar tirupperuntu웏iyil vi�iya웛�latt� i웏iva춁it tuyil e�uppuvat�kat tiruppa應iye�ucci e�춙m pa춙valaip p葉i춁r; p�ratiy� p�ratam�t� tiruppa應iye�ucci p葉i�惜. a�춁i par�caktiyai i亢a teyvam�kak ko椿u p葉iya p�rati c�kta va�ip葉�i� m�lam t퉏apaktiyait teyva paktiy�ka m�윜um irasav�tattaic ceyt惜. ita춁i irumak�kavika� e췃a n�lil vi�akkiyu應묶. ipporu� ku웙ttup p퉟�ciriyar turajatipirac�t mukarji k�웫va춁 u�춊kkat takkavai: "ilaukika ulakil a췃aiya caktiy惜atu t퉏iya u�arcciy�ka iruntatu. itt퉏iya u�arcciyai oru camayam�ka 튋웫kko應a makka� �yattam�ka irunta춁re췃�l, atu a췃ilirunta camaya v饍vi� tarakku웏ivaiy� k葉�uki웏tu. t�m i�anta 惜m�kap poru�ukku 蜃u ceyyumukam�kat t퉏iya u�arcciyait ta�uvi춁r makka�. i�anta teyv�ka v饍kkaikkup patil�kat t퉏apaktiyai ata웛蜃�kkiya ematu t퉏iyatti� inta amcattai n�m ala�ciya� ceyyal�k�tu." pa�aiya camaya ilakkiya�ka�ai-ci웏pp�kap paktip p葉alka�aip p�rati evv�웫 a�uki�惜 e춑ata춁iyum ata춁�ippa�aiyaiyum itu tarukkar�tiy�ka u�arttuki웏tu. ivai y�va윜i웛um mutal t퉣aiy�kap p�ratiyi� i�ampir�yac c養alai n�m ci웙tu �r�yav뱝�um. aintil va�aintatut惜 aimpatilum va�aiyumallav�? p�rati pi웏nta e葺aiyapuram ci웙ya cut퉏a camast惜am. ce�춁i mutaliya pa葺i춁�ka�aip p튽a췃i 'n�karikam' 嚴uruv�ta pirat퉏am. p性�i n葉�i� pa�am perumaiyi� miccacocca�ka乙ka ippakutika�il tami�ilakkiya marapu ku윜uyir�kav묶um �cal葉ik ko椿iruntatu. 18�m n�윜性�u to�akkam mella mella arumpivanta pa�akutami�, ilakkiya�ka� e葺aiyapuram pakutiyilum ku웙ppi�attakka�avu uyirttu�ippu�a� vi�a�ki춁. tirunelv퉘i a췃um i췃um tami� ma�am kama�um pirat퉏am�kav� tika�ki웏tu. m�va葺a r�tiyil ata� perumai tami留�u kalantat�yu應atu. e葺aiyapuram p�ratikkup pi�ikkavillaiy�yi춙m, p�l비um u�av비um paintami�ai avar ka윜atu a�k퉡惜. p�ratikkumu� pulavar marapu a�ku iruntatu. e葺aiyapuram ara�ma춁ip pulavar�ka vi�a�kiyavar ka�ikaimuttuppulavar; avariya윜iya n�lka�u� k�marama쨇ari o췃u. ma윜oru avaippulavar muttu v�rappak kavir�yar; e葺aiyapuram ka�ikai muttuc�mip pulavari� m性avar. c퉣a웛u�am kantac�mip pulavar muttuv�rappak kavir�yari� putalvar; k�rtta춁�ka�um, curakirutika�um p葉iyavar. e葺aiyapuram ka�ikai namacciv�yap pulavar ka�ukumalai muruka춎�tu p葉iya vall�paratam icaittami�c celvam�kum. ittakaiya pakaippulattil퉧� p�rati pi웏ntu, ta�춁i ya웙y�mal� v뱉ikkaiy�kavum vi�aiy葉焌kavum inn�lka�aiyell�m p葉ip patam p�rttirunt惜. vaiy�purippi應ai k�웫vatup튽a, "ikkavitaika�ell�m pa�aiya ne웙ka�aiy� pi춑a윜ivai. k�tal, ma�al mutaliya ciru�k�rap p葉alka鍮 perump�lum camast惜attil v뱝�iyavaiy�y irunta춁." p�rati iva윜i� ci웒ila nallamca�ka�aik kirakittuk ko椿惜. �yi춙m camast惜ak kavi쨅raivi�a, ta춊y�rka乙ka irunta k틄�la kiru巷ap�ratiy�r, a黜�malaire葺iy�r, ir�mali�kar mutaliy틆aiy� p�rati k嚴iya�avu u�ko椿惜. k틄�lakiru巷a p�ratiy�raik ku웙kkumi�attu u.v�.c�min�taiyar ivv�웫 k�웫ki잀r: "tami�icaip p�rampariyatti� mutalvarka�i� oruvarum, cuppirama�iya p�ratiy�rukkup pala va�ika�il �tar�a puru�ar�ka iruntavarum惜a k틄�la kiru巷a p�ratiy�r nanta� carittirak k�rtta춁ika�ai iya윜iyirunt�r." cuppirama�iya p�ratiy�rukkuc ci�춁 vayatil퉧� nanta� carittirak k�rtta춁ika� u�arcciy嚴�uva춁v�ka irunta춁. k�ciyilirunta camayam nika�nta oru nika�cci ita춁ic cittarikkum. tiruv�tirai u웒avak ko椿葉�atti춑틊u, orumu웏i 틊uv�r varat t�matam�kivi葺atu. p�ratiyi� attaiyi� y튰a춁ippa�i p�ratiy�raip p葉um�웫 pa�itt�r kiru巷aciva�. "mu웏ippa�i tiruvemp�vaiyaip p�ratiy�r p葉a, t�p�r�ta춁i mu�intatu. pi춑u p�ratiy�rum, avar u웏vi춁r惜a m�t葉�i oruvarum c퉟ntu. "p�rkka p�rkkat tika葺um� - unta� p�ta tarica춁m" e췃a nanta� carittirak k�rtta춁iyai urukkam�kap p葉i��r. k嚴iyirunta paktarka� a춁ivarum u應a� karaintu nekkurukip paravacam a�aint�rka�" (tami�c cu�ar ma�ika�, pak.275) ivvi�attil� i�춐췃um ni춁ivuk�rattakkatu. i�aikk�la n�ya춎�r 饍v�r�tiy틆 n�lka�aiyum p�rati it� a�avu paravacattu�a� p葉upava�. potumakka� p퉏cu va�akkuka�aiyum, pa�amo�ika�aiyum, n�ta춁m惜a colluruva�ka�aiyum n�ya춎�rum 饍v�rum tamatu p葉alka�il amaittuk ko椿a춁r. atu k�ra�am pa윜i ilakka�av�ciriyarka� iva윜aip pu웏kka�ittu vanta춁r. m퉘ta葺u ilakkiya �ciriyarum �t�vatu cenne웙p pulamaiy贍arum iva윜aik kaiy贍vatait tavirtta춁r. pa�po윜umaiyaip p�rati na춌u�arntiruttal v뱝�um. p�rati putaiyal (ira椿�m p�kam) e췃a tokuppu n�lil n惜ku p葉alka� c퉟kkappa葺irukki췃a춁. ava윜il m耶웫 tiruppuka� na�aiyilum, o췃u t퉣�ra na�aiyilum irukki췃a춁. p葉alka�ukkut talaippuka� ki�aikk�maiy�l "p�rati tiruppuka�" e췃um, "p�rati t퉣�ram" e췃um tokupp�ciriyar ava윜i웛up peyar c嚴�iyu應�r. ci웫vayatil a�iy� ni춁ivuka乙yp patinta ipp葉alka�um pi웏 c�kittiya�ka�um pi웛�lattil p�ratiy�r na�pu p嶪�irunta tu웏vika�, y튻ika�, c�miy�r mutaliy틆�l m퉘um u웫tiy�kkappa葺a춁; pa�aiya camayapp葉alka�ai ve웫m co웛틍aika乙ka a췃i ma웏iporu�um to춊kkum 惜ma ve�ipp葉�ka u�arnt�r kavi쨅r. p�ratiy�r e�utiya ka葺uraiyo췃u itto�arpil ku웙ppi�attakkatu. ka�a웛araiy性�i e춑atu ka葺uraiyil talaippu. mukkiyam惜a pakuti varum�웫: "app틊u, anta y튻i mikavum uratta kuralil, ka�al튰ai ta�iyumpa�i pi춚arum p葉�ai �ccariyam惜a n葉a r�kattil p葉i��r. 'c퉘pa� �a�intatu cent�r vaya웤o�il, t뱄ka�ampi� m�lpa� �a�intatu p俺ko�i y�rma춁m m�mayil벼 v퉘pa� �a�intatu v퉘aiyum c�ra춙m ve웭umava� k�lpa� �a�inta ti� ke췃alai m퉘aya� kaiye�utt�!' kantarala�k�rattil n惜 palamu웏i pa�ittirukkum m튋pa�i p葉�ai anta y튻i p葉ump틊u, e춁kkup putit�ka iruntatu. m퉘ell�m pu�akamu椿�yvi葺atu. mutalira椿a�i c�t�ra�am�ka u�k�rntu co���r. m耶잀vatu patam collukaiyil e�untu ni췃u ko椿�r. ka黜um mukamum o�iko椿u �v퉏am 튋ipp틐vi葺atu. 'v퉘 pa葺a�intatu, v퉘ai (ka�al)' e췃u collump틊u cu葺uviral�l ka�alaik ku웙ttuk k葉�i��r. ka�al na�u�kuvatu p튽 e� ka黜ukkup pulappa葺atu." ve웫ma�� marapu va�ivanta camaya n튻ki� pa�ipp틆ukku m퉘퉧u應a pakuti a춙p�ti ne웙kku e�uttuk k葉焌kat t벼웫m. 惜�l avv�웫 ko�vatu p�ratikkup porunt�tu. 묶e춊l ava� pa�aiya a춙p�tim惜ka�i� p晟aiyil p葉iya poru� putiyatu. e춁v� t惜. pi.�r�. k�웫ki잀r. "ir�mali�ka a�ika� pa�aiya ilakkiya yukattaip p�rtti ceytavar�: p�ratiy�r� putuyukakkavi." (p�rati n惜 ka椿atum k뱉�atum, pak.45) ir�man葉akak k�rtta춁i iya윜iya aru鎚calak kavir�yar, k�va�ic cintu p葉iya ce�춊 ku�am a黜�malai re葺iy�r tattuvar�ya cuv�mika�, ir�mali�ka cuv�mika�, k틄�lakiru巷a p�ratiy�r, ku윜�lakku웏va쨇i �ciriyar m퉘akaram tirik嚴ar�cappak kavir�yar, ma윜um pa應u, no椿in葉akam, mutal�ya ilakkiya va�iva�ka�i� �ciriyar palar, �kiy틆� p�ratiyi� p葉�ut ti웏ttaip p�tittu應a춁r. cam�pa k�lattil m튋k�웙ya pulavarka� p葉i춁va윜ukkum p�rati p葉alka�ukkum u應a o윜umaika� cilar�l 涉k涉ku e�uttuk k葉�appa葺u varuki췃a춁. ut�ra�am�ka, ma.po. civaㅰ춁m va應al�rum p�ratiyum e�춙m n�lil iru pulavarkkum potuv惜a cinta춁ika�ai 틆a�avu cu葺ik k葉�iyu應�r. va應al�ri� avat�ram�kav� p�ratiy�rai avar varu�ikki잀r. a�tevv�잀yi춙m, p�rati va應al�rai 'mah惜' e췃u varu�ippatu u�mai. tiru.civaㅰ춁m iruvarukkum potuv惜a karuttuppa�iva�ka�aiy� vitantu k葉�uki췃�r. ilakkiyat ti웏��yvu n튻kil opp�r�ycci ceyta i췃iyamaiy�tatu. 惜�l p�ratikkum va應al�rukkumu應a orumaipp葉�ai a�uttikk�웫m �ciriyar mukkiyam惜a v튋up葉uka�aik k葉�avillai. avaiyum attiy�vaciyama췃�; m퉘� k葉�iya pi.�r�.yi� m튋k븍 ma춁�ko�attakkatu. k틄�lakiru巷a p�ratiy�r, ir�mali�kar ma葺uma췃i aru鎚calak kavir�yar, muttut t性�avar, tirik嚴ar�cappak kavir�yar, e춑틆um p�ratiy비u oppun튻ki �r�yappa�a v뱝�iyavar�. ta춁kku mu�춊runta pulavaraip pi춑a윜i�惜 p�rati e췃u k�웙 marapamaiti nilain葉�a v뱝�iya nirppantam emakku i췃u illai. avv�웫 n�lka�ai �yvat� mu웛�la-t뱄kini췃a-camut�yatti� ne웙y�yiruntatu. p�ratiy� mu�up pirak쨅iy비um putumaiyaip p틹웙yavar. �kav� va應al�r p벼잀r비u kavi쨅rpir惜ai oppi�ump틊u orumaipp葉�i� pakaippulattil ta웤utumaiy惜a pa�puka�aik ka椿u k葉�uvat� v뱝�appa�uvatu, p�ratiyi� cam�ka c�rtirutta u�arvaic cilar va應al�ru�a� oppi�uvar. va應al�r ma葺umi췃i v튋u cilarum ku웙ppi�appa�a v뱝�iyavarka� e춁 e黜uki읂�. ut�ra�am�ka, camut�ya u�arvu ce췃a n�윜性�i� pi웤akutiyil mella mella uruv�ki vantataik k性al�m. t�tuvaru�am (1876) p性�i n葉�i� perum pa쨇am t벼웙p palak�lam a�akiya cokkan�ta pi應ai k�ntimati ant�ti p葉i��r. villiyappi應ai pa쨇ala�ca�at tirumukavil�cam e췃a 'kaliyukap peru�k�viyat' taip p葉i��r. iva윜aivi�a makka� ilakkiyam�m n葉�up p葉alka�um akko�iyapa쨇attai varu�ittu應a춁. "pa쨇am� pa쨇am e췃�-nitam paritavitt� uyir tu�i tu�itt� tu쨇i ma�iki췃�r� - ivar tuyarka�ait t�rkkav틆 va�iyillaiy�!" e췃u ne쨇u po웫kk�ma� p葉iya p�rati ta춁tu m�va葺atti� kalaip pokki�a�ka乙춁 mu웛�웙ya camut�yap p葉alka�ai niccayam a웙ntirupp惜 e춁 etirp�rkkal�m. 묶e춊l tiru. rakun�ta� ku웙ppi�uvatup튽a "t�tuvaru�ap pa쨇am e췃a coll葉ciy� tami� n葉�u makka�i�aiy� ko�iya vara�ciyaik cu葺ikk葉�um ku웙y蜃�ka nilavivi葺atu." (camut�ya ilakkiyam, pak.174) ce췃a talaimu웏ik k�latti� k嚴a mutiyavarka� t�tuvaru�ap pa쨇am pa윜ic ceviva�ic ceytika�aik k�웙 vantu應a춁r. ta웛�lat tami�i웛uk kavipperukkup p�ycciya p�rati va웏椿a p�miy�m k틐ilpa葺i va葺�rattaic c퉟nta ci윜�ri� pi웏ntava��. pa쨇am avar p�rtta웙nta ko�umaiy�kavum irukkak k嚴um. p�rati oru yukak kavi쨅� e췃u a�ikka�i palar k�웫var. ta춁 yukatti� pa�puka� cilava윜ai m튋k�웙ya kavi쨅r to葺uk k葉�iyu應a춁r e춑ataip p�rati na춌u�arntamaiy� p�ratiyi� k�la u�arvukkuc ci웏nta c惜웫 pakaruki췃atu. vekuk�latti웛a mu�춁rt t벼웙ya n�lka� pa윜i oruvar karuttut terivippatu mikavum e�itu. k�lam n�lka�aik ka�ittut taram pirittut taruki췃atu. �yi�, camak�la n�lka�u� uyirttu�ippu應ava윜aikka椿u ko應uvatu attu�ai e�ita췃u. ilakkiyatti� iyakkaviyalai u應u�arv�kav� terintuko應um pa�aipp贍iyum, ti웏��yv贍a춙m� ivv�웫 ta춁tu k�lattu n�lka�aic cariy�ka e�aip비amu�iyum. p�rati ivvu�arvaip peruma�avi� pe윜irunt惜. ava춁tu ve윜iyi� irakaciyamum atuv�. ta춁tu aru� p�kka�ait "terupp葉al" e췃u a�akkam�ka a�aittuk ko椿a ir�mali�kar p벼웏vari� n튻kum v�kkum� ta춁tu yukatti웛u ukantavai e췃u�arntu, ava윜ai �t�ram�kak ko椿u u�aitt惜 p�rati. "potumakka�ukku ukapp惜a palv튋u kavi쨅rka�aiyum ivar pi춑a윜iyu應�r" e췃u k�웫ki잀r es.vaiy�purip pi應ai. ipp葉al vakaika� ettakaiyavai? ilakkiyatti� pirikka mu�iy�ta pakutiy�ka u應a iva윜aip potuv�ka icaipp�kka� e춑ar. cintu mutaliya o춑atu vakai icaip p�kka� va�a�ki varuvataip palarum a웙var. icait tami�p pirivu pa�춅�u�k�lam�ka iruntu varuvato췃u e춊춙m m튋k�웙ya cintu mutal�ya icaipp�kka� pati춅葺�m n�윜性�i웛u mu� iruntatillai e춑ar. ivvicaip p�kka�aic "c�kittiyam" e췃um va�a�kuvar. ilakkiya va�ivanta cantapp�kka�, varip p葉alka� �kiyava윜i� pi�춁�iyil�, n葉�up p葉alka�ai a�ippa�aiy�kak ko椿u, muki�tta춁v� ivvicaip p葉al vakaika�. camayac c�rpu應a춁v�kat t벼웙ya ivvicaip p�kka�aic camayac c�rpu ku웏iv�kavum, araciya� cam�kac c�rpu k嚴utal�kavum amainta putup p葉alka�ukku a�ippa�aiy�ka amaittatil퉡惜 p�ratiyi� ve윜iyi� perum pakuti ta�kiyu應atu. a�akukku a�aku ceyt惜 ava�. ta춁tu mu��비ika� to�akkivaitta putiya ceyyu� vakaika�aip "p�rati ap�rvat ti웏maiyu�a�, n�ta춁 v퉗attu�a� 葉ciyil ko椿uvanta춁r" e췃u vaiy�puripa pi應ai ku웙ppi�uvatu ma춁�ko�at takkat�. p�rati ti웏maiyu�a춙m, v퉗attu�a춙m kaiy性�a p�vakaika�i� cintu ci웏pp惜ato췃u. pa�aiya y�ppilakka�a n�lka�il� ita웛u ilakka�a� k�웏ppa�avillai. ki�ikka黜i, k�rtta춁m, kumpi, temm涉ku, cil�cam p벼웏 pi웛�lac ceyyu� vakaika�aic c퉟ntatu cintu; ita춁�ippa�ai n葉�up p葉al e췃�l tava잀k�tu. cinti� iyalpu pa윜it kalku�am kuppuc�mi patippitta k�va�ic cintu n�li� mukavuraiyi� k性appa�uvatu - "cintu icait tami�i� p�kup葉uka�il o췃u. atu aintu웫ppuka乙l�yat틆 y�ppu vic뱉am. avvu웫ppuka乙va춁-pallavi, anupallavi, m耶웫 ka黜ika� a�a�kiya cara�am, ippeyarai vakittup pallaviyum, anupallaviyum i췃i cara�a�ka�kuriya ka黜ika�ai m�ttiram pe윜u na�aipe웫va춁 cilavakaic cintuka�. cintu e춑atu kummi, ku웏m, va�ina�aippatam e춑ava윜i� na�aiyaiy� perump惜maiyum ta�uvic cellum." pallaviyum anupallaviyum tavirttuc cara�a�ka�kuriya ka黜ika�aik ko椿u na�aipe웫va춁v� p�ratiy�r iya윜iya cintuka�i� perump�l惜avai. no椿ic cintu, k�va�iccintu me葺uka�il� pala poru� ku웙tta p葉alka�ai y�ttu應a춁r p�ratiy�r. �윜al mikka kavi쨅rka� t涉kaiy贍um y�ppuka�i� uyir nilaiyaiya웙ntu ava윜i� caktiyaip p�ra�am�ka ve�ikko�arvar. campantarum kampa춙m viruttattaiyum, puka瑠nti ve�p�vaiyum 퉣alko椿u e黜ariyavintaika� purintatai ma웏kkamu�iyum�? t饍icaiyaik karuviy�kak ko椿u camaya�ko椿�r capta j�la�ka� ceytatai ni춁ivi춊췃u aka윜a mu�iyum�? m튋k�웙ya y�ppamaitika� ilakka�a n�lka�i� k性appa�uva춁. ilakka�a n�lka�i� a�k�k�ram pe잀ta y�ppu o췃i춁i e�uttukko椿u ata춁ip "pa�aiya mu웏iyil 性�at퉧a췃i, putupputu va�iva�ka� ko�uttum" p葉i�惜 p�rati. cintu p�ratikku muntiya cila kavi쨅r�� kaiy贍appa葺ate춊춙m ava춁tu 葉cikkup pi�춁r� ilakkiyat takutiyum matippum pe윜atu. cintu e췃a icaip p葉ali� varal�윜ai n튻kum po�utu cittar p葉alka�ukkuc ce췃u vi�uki읃m. p�mp葉�ic cittar, akapp퉧c cittar, i�aikk葉�uc cittar mutal�yi�틆 ivvicaic ceyyu�ait t�r贍am�kap paya춑a�uttiyu應a춁r. tamma�avi� camayap pura�ciy贍ar惜a cittarka� tamatu ne쨇i웛uc colva춁vum pi웏rukkuc colva춁vum�kap pala u�maika�ai e�utturaitta춁r; cila v밸aika�il ma웏iporu� mikuntamaiy�l avai peruva�akkup pe잀v�yi춁. "e춁kku mu��� cittarpalar iruntarapp� y惜um vant묶 oru citta� inta n葉�il" e췃u p葉um p�rati cittar p葉alka�ai 蜃up葉�u�a� pa�itt惜 e춑ata웛u akacc惜웫ka� an퉗am u椿u. cittar p葉alka�il cintu mukkiyattuvam pe웏villai. 惜�l cittarka� kaiy性�a cintuvaik kaiy性�apo�utu ceyyu� vakaiyai m�ttiram p�rati pe윜uk ko應avillai; poru�, to춊, u�arvu �kiyava윜ilum ci웙ta�avu k嚴av� mukantu ko椿惜: "�rukku nallatu colv묶-e춁k ku�mai terintatu colv묶 c�rukkel l�muta l�kum - oru teyvan tu�ai ceyya v뱝�um" e췃a mucc�rira葺aic camanilaic cintu, p�rati pa�aiya cittar kurali� p퉏uvataik k葉�uki웏tu, pati춅葺�m n�윜性�i� ci웏ppumikka kavi쨅ril oruvar惜a m퉘akaram tirik嚴ar�cappak kavir�yar p葉iya ku윜�lak ku웏va쨇iyil pala 튰ai v튋up葉u應a cintuka� varuki췃a춁. ciru�k�ra rasattaic cintu m�lam cinti vi�uki잀r kavir�yar; ci�ka�, ci�ki v�kkuv�tamum cintuvil amaintat�. �yi춙m cintuc ceyyu�aip patto�u pati춐췃�kav� paya춑a�utti��r tirik嚴ar�cappar. atuma葺uma췃u. n�li� n葉akap pa�pil cintu ma웏intu vi�uki웏tu e춁vum ko應al�m. ittakaiya va�arcciyi� vi�aiv�kac cintuka� viriva�ainta춁. va�ina�aic cintu, k�va�iccintu, no椿ic cintu, ta�kac cintu e춁p palav�m. cintuvi� varal�윜il a黜�malai re葺iy�ri� k�va�ic cintu ta춊yi�am vakikki웏tu. a黜�malai re葺iy�r (1861-1890) muruka� k틐ilka�ukkuk k�va�i e�uttuc cellum a�iy�rka�u�aiya �caiyai ni웏iv튋웫m�웫 palv튋u canta�ka�i� p葉iyavaiy� k�va�ic cintup p葉alka�. camayam, allatu ciru�k�ram �kiya iru poru�ka�ukku v�ka춁m�ka iruntu vanta cintu, re葺iy�r n�vil mika uyariya nilaiyait to葺ate춁l�m. cintu e췃�l a黜�malai re葺iy�r e췃iruntatu. e葺aiyapuram camast惜attil p�rati irunta k�lattil y�r� vi葺a cav�lai 튋웫, "i췃u m�laikku� oru cintu�a� varuki읂�" e췃u k�웙yapa�iy� oru k�va�ic cintai ma�춁r mu�춊laiyil ara�k튋웙��r�m. ata� oru ci웫 pakuti ma葺um� emakkuk ki�aittu�atu. pa應ikk嚴atti� pa�ikkum pir�yattil ivva�avu tu�iccalu�a� k�va�ic cintu o췃ai iya윜iyamai viyappukkuriyat�yi춙m, app葉alil re葺iy�ri� celv�kkaic cant퉗ami췃ik k性al�m. "paccait tirumayil v�ra� ala� k�ra� kau m�ra�-o�ir pa�춊ru ti�puyap p�ra�-a�i pa�i cuppira ma�iyark karu� a�i mikkuyar tami�aittaru paktark ke�iyaci� k�ra�-e�il pa黜u maru鎚calat t�ra�." a黜�malai re葺iy�raiyum aru�akiriyaiyum ivva�ika�il n�m k性al�m. ippa�iy� to�arntu p葉iyirunt�l, p�rati k퉣alam ti웏mai mikka ira椿�mpa�ik kavi쨅��kap pari鎚mittirupp惜; 惜�l n�m mu�춁rk ka椿atu p튽a pa�aiya va�iva�ka�ait ta춁t�kkip putiya putiya poru�ka�aic cumatti�惜. a黜�malai re葺iy�r�l k�va�ic cintu pirapalyama�aintat�yi춙m, ilakkiya antastaip pe웏t tava웙yatu. teyva�ka�aip p葉iyap틊um n葉�up p葉al�kak ka윜틆�� karutappa葺atu. te�춊ntiy�vil ma葺umall�tu ila�kaiyilum cila pirat퉏a�ka�i� cintu peru va�akk�yiruntatu. tirik嚴ar�cappak kavir�yar a�ka varu�a춁ikkup paya춑a�uttiyataip p튽a miruka�ka�, pa�cika� mutaliyava윜�l u椿�kum a�ivuka�ai varu�ikkac cintu upay튻am惜atu. mullaitt�vu, va�춊p pakutika�il kokkuc cintu, kuruvic cintu e춑a춁 va�a�kiyat�kat teriki웏tu. 湜atti� pirapalam�yirunta amma� cintu ku웙ppi�attakkat�. cilappatik�rak kataiyi춊췃um nu�ukka vivara�ka�il v튋upa�um ipp葉al patti춊 va�ip葉�aip pa윜iyatu. mak�p�ratak katai k�웫m aivar cintu ma윜o췃u. ivaiyell�m ka윜틆 n튻kil 'vi�umiya' poru�aik k�웫va춁valla; na�춁�aiyaip pe윜a춁vumalla: "k�lam�m va�atti椿ak k튽am� maratti� m�tu" e췃u to�a�kum k�va�ic cintu mu� k性�ta poru� ci웏ppum u�arvu m퉙p葉um ko椿atu. 'k�va�ip' pa�pu ma웏intu cintu, karuttaik k�vum ta椿�ka m�웙yatu. ka黜a� p葉�il cintuka� tattuvak ko�umu�ika�ait to葺a춁. 葉alukkum p葉alukkum e췃irunta ta�kac cintu mutaliya춁 arumporu� u�arttum ceyyu乙ka a웤uta urum�윜am pe윜a춁. curu�kakk�웙� an�taiy�ka irunta cintu e췃a p� vakaiyai ilakkiya ariy�ca춁 m튋웙yava� p�rati. kampa� v�yil� viruttam pe윜a makimaiyaip p�rativ�kkil� cintu pe윜atu. ivvu�maiyai u�arttuvatu p튽ap p葉iyu應�r p�ratit�ca�. "paintami�t t퉟pp�ka�; ava춐ru centami�t t묶�; cintukkut tantai, kuvikkum kavitaik kuyil..." pa�aiya p�kka�aiyum p�vi춁�ka�aiyum p�rati 涉k涉kuk kaiy性焌�. �yi춙m cintu mutal�ya putiya icaipp�kka�aiyum ta춁tu u�arcci ve�ipp葉�i웛uriya mukkiya c�ta춁m�kak ko椿惜 e춑atil aiyametuvumillai. p�ratikku pi춚anta kavi쨅r palarum ittu웏iyi� p�ratiyaiy� pi춑a윜iyu應a춁r. cintu e췃a p�vakaiyaip p�rati kaiy性�atil� ku웙ppi�attakka amicam o췃u o椿u. k性a vic�rat� em.es. ir�mac�mi aiyar k�윜up pa�i c�kittiya�ka� iruvakaiyi춁. uraiyiyal c�kittiya�ka�, icaiyiyal c�kittiya�ka� e춑a춁 avai. mu�춁til uraina�ai mikuntum, ca�k�ta na�ai curu�kiyum k性appa�um. pi�춁til ca�k�ta na�ai mikuntum, ca�k�ta na�ai curu�kiyum k性appa�um. cintu iyalp�kav� ira椿�vatu pirivaic c퉟ntatu. tiru.ku.a�akiric�mi k�웫vatup튽a, "icaiyi춑amum, colla�akum, t贍akka葺um, pir�cala�ca�amum, e�iya na�aiyum� cintukku a�akum, uyirum ko�uppavai. itil piram�tam惜a tattuvak karuttukka類, camayak karuttukka類 kavitai a�ak� ni웏intirukka v뱝�um e췃a avaciyamillai." u�mait惜. k틄�la kiru巷a p�ratiy�r, a黜�malai re葺iy�r mutaliy틆 kaiy性�a mu웏iyil co웛a�um, ava윜i� poru乙�amum mukkiyattuvam pe윜a춁 e춁k k�웫tal iyal�tu. icaip pa�p� talait�kki ni췃atu. p�ratiy�, c�m惜iya pulava� alla�. ta�춙�arvu�a� v뱝�uva춁 a웙ntu p葉iyava� ava�. "cuvai putitu, poru� putitu, va�am putitu co� putitu c틊i mikka navakavitai enn贍um a�iy�ta mak� kavitai.... e췃u ta춁tu kaviyaic cilar�vatu p�r葉�ak k뱉�ava�. ita웛u �t�ram�kac colla�akil ma葺uma췃ic co웤oru�ilum 饍am p�rttava� ava� e춑atai ni춁ittup p�rttal v뱝�um. navanavam惜a tattuvattaiyell�m collil va�ittava� ava�. e춁v� icaip pa�pi춁i a�avu�a� ni웫ttik ko椿u, poru�va�amum c퉟tt惜. anta vakaiyil mu��틆ai mi쨇i�惜. ta�춁�avil putumaiyi� mutalum mu�ivum惜惜. t惜 kaiy性�a y�ppilum uruva amaitiyilum ivv�웫 k�latti웛튋웏 putumai ceyyat t嶪�uk튽�y iruntatu p�ratiyi� kavit� n튻ku e췃� k�웏lv뱝�um. e춊춙m, i춊maiyilum p�ratikkup palava�ika�il� mu��비ika乙ka vi�a�kiya kavi쨅rka�um camayatti� va�i ni췃u ilakkiyam pa�aittavarka鍮. teyva paktiyil� p�rati avarukku evvitattilum ca�aittava� alla�. �yi춙m ava� cam�katti� va�ini췃u ilakkiyam pa�aitta춁�. "cuvai na黜um p葉�i춐�u t贍am-mika na췃� vu�atta�untal v뱝�um-pala pa黜i� k비ivakai i춑am-n惜 p葉at ti웏춁�aital v뱝�um" e췃u v�rai caktiyi�am varam k뱉焌�. eta웛�ka? "e췃a� p葉�ut ti웏tt�l�- ivvaiyattaip p�litti�a v뱝um." 묶e춊l, "namakkut to�il kavitai n葉�i� ku�aittal imaippo�utu� c틆�tiruttal" e췃u p�rati v�kku. ittakaiya m�peru� cam�ka n튻ku iruntamaiy�l퉧� pa�akum tami� marapil vanta e�imaiyaiyum, i춊maiyaiyum kaiy튋웏t비u, ava윜u�a� putumaiyaiyum, poru乙�attaiyum kalantu kavitaika�aik ko葺it tant惜. uruvatti웛um u應a�akkatti웛um u應a nu黜iya pi�aippaiya웙ntuko應ap p�ratiyaivi�a v튋u ci웏nta ut�ra�ak kavi쨅� v뱝�um�? 10. p�ratiyum cuntarampi應aiyum tami�k kavitai varal�윜il� putiyatoru cak�ptattait to�akki vaittavar mak�kavi p�rati e춑atu potuv�ka y�varum 튋kum u�maiy�kum. putumaik kavi쨅� p�ratiy�rukkuc ci웙tu mu�춁t�kap pi웏nta k틄�la kiru巷a p�ratiy�r, a黜�malai re葺iy�r, ir�mali�ka cuv�mika�, c�riyan�r�ya�a c�stiriy�r, cuntarampi應ai mutal�yi�틆, ci웒ila tu웏ika�il� p�ratiy�rukku mu��비ika乙ka vi�a�ki춁re춑atu ippo�utu mella mella u�arappa葺u varuki웏tu. ivaru� ma�벼ma鰍yam �ciriyar pe.cuntarampi應ai (1855-1897) ku웙ppi�attakkavar. cuntaram pi應aiyum, p�ratiyaiyum oppun튻ki �r�yvatu iruvaraiyum� na춌u terintu ko應a utavum muya웒iy�ka irukkum. at� camayattil p�ratiyi� ta춊cci웏ppaik ka椿u ko應avum v�yppu 튋pa�um. cuntarampi應aikku irupatt및u vayatu nirampiya k�lattil� (1882) tami�n葉�i� oru m�laiyil� p�ratiy�r pi웏nt�r. p�ratikkup pati춁int�m vayatu na�akkumpo�utu cuntarampi應ai i웏ntu vi�uki잀r. anta vakaiyil cuntarampi應ai p�ratiyi� mu��비i e춑atilum m�tta cakap葉i e춑atu poruttam�kum. iruvarukkumi�aiyil mukkiyam惜a o윜umaiyo췃u椿u. cuntarampi應ai ta춁tu 42vatu vayati� k�lam惜�r. p�ratiy�rukku i웏kkum po�utu vayatu 39. iruvarum� tamm�l iya췃a�avu tamatu mo�ikkum camut�yattukkum u�aitta춁r. 1896il cuntarampi應aiyavarka� patipp�ciriyar u.v�.c�min�taiyarukku e�utiya ka�itamo췃il� pi춚arum�웫 ku웙ppi葺�r: "namma춁iy�r t퉗anilaiyaik karutump틊u 'irutalaik ko應iyi춙� e웫mpu' e췃� yu�maiy�y, e黜a v뱝�iyat�yirukki웏tu. u�aitt�l car�ra up�ti tu�ip�ka ni웛i웏tu. u�aikk�vi葺�l car� ramirunte�춁 paya춅췃a c튻amum appa�iy�. 퉡u ceyya? ka�avu� iccaip튽a na�akka葺um." ka�a� tollaika� mutaliyava윜비u u�al nalakku웏ivum p�ratiyai v葉�i vantate춑atai avar varal�웫ka� k�웫ki췃a춁. ittakaiya ma�틁ilaiyil퉧�, "colla�i civacakti-e�춁ic cu�armikum a웙vu�a� pa�aittuvi葺�y vallamai t�r�y�-inta m�nilam paya춙웏 v饍vata웛�." e췃um "vicaiyu웫 panti춁ipp튽-u應am v뱝�iyapa�i cellum u�alk뱉朱�. e췃u k贍iyi�am v뱝�uki잀r p�ratiy�r. cuntarampi應ai ce췃a n�윜性�il� v饍nta talaiy�ya tami�p perumakka�il oruvar. piritt惜iya �tikkatti� vi�aiv�kac ce췃a n�윜性�i� i웫tikk�lap pakutiyil 涉kila mo�i, n�karikam mutaliyava윜i� t�kkamum a�inilaiy�kak kaitto�i� perukkamum k性appa葺a춁. ittakaiya c養nilaiyil퉧� 涉kilak kalviyum, ata춙�a� pi�춊p pi�ainta vi�aivuka�um intiya upaka椿attil 튋pa�al�yi춁. 涉kil퉧aratu celv�kku atikam�kak k性appa葺a m�k性a�ka�il ivvi�aivuka� tulakkam�ki춁. 涉kila a웙vum, ata��� pe웏ppa葺a cam�ka uyarvum cilarai o췃u c퉟tta춁. mattiyataravarkkatti� a�ippa�ai itu e춁l�m. ce�춁i, va�k贍am, pamp�y ir�cat惜ika�il� immattiyatara varkkatti춁ri� kalai ilakkiya ve�ipp葉uka� pattirikai v�yil�kavum, n�l va�ivilum malarat to�a�ki춁. 涉kila varal�윜u n�val�ciriyar 'v�l�ar sko�'웏ip pi춑a윜i e�utiya pa�kim cantirarum,mil�a춁ip pi춑a윜ik k�viyam pa�aikka mu춁inta maikk퉘 matuc�ta춁 tattarum, air틄piya ilakkiya �ciriyaraip pi춑a윜i n葉aka�ka� e�uta mu웤a葺a tuvij퉚tiral�lar�yarum, 涉kilap p葉al vakaika�il o췃惜a (Sonnet) co춁� amaippaip pi춑a윜ip putupp�cura�ka� pa�aittup paric�la춁 na焌ttiya paritim�� kalai쨅rum a춁ittintiyap p튻ko췃i� piratinitika乙kav� amainta춁r. ivarka�i� pa葺iyalil c퉟ntavar� p퉟�ciriyar cuntarampi應ai. cuntarampi應aiyum avar p벼읃rum tamatu t�yn葉�i� pa�a쨇i웏ppaiyum, t�ymo�iyi� tolva�attaiyum u�arntirunta춁r. at� camayattil m묶葉�i� nav勝ak�lac ci웏ppaiyum perumaiyaiyum ka椿a웙nta춁r. tamatu pa�aippuka� ivviru takaimaikkum튋pa iruttal avaciyam e췃u karuti춁r. curukkam�kavum e�imaiy�kavum k�웫vat�yi� centami�i� nalamum, nav勝a 涉kila ilakkiyatti� poru�amaitiyum ematu ilakkiyattil amaivatai ila�ciyam�kak ko椿a춁re춁l�m. i�춐ruvakaiy�kac co���l marapu va�ivanta tami�a웙쨅rum 涉kila ilakkiya a웙vu�aiy틆um oru�k� p틹웏kk嚴iya ilakkiya�ka�aip pa�aikka vi�ainta춁r. ikk�lan to葺� pututtami�p pa춙valka�ukku 涉kilattil n辰�a mu�춙rai e�utum va�akkam 튋pa�al�yi윜u. cuntarampi應ai, paritim�� kalai쨅�, ve應akk�l cuppirama�iya mutaliy�r, c튾acuntara p�ratiy�r, ma웏imalaiya�ika�, mutaliy틆ell�m tattam pa�aippilakkiya n�lka�ukku n辰�a 涉kila mu�춙rai e�utiyatu n튻kattakkatu. y�rai ma춁tti웛o椿u ivarka� n�l�kka� ceyta춁re춑atai itu oruv�웫 pulappa�uttum. cuntaram pi應ai tamatu mukavuraiyil pi� varum�웫 k�웙yu應�r: "kalvi k밸viy�l ni웏inta ittalaimu웏ic cir벋�ar a�k�karittu e춁tu icci웫 muya웒iyum tami� m�t�vukku a웤itam�kumpa�i aru� puriyato�iy�r e춁 nampip piraka�a춁� ceyyappa�uki웏tu." n�l�ciriyari� nampikkai v辰p튻avillai. ak k�latti� ci웏nta cir벋�ar�kiya p틄 turaiyavarka�, p嶪�i ara�kan�ta mutaliy�r, ci.vai. t�m틊arampi應ai, pi.�r. r�jamaiyar, k�.ji.c벋aiyar mutal惜avarka� tami�ilum, 涉kilattilum ma�벼ma鰍yatti� arumai perumaika�ai viyantu p�r葉�i춁r. ut�ra�am�ka n�l ve�ivanta a�utta 性�il puka�p�tta n�val�ciriyarum, tattuvam性avarum惜a pi.�r. r�jamaiyar ce�춁i ki웙ttuvak kall�ric ca쨇ikaiyil n�l pa윜iya ti웏��y vo췃i춁i 涉kilattile�uti��r. ma�벼ma鰍yam ma葺uma췃i �ciriyari� pi웏 n�lka�um takunta p�r葉�aip pe윜a춁. ila椿a춊lu應a v퉡tiyal varal�윜uk ka�akamum avarukku u웫ppurimai va�a�ki춁. ce�춁ip palkalaikka�akam ta춁tu 葉cikku�u u웫ppi춁r�kkiyatu. ce�춁i arac涉kam 1896il r�vpakat�r e�춙m virutai va�a�kiyatu. i�kil�ntil ma葺uma췃i jerma춊 p벼웏 n葉uka�ilum avar puka� paraviyiruntatu. avar v饍ntu�aitta tiruvit涉k�r camast惜a aracar na춎atippum �taravum ki葺iyirunta춁. ivar v饍kkaiyu�a� p�ratiyi� v饍kkaiyai oppi�ump틊u v튋up葉uka� te�iv�kum. ma�춁rum, ve應aikk�ra arac涉ka�ka�um, kalvittu웏i ni웫va춁�ka�um ca춎惜ittup perumaippa�uttiya cuntarampi應aiyi� v饍kkai ne웙yum, ma�춁rai ala�ciyam ceytu ve應aikk�ra 葉ciyi춁r�l virumpat tak�tavar�kak karutappa葺u. puravalar evarumi췃ik kall�rik kalvik嚴a mu웏iy�kap pe잀ta p�ratiyi� v饍kkai ne웙yum iru turuva�ka�e춁l�m. araca웙ya v�윜irunta v饍vo췃u; (anniya) aracuke�a m�ccuvi葺a v饍vu ma윜o췃u.. ivv튋up葉u iruvari� ilakkiyak k비p葉�aiyum p�tittatu. "ta웛�lattu應a talaimu웏iy�ru� kalvi k밸vi a웙vu mutaliya y�va윜u應um ni웏inta; periy틆ait tamatu n�lka�i� ila�ciya v�cakar�kak karuti��r cuntarampi應ai. p�ratiy� "e�iya pata�ka�, e�iyana�ai, e�itil a웙ntu ko應ak k嚴iya cantam, potu ja춁�ka� virumpum me葺u iva윜i춁iyu�aiya k�viyamo췃u ta웛�lattil� ceytu taruv벼 namatu t�ymo�ikkup putiya uyir taruv벼�ki췃惜. 틆ira椿u varu�attu n�웤a�akkamu應a tami�makka�ell�rukkum na춌u poru� vi�a�kumpa�i e�utuvatu�a� k�viyattukku應a naya�ka� ku웏ivupa焌malum na焌ttutal v뱝�um" e춑ataip p西c�licapatam e췃a tamatu k�viyatti웛u e�utiya tami� mukavuraiyil ku웙ppi�uki췃a춁r. iruvari� ilakkiyak k비p葉um ve�ippa�um mu웏i u윜u n튻kat takkatu. ka윜틆ai ilakk�kak ko椿a cuntarampi應ai, "涉kil퉧am mutaliya p晟aika�ilu應a n葉aka va�akki웛icaiyat t�m ma�벼ma鰍yattai iya윜um po�utum, v饍ttu va�akkattu�a� to�a�ki na춎a�am pu�artalai mu�iv�kak ko應um tami�k k�ppiya u웫ppukka�ai" n葉akattil varuvitt�r. n葉akatti� y�ppaip po웫tta ma葺il pa�amai p틹웏ppa葺u應atu. "튋akku웏iya v�caka na�aikkuc camam惜a akava웤�v�l inn葉akam perump�lum �kkappa葺irukki웏tu" e췃u mukavuraiyil k�웙yirukki잀r. at� camayattil n葉akam 涉kil퉧a n葉aka r�tiyait ta�uviye�utappa葺amaiy�l 乏kspiyar (1564-1616) ki웙st틄ar m�r類 (1564-1593) mutal�ya elicapet k�la n葉ak�ciriyar ci웏ppu�a� kaiy性�a (Bank Verse) e�춙m y�ppamaitiyaiyum tami�i윜a�uva mu춁intu ata웛u 튋akku웏iya otta akava웤�vi춁ik kaiy性�u�at�kavum, 涉kila mukavuraiyi� k�웫ki췃�r. n葉akatti� perumpakuti �ciriyapp�vil amaintat묶um kali, ve�p�, va쨇i �kiya pa�aiya p�kka�um maru�p�vum t饍icai, tu웏i, viruttam mutaliya p�vi춁�ka�um 涉k涉kuk kaiy贍appa葺u應a춁. m튋k�웙ya y�ppamaitika� ca�kacc惜읃r�lum, pi웏c惜읃r�lum kaiy贍appa葺avai. e춁v� puka� p�tta n葉ak�ciriyarum, mil�a� (1608-1674) p벼웏 mak�kavika�um kaiy性�a y�ppi웛uc camam惜atum tami�ilu應a mikap pa�aiya ilakka�a n�l�m tolk�ppiyatti� vitika�akku u�a춑葉惜atum惜a ceyyu� vakaiyaiy� cuntaram pi應ai tamatu n葉�kak k�ppiyatti웛u ukanta p�v�kak ko椿�r e춗u te�ivu. itu vi�ayattil p�rati n퉟etir惜a p튻ku應ava��kav� k性appa�uki잀�. akaval, ve�p�, mutaliya p�kka�um, kalittu웏i, viruttam mutaliya p�vi춁�ka�um p�rati pa�aippi� ci웫p惜maiy� k性appa�um. cintu, ka黜i mutaliya icait tami�p p�vakaika鍮 perump惜mai e�itil a웙ntuko應ak k嚴iya cantam, potu ja춁�ka� virumpum me葺u e춁t t惜 k�웙yat웛튋pa pati춅葺�m n�윜性�u mutal p�mara makka� mattiyil pirapalyam�ka irunta icaip p�kka�aiy� ci웏pp�kak kaiy性焌�. ata� vi�aiv�kav� pa�aku tami� p�vala��kap p틹웏ppa�uki잀�. p틹웫talukkut takunta k비p葉�ut te�ivu ava춊�amiruntatu. pu춁r ja춎am e췃a ka葺uraiyil� pi춚arum�웫 k�웫ki잀�. "ne�u�k�lattu mu��� e�utappa葺a n�lka� akk�lattup p晟aiyait ta�uvi춁vai. k�lam m�웏 m�웏 p晟ai m�웙kko椿u p튻i웏tu. pa�aiya pata�ka� m�웙p putiya pata�ka� u椿�ki췃a춁. pulavar antantak k�lattu ja춁�ka�ukkut te�iv�kat teriyakk嚴iya pata�ka�aiy� va�a�ka v뱝�um. arumaiy惜a u應ak k葉cika�ai e�imai ko椿a na�aiyil� e�utuvatu nalla kavitai." pa�amaikkum, putumaikkum u應a u웏vai ivv�웫 te�intiruntamaiy�l퉧� ava� kavitai va�i k葉�iy�kavum, �tar�am�kavum amaintatu. kavi쨅r murukaiya� e�utiyu應a 'nam p�rati' e�춙m p葉alilu應a m퉘varum pakuti ma춁�ko應at takkatu. "ce췃u ce췃o췃�kit t퉧nta pa�aiya teruva�iy� ku췃ik kulaintu ta�arna�aiyi葺a tami�kkavitai i췃u talainimirt ti윜e춑atu�mai iva춙�aiya ve췃ikku m퉘um pu웏cc惜웫 k�웫tal v뱝�uvat�?" icaip pa�pum n葉akap pa�pum porunti ta춁tu p葉alka�aic c�t�ra�a makka� v�yvi葺up pa�ikkav뱝�ume췃u virumpi��r p�ratiy�r. "葉uv튾� pa應up p葉uv튾�" mutaliya a�ika�il ivviruppattaik k性al�m. ma�벼ma鰍yam "kalvi k밸vika�i� ci웏nta ka춁v惜ka�" pa�itti춑u웫ta웛e췃u e�utappa葺atu. p퉟�ciriyar cuntarampi應aiyi� ilakka�a, ilakkiya, c�ttira n�la웙vu tira椿u pe윜a va�ivam p튽a n�l amaintu應atu. n葉aka n�li웛up pi�춊�aipp�ka u應a ku웙ppurai, vi�akkac ci윜urai, m튋k븍 vi�akkam, varal�윜u vi�akkam �kiya춁 �ciriyaratu kalvip parappai e�uttu vi�ampuva춁v�yu應a춁. �yi춙m m뱉aiyil 葉um n葉akam�ka �ciriyar ata춁ik karuti춁r� e춑atu aiyattukki�am惜at�. te�춁katti� mutuperum n葉akap periy�r惜a patmap余a� pammal campanta mutaliy�r tamatu y惜 ka椿a pulavarka� e췃a n�lil oru ci웫 campavattaik ku웙ppi�uki잀r. campanta mutaliy�rukkup pati춅葺u 性�u m�ttavar惜a pi應aiyavarka� oru cantarppattil ma�벼ma鰍yam pa윜i mutaliy�ri� karuttaik k뱉焌r. i�a�ka췃u payama웙y�tu e춑atu p튽 mutaliy�r co���r.: "n薪ka� k뱉kav� y惜 tairiyam�kac colki읂�. oru n葉akam惜atu muta춎aiy�ka na�ikkappa�uvata웛� e�utappa葺at�kum. k贍it�ca� e�utiya c�kuntalam, vikkiram틆vaciyam mutaliyavai mukkiyam�ka na�ippata웛� e�utappa葺avaika乙kum. �kav� n葉aka�ka� ell틆um p�rttu nukarattakkavai y�yirukka v뱝�um. u�ka� ma�벼ma鰍yattai appa�iy� m뱉aiyil 葉i��l etta춁i p퉟ukkup poru乙kum e췃u n薪ka� collu�ka�." n葉akap p퉟�ciriyari� o�ivu ma웏iva윜a k�윜u cuntarampi應aiyi춁tu n葉akatti� palav勝attai ma葺uma췃ik kavitaiyi� palav勝attaiyum k葉�a utavuki웏tu. 乏kspiyarum, k贍it�ca춙m pi웛�lattil ci웏nta ilakkiyak kartt�kka乙kak karutappa葺a춁r e춑atu u�maiy�. �yi춙m avartam v饍n贍il n葉aka�ka� na�ippata웛e췃e�utiya na�aimu웏i n葉ak�ciriyar�kav� irunta춁r e춑atum ni춁ivil ni웫tta v뱝�iya ceytiy�kum. cuntarampi應aiyi� n葉akam pa윜iya matipp蜃u evv�웙runta p틊um ati� k性appa�um cila karuttukka� p�ratiyaik kavarntirukkum e췃u karutatt벼웫ki웏tu. ut�ra�am�kap pi應aiyi� n葉aka n�� p�yiratti� k性appa�um tami�t teyva va�akkam tami�ilakkiyattil퉧� putiyatoru kavipporu�ait t틹웫vittatu e춑atil aiyamillai. p�ratiyi�attum pi춚anta p�ratit�ca� p벼읃ri�attum v�웫mikka tami�u�arcci k性appa�uki췃a te췃�l m튋k�웙ya p葉al� va�ik葉�iy�yamainta te춁l�m. atuma葺uma췃u; inn�윜性�il� urampe윜u va�arnta va�amo�i etirppu, pir�ma�ar etirppu, ta춊ttami�iyakkam, tir�vi�a n葉�u�arvu �kiya araciya� cam�kak karutt비�a�ka�ukkum tami�t teyva va�akkatti� k性appa�um cila pakutika� vitt�ka amainta춁 e춊� atu mikaiy�k�tu. "tekka�amum ati� ci웏nta tir�vi�a na� 웙run葉um" e췃um "etticaiyum puka�ma�akka iruntaperun tami�a�a�k�" e췃um "catuma웏iy�riyam varumu� cakamu�utum ni춁t�yi� mutumo�i n� an�tiye춁 mo�ikuvatum viyapp�m�" e췃um p葉i��r pi應aiyavarka�. catuma웏i �riyam varuma� cakamu�utum ni춁tu e췃u avar tami�ai viyantu應ataik k�l�kakko椿� tiru.ㅰ.t퉣an퉧app�v性ar, k�.app�tturaip pi應ai p벼읃r tami� ulaka mo�ika�i� t�y e췃u tami�ukku v�rava�akkam ceyv�r�yi춁r. pi웛�lattal k�.cuppirama�iya pi應ai, ma웏imalaiya�ika�e췃a v퉡�calam pi應ai, k�.e�.civar�ca pi應ai, r�.pi.c퉡uppi應ai, auvai.cu.turaic�mip pi應ai, �i.cavarir�ja pi應ai, j�.em. c튾acuntaram pi應ai, es.pav惜antam pi應ai p벼읃r vevv튋u a�avilum, va�ivattilum, pir�ma�at tuv벋amum tami�t t�ymaiyum p퉏i춁r e췃�l avarka�ukkell�m va�ik葉�i cuntaram pi應aiy�. tami�a�춁ikku vanta춁� ceyyum mu웏i cuntarampi應aiyu�a�퉧� to�a�kiyatu. p�ratiyi�attum ipp튻ki춁ik k性al�m. "y�ma웙nta mo�ika�il� tami�mo�ip튽 i춊t�va te�kum k性튾" e췃um "v惜ama�anta ta춁ittum a�anti�um va�mo�i v饍iyav�" e췃um, tami�ai uyarttip p葉iyu應�r. at� camayattil a춁ittintiyap pulattil pi웏m�nila mo�ika�u�a�, tami�aiyum o췃�kakko椿u a�ava웙ttu p틹웫ki잀�. cintu natiyiliruntu ci�ka�at t�vuvarai ava� p�rvai virintat�yu�atu. cuntaram pi應ai tami� �riyatti춙m m�ttate췃um uyarntate췃um 튋웏tt饍vu ka웤ittup p葉i��r. p�ratiy� intiya varal�윜u va�arcciyu�arvu�a�, "惜웏 mo�ika�i춙應�-uyar �riyatti웛u nikare춁 v饍nt묶." e췃u tami�tt�y makka�ai n튻kik k�웫vat�kap p葉iyu應�r. p�rati k�윜惜atu nav勝a mo�i varal�윜u�maikku iyaintat�ka iruppatuma葺uma췃i pa�aiya tami� n�l va�akki웛um poruntum�웫�atu. ut�ra�am�kak k西cip pur性a n�l�rum, "va�amo�iyaip p性i춊kku vakuttaru�i yata웛i�aiy�t to�arpu�aiya te춎o�iyai ulakamel�n to�u t퉡tum ku�amu춊kku valiyu웫tt�r koll튋웫p p�kar...." e췃u iru mo�iyum nikare�춙mu�maiyai e�uttuk k�웙yu應�r. pi應aiyi� tami�t teyva va�akkamum p�ratiyi� tami�tt�y e췃a p葉alum oppun튻kik ka웛av뱝�iya춁. pi應ai tirukku웏�aiyum, ma춙n�ti c�ttirattaiyum oppi葺um tiruv�cakattaiyum, v퉡attaiyum oppi葺um tami�i� uyarpu p퉏uki잀r. itu vi�ayattil cuntaram pi應aikku va�ik葉�iy�kap pati�및�m n�윜性�il v饍nta tu웏ima�kalam civappirak�ca cuv�mika�aik ku웙ppi�al�m. v�racaivar惜a ivar tamatu matap pirivi� p튻ki웛u iyaiyap pir�ma�a etirpp贍ar�kavirunt�r. va�amo�iyilu應a v퉡atti춙m ma�iv�cakar v�kkuc ci웏ntatu e췃u p葉iyirukki잀r. n�lvar n惜ma�im�lai e췃a pirapantattil� pi춚arum n퉟icaiy�ciriyapp� i�am pe윜u應atu. "vi�a�ki�ai pakirnta meyyu�ai mukka� k�ra�a 춙raiye춙 m�ra�a mo�iy� �tic�r paravum v�tav�ra黜al malarv�yp pi웏nta v�cakat t묶� y�t� ci웏nta te춌uv� r�yi� v퉡a m틊i� vi�in�r perukki ne쨇unek kuruk� ni웤avark k性kil퉙 tiruv� cakami� koruk� l틊i� karu�ka� ma춁mu� karaintukak ka�ka� to�uma�a� k뱝iyi� curantunir p�ya meymmayir po�ippa vitirvitirpa peyti a춑a r�kana ra췃i ma춑atai yulaki� ma윜aiya rilar�." ne쨇aiyurukkuvatil v퉡am tiruv�cakattukkuk ki葺avum ni웛am葉焌tu e춌i잀r cuv�mika�. cuv�mika�atu n튻kai mu�춅�uttuc ce췃�r cuntarampi應ai e췃u k�웏l�m. �riyam va�akko�intu p튻at tami� i�amai m�잀tiruppat�kak k�웙c celki잀r. itupi��튻kip p�rttup pa�amai p퉏um ceyal�kum. ce췃a k�latti� ci웏ppup pa윜iya kural itu. 惜�l at� tami�mo�i ta춁tu k�lattil a웙viya윜u웏iyil pi� ta�kiyiruppataik k性ki췃惜 p�rati. pi應ai p벼읃rukku n퉟a�iy惜a patil k�웫vatup튽ak k�웫ki췃惜. "ma웏iv�ka namakku應� pa�a�kataika� colvatil틆 makimai yillai." atuma葺uma췃u. tamatu cuyacaritattil mukk�lattaiyum i�aittup p�rkka v뱝�ume춁k k�웫ki잀�: "mu�춁rn葉u tika�nta perumaiyum m嶪�irukku minn贍i� ika�cciyum pi�춁r n葉u웫 pe윜iyum t퉟kil�r p뱉ikkalvi payi췃u�al pittarka�" cuntarampi應ai p벼읃r m嶪�irukkum inn贍i� nika�cciyai a웙ntilar e췃u n�m k�웏 v뱝�iyatillai. na춌a웙ntirunta춁r. 惜�l ka�mu� ka椿a nika�ccikkum v湜ccikkum vim튰a춁m, va�i k�웙yatil퉧� p�ratikkum avarukkum a�ippa�aiy惜a v튋up葉u teriki웏tu. cuntarampi應ai p벼읃r mu�춁r irunta ci웏ppai m辰�u k性avi�ainta춁r. muntiya po웛�lam m辰�u varav뱝�um e춁 virumpi��r. p�ratiy� "putiyat틆 ulaku ceyyat" tu�itt惜. "a웙v勝am, acuttam, va웫mai, ci웫mai, n틐, ko�umai, pirivu, an�ti, poy e췃a ir�k�asak k嚴�a�ka�ai a�ittu ma춊ta j�tikku vi�utalai" tarat tu�itt惜. itu etir k�lattai mu��튻kip p�rkkum va�arccip p�rvaiy�kum. ma춊ta j�ti e췃a paranta n튻ku iruntamaiy�l퉧�, "c�tika� illaiya�i p�pp�" e췃u a웫tiyi葺uk k�웙�惜 p�rati. ta춁tu p嶪�laik ka�a윜i e웙ntuvi葺u, "p�rpp惜ai aiya춅췃a k�lamum p튰c�" e췃u pa應up p葉i�惜. ta�춁iy퉣e췃a takaimai pe윜惜. 惜�l cuntarampi應aiyi� ㅰ춁p putalvarka� oruvarkkoru n�tiyuraikkum ma춙n�tiyai etirttuk ko椿u pir�ma�at tuv벋ap p틆vaiyil tami�akattil tamatu c�tiyi춁ri� m퉙p葉�i웛�kac ceyya v뱝�iya ell�m ceyta춁r. pir�ma�a etirppi� u�a춊ka�cciy�ka v밸贍ar celv�kku uyarntatu. v밸ir pa윜ip p퉏iya civar�ca pi應aiyum, pa�antami�ar camayam pa윜ip p퉏iya k�.cuppirama�iya pi應aiyum, ve�ippa�aiy�kav� v밸贍ar pa윜ip p퉏iya v퉡�calam pi應aiyum (ma웏imalaiya�ika乙r), ve應aikk�ra 葉ciyil pir�ma�arall�t�ri� nala� e췃a p틆vaiyil v밸贍ar nala�븝ka a웙vuttu웏iyil p葉upa葺avarka鍮. "anniyar vantu pukal e�춁 n�ti" e췃u tarm�v퉏attu�a� k뱉焌� p�rati. cuntarampi應ai, "tamakku utavipurinta 涉kila a웙vu n�� pulavar 焌k�ar h�rvitturaiyavarka�ku na췃i p�r葉�um a웙ku웙y�kat t�m ku�iyirunta ma춁itt비�atti웛u 'harpipuram' e췃u peyari葺u va�a�ki��r. ituvumi췃it t�miya윜iya ma�벼ma鰍yattait tam �ciriyar h�rivitturaiyavarka�k� urimaippa�utti ve�iyi葺irukki잀r." p�ratiy�, "pa웏�kiyait turaiye췃a k�lamum p튰c�" e췃u p葉i�惜. cuntarampi應aiyavarka� tam i�amaik k�lattil, tami� ka윜a n�kai n�r�ya�ac�mip pi應aiyi�am tami� ka윜avar惜a n�kai �r.v퉡�calam pi應ai (ma웏imalaiya�ika�) pi웛�lattil ta춊t tami� iyakkatti� ta춊pperuntalaivar�ka vi�a�ki��r. tamatu patto춑at�vatu vayatil (1895) tiruva춁ntapura� ce췃u, cuntaram pi應aiyaik ka椿u a�ava乙vi, p퉟�ciriyari�amiruntu na웒惜웙ta�o췃u pe윜avar. n辰�a k�lam v饍nta ma웏imalaiya�ika� (1876-1950) tami�ai va�amo�ik kalappi췃i e�utav뱝�ume췃u iyakka na焌tti춁r묶um, 葉cimo�iy�kavum a춁ittintiya mo�iy�kavum 涉kilam� iruttal v뱝�ume췃u u웫tiy�ka nampiyavar. ataipp튽av� ve應aiyarka� vi�utalai va�a�kiya k�lattil avar maki�cciya�aiyavillaiye췃u avari� v饍kkai varal�윜ai e�utiya avaratu maka� tiru ma웏i.tirun�vukkaracu ku웙ppi�uki잀r. tamatu n辰�a v饍n贍il kiramam�ka e�uti vanta ti춁kku웙ppukka�aiyum 涉kilattil퉧� e�utiyirukki잀r e춑atum, u웏vi춁rukkum, na�parukkum perump�lum 涉kilattil퉧� ka�ita�ka� e�utiyirukki잀re춑atum itto�arpil ni춁ivuk�rattakka춁. p�ratiy�, "iya췃avarai tami�il퉧� p퉏uv묶, tami�il퉧� e�utuv묶" e췃a viratam p嶪�irunt�r. ivv튋up葉�i� a�ippa�aik k�ra�am cintikka웤�latu. cuntarampi應ai p벼읃r mo�iyaiyoru kal�c�rac ci�춁m�ka ma葺um karuti춁r. p�ratiy� makka� v饍vil pi�춊ppi�aintu應a iyakka c�ta춁m�kak ko椿�r. mu�춁var akava웤�vil� attuvitak karuttukka�aip p葉i��r; pi�춁var cintup p葉�il c�rtiruttam p퉏i��r. ikkaruttu v튋up葉uka� i췃uvarai ematu cam�katti� k性appa�uva춁; mo�ikkum, camut�yatti웛umu應a campantam pa윜iya v�tappirativ�ta�ka�ukku a�inilaiy�kavu應a춁. �yi춙m p�ratiyi� ka黜비�am� k�latt비o葺iyate춑atu ma웫kka mu�iy�tu. ata� k�ra�am�kav� navayukattaip (p�ratiyi� p晟aiyil kirutayukattai) n�v�rak k�viya�aikkum, te춑um, tir性iyum ava춙kkirunta춁. 乏kspiyar mak�kaviyaip pi춑a윜ic cuntarampi應ai n葉akak k�ppiyam iya윜i��r묶um, tami� n葉aka va�arccikku ma�벼ma鰍yam i췃iyamaiy�tat�yiruntatu e춑ata웛illai. u�maiyil avaratu �r�yccik ka葺uraika鍮 pi춚ant틆ukkut t嶪�uk튽�kavum, va�ik葉�iy�kavum amainta춁. akk�lattut tami�t tu웏i a웙쨅rka� �yvuka�ait t涉ki ve�ivanta ce�춁ik ki웙ttuvak kall�rit ti�ka�ita�il� mutali� ka葺uraika乙ka varaiyap pa葺up pi�춁r n�lva�ivam pe윜a m耶웫 �yvuraika� ku웙ppi�attakka춁. pattupp葉�u e�춙m poru�pa윜ip potuv�kavum ne�unalv葉ai pa윜ic ci웏pp�kavum nayanturaikkum The Ten Tamil idylls e췃a ka葺uraiyum, tiruㅰ춁campantar k�la �r�ycciyaip poru乙ka ko椿a Some Milestones in the History of Tamil Literature e췃a ka葺uraiyum, tiruv涉k�rp pa椿ai k�la �r�ycciy惜a Some Early Sovereigns of Travancore e췃a ka葺uraiyum i췃um �r�ycci m性avarukku virunt�ka u應a춁. p�ratiy� ta춁tu k�lattilirunt� kavit�ma椿alam o췃i춁i uruv�kkivi葺惜. pa�aiya ilakkiya�ka�aiyum, tattuva n�lka�aiyum kalve葺ukka�aiyum nu�uki �r�ynta cuntarampi應ai mo�ippa윜u�a� t퉏appa윜um pe윜irunt�r. pa葺am patavipe윜uk ka黜iyam惜a v饍vu na�attiya avar n葉�up pa윜ai n퉟a�iy�kak k葉�i��rallar. tamatu k�lattu vivak�ra�ka�il ve應aik k�ra 葉ciyaiyum camast惜a ma�춁r葉ciyaiyum 튋웫k ko椿a춁r e춑atil aiyamillai. nilaviya araciyal varampi웛u� mo�i, ilakkiyam mutaliyava윜aip p뱝uvat� ila�ciyam�kak ko應appa葺atu. 涉kil퉧arai etirppatu cuntarampi應ai mutaliy틆�� ka춁vilum karutappa葺irukkum� e춑atu cant퉗am. pi應aiyi� camak�lattavarum, ilakkiya na�parum惜a vi.k�. c�riyan�r�ya�a c�stiriy�r (1870-1903), m�tavaiy� (1872-1925) �kiy틆um tamatu k�lattil ir�cavicuv�camu應a piracaika乙y irunta춁r e춑atum 辰�u n튻kattakkatu. intiyar r�japakti e췃a ka葺uraiyil (ㅰ춁p틊i춊 ca쨇ikaiyil ve�ivantatu) c�stiriy�r pi춚arum�웫 e�utiyu應�r: "e�iyarum valiyarum v튋up葉i췃i oru ta춎aiy�yp p�r葉�i na焌ttappa�um na�uvu nilaimaiyum n�tiyum v�ynta nam 涉kila arac葉cik k�lattil nam intiyarka�i�attil ir�ja paktikku웏ivu e程a춁m 튋pa�um? nam intiyarkkum, 涉kil퉧arkkumu應a v튋웫maiyu�arcci ku췃i o췃umaiyu�arcci mikuntuko椿� varuki웏tu. a�t�vatu mu�춁iyilum ipp붓tattu ir�ja pakti mikavum va�arntu varuki웏tu... i춊 ir�japakti nirampiya nammavarm퉘 ir�ja vicuv�cak ku웏ivuk性pat�ka v�yppa웏iya웏intu tiriyum cila p튽i m�kka�atu veru葺urai nam intiyarai accu웫ttum valiyilav�yk ka�iyume춌a." c�stiriyar k�윜ukku v튋u vi�akkam t퉣aiyillai. m�tavaiy�vi� patm�vati carittiram e췃a n�valil n�l�ciriyaratu c�yalil v�rkkappa葺u應a p�ttiram�kiya n�r�ya�a� pi춚arum�웫 oru cantarppattil k�웫ki잀�: "nammu�aiya t퉏am ivva�avu n�karikam惜a 贍ukaikku應iruntum c�kkirattil mu�춙kku vantu vi�a�k�tata웛uk k�ra�am� inta �ra�iy惜a nilaimait惜. 惜�l ell�m n贍ukku n贍 a웙vu paravic c�r�yvi�um e춁 ni춁ikki읂�." n�val�ciriyar "a웙vu" e�춙m po�utu nav勝a 涉kilak kall�rik kalvi mu웏iyaiy� ma춁�ko椿irunt�re춑atu ni춁intu ko應a v뱝�iyatu. i�ai쨅�惜a v퉡�calam tiruva춁ntapuram ce췃u pi應aiyaik ka椿u pe윜u vanta puttimatika�il o췃u, 涉kilak kalviya웙vai virutti ceytal v뱝�um e춑at�kum. ma웏imalaiya�ika�aip po웫ttavaraiyil m튋k�웙ya a웙vurai avarai varuntattakka mu�ivuka�i웛o椿u celuttivi葺atu. ut�ra�am�ka, tami� n葉�avarum m묶葉�avarum e췃a ka葺uraiyil a�ika� 涉kilar葉ciyi춁i "nam 涉kila aracu" e춑at비amaiy�tu, "avvaracukku m�잀kak ki�arcci ceytal tak�tu. inn葉�avarum (tami� n葉�avar) va�an葉�avarum oru�ku ku�umit t�m� tamatu n葉�ai aracupurital ka춁vilum kai k嚴�tu" e췃u k�웙yu應�r. itu mak�kavi p�rati v饍ntu ma�intata웛uppi� k�웏ppa葺u應atu! (1935) e춑ata춁i e黜umpo�utu, a�ika�i� tami�u�arcciy� viv�tatti웛i�am惜at�ki췃atu. cuntarampi應ai vitaitta vittu ma웏imalaiya�ika乙ka mu�aittatu e췃�l tava웙rukk�tu. p�ratiyum tavirkka mu�iy�tapa�i ve應aiyar葉ciyai 튋kum ma�틁ilaiyil퉧� ta춁tu kavit� v饍kkaiyait to�a�kuki잀�. v퉘s i�avaracar intiy�vukku vijaya쨇eytapo�utu p�rati campirat�yattai yo葺i �ciriyapp� o췃u e�utiyu應惜. e춊춙m veku viraivil� anta vicuv�ca nilaiyai vi葺u n薪ki, "a�춊yar tamakka�imai yallav�-n惜 a�춊yar tamakka�imai yallav�" e췃u urattuk k�웏tto�a�kivi葺惜. v퉘s i�avaracar vijayattaiyo葺it cut퉏amittira� pattiriyai urimaiy贍ar cuppirama�iya ayyar v뱝�uk븍ukki�a�ka, i�avaracarukku nalvaravu k�웙p p葉al e�utiya po�utum, ta춁tu ma춁m ata웛u opp�maiyaip p�rati k葉�iyirukki잀�. itu p葉ali� poru�, to춊 e춑a춁va윜�l ma葺uma췃i, v튋oru c惜잀lum teriki웏tu. p�rati tami� ve�iyi葺a periyac�mit t�ra�, "mu�uma춁tt비u itaip p�ratiy�r iya윜i��r� e춑atu cant퉗amt惜" e췃e�utiyu應�r. 惜�l tiru.citampara rakun�ta� aiyantiripa웏k k葉�iyiruppatu p튽a, "attakaiya cant퉗attukk� p�rati i�am vaikkavillai. 'v퉘s i�avaracarukkup parataka椿att�y nalvaravu k�웫tal' e췃a talaippi葺up p葉alait to�a�kum p�rati antat talaippukku a�iyil� va�aivuk ku웙kku� 'p�rata m�tu t惜� pa�itta췃u' e�춙m a�ikku웙ppu e�utiyu應惜. atuma葺uma췃u. ava� k�lattilum pi�춁varum, 'n�karikam惜a 贍ukai' e췃u palar�� p틹웏ppa葺a piritt惜iyaratu 葉ciya��tu u�maiyil a웙vai mayakkum m�yaiye�춙m tattuvat te�ivu pe윜惜. paritim�� kalai쨅�, m�tavaiy�, p벼웏 ilakkiya kartt�kka� ma葺uma췃ik k틄�la kiru巷a k튻al� p벼웏 t�r贍ak ko�kai araciyalv�tika�um 'n�v�rap' puka�nta nallarac葉ciyaik k�웙yumi�nt惜. "n� tarum i춑attai n퉟e췃u ko�va�� m�yaiy�- ci�kam n�ytarak ko應um� nallarac葉ciyai m�yaiy�" e췃u u�maiya웙nta ti�mai yu應attu�a� p葉uki잀�. tiru. citampara rakun�ta� k�웙yu應atu p튽a, "m�yaiye췃a v퉡�nta ulakac collukkup putiya t퉏iya artta p�vattai va�a�ki 涉kil퉧ar葉cit惜 nammaip pi�ittarunta m�yai e췃u cu葺ik k葉�i" anniyar葉ciyai n퉟mukam�kac c葉i�惜 p�rati. "涉kil퉧ar葉cik ketir�kak ki�arcci ceytal tak�tu" e췃a ma웏imalaiya�ika� k�윜um, p�ratiyi� v�kkum oppu n튻kattakka춁. appo�utut惜 mak�kaviyi� varal�윜up p�ttiram te應at te�iv�kum. tamatu ㅰ춁puttira춊lum p�rkkac cuntarampi應ai n퉟maiy惜a, 惜�l nit惜am惜a t퉏ap pa윜uk ko椿irunt�r e춑atai ma웫kkat t퉣aiyillai. pa椿aiya ma�춁r葉ci pa윜i na춌�r�ynta pi應aiyavarka� pu웏n惜�웫m, cilappatik�ramum, kali�kattup para�iyum k葉�um p틆mu웏ika�aiy� tamatu n葉akak k�ppiyattilum amaittu應�r. �yi춙m avar itayattil t퉏apaktikka춁l iruntatu. h�rvi purattil ill�maiyai ya웙y�tu t惜ataruma�ka� ceytu ko椿u n�lka�i� mattiyil 'pa�pu�aiy贍ar' pakkalil v饍nta pi應aiyavarka� p葉iya t퉏apakti oruvakaiyil 'iraval' pe윜at퉙惜a c�kam惜atu atu e춁l�m. p�ratiy�, 'nariyuyirc ci웫 c퉣akar, t�tarka�, n�ye춁ttiri o윜arka�' mattiyil 'e춑u�aippa葺a' t퉏apaktaraiyum, va쨇i웏iyil v葉um n�l틆aiyum (va.u.citamparampi應ai) n퉟il a웙ntava�. atu cuyam�ka v饍kkai v밸viyil pe윜a u�arccip pi�ampu e춁l�m. ituku웙ttu mutuperum ilakkiya iracikar惜a pi.�r�.p�rati- n惜 ka椿atum k뱉�atu e췃a n�lil� pi춚arum�웫 e�utuki잀r. "ma�벼ma鰍ya �ciriyar惜a cuntaram pi應aiyum, cutantirattaip pa윜ip p葉iyirukki잀r. tami�arka� cutantirak k�talaic ci웏pp�ka valiyu웫ttiyirukki잀r. 惜�l ma�벼ma鰍ya �ciriyari� antac cutantira viruppatti웛um p�ratiy�ri� cutantira ve웙kkum v튋웫maiyu椿u. pa椿ait tami�arka�i� v�ra cutantira u�arviliruntu te웙ttu 乏kspiyar n葉akap p性iyil vantu vi�um ni춁ivup po웙t惜 cuntarampi應aiyi� cutantirak ku웙ppu. nammaik kotta�imai ko椿a anniya aracum�tu ve웫pp�l튋pa葺a t�kamalla, tavippalla." ni춁ivup po웙y�kavamaint�lum cuntaram pi應aiyi� p葉alil� t퉏avi�utalai, t퉏appa윜u �kiya춁 pa윜iya pakutika� ku웙ppi�attakka�avu e�imaiy�kavum, v퉗am�kavum u應a춁. n葉akatti� pala i�a�ka�ilum ivai viravik k性appa�uki췃a춁. ve춊춙m n惜k�m a�kam mutalira椿u ka�a�ka�ilum cu�ar vi�uki췃a춁. j�vaka� k�웫ki췃惜: "anta�ar va�arkkum centa�al ta�춊lum n葉�api m惜am u�m嚴�iya ci춁tt� ya췃� v惜틆k ke췃um� yuvappu." pir�ma�ar va�arkkum 튾aku椿at t�yi춙m ne쨇il� ka춁lum t퉏apakti ci웏ntatu e췃a k�윜惜atu t퉏a paktiy� teyvapaktiy�ka m�웫m nilaiyai mu�춁웙vittu ni웛i웏tu. p�ratiyi� a�ika� piracittam�. "pe윜a t�yum pi웏nta po��葉um na윜ava v惜i춙m na춊 ci웏nta춁v�." cuntarampi應ai tamatu p�ttiramo췃i� v�yil�ka 'p晟�pim惜amum t퉏�pi��mum poru�' e췃u kural ko�ukki잀r. akkural pi춚arum�웫 p퉏uki웏tu: "urimai m퉘 性mai p�r葉焌r c�ntam perumaiyil pi�atti� pi웏ntat틆 c�tam" * * * "cutantiram avarkkuyir cuv�cam ma윜a췃u" * * * "p틆kku웙k k�yam� puka�i� k�yam" * * * "ippa�ai t틹ki� eppa�ai jeyikkum" cuntarampi應ai k�lattuc c養nilaiyil ivai t퉏�pim惜ak kuralka乙kak k性appa�um�yi춙m p性�iya ma�춁� j�va춙kkum, c퉟ama�춁� puru柱ttama춙kkumi�aiyil na�akkum va쨇ip p틆�kav� kataiyai amaintiruppat�l n퉟a�iy惜a t�kkam k性appa�avillai. pi應aiyavarka� cuv�cattilum cutantiram� perite췃u p틊ikki잀r. p�ratiy� ka�attil kutittu ni췃u ko椿u p葉uki잀�. "vitantaru k비iyi�춁l vi�ainte춁i a�itti葺�lum cutantirat퉣i ni�춁it to�uti�al ma웏kkil묶�" e췃u ta�iy�ta cutantira t�kattukkut ta�춁i arppa�am�kkiyava�. cuntarampi應ai (Lord Lytton) li葺a� pirapu 涉kilattil e�utiya "irakaciyava�i" (The Secret way) e췃a kataiyait ta�uvit tami� mayam�kkiyat� ma�벼ma鰍yam. li葺a� pirapu e췃a�aikkappa�um (Edward Bulwer Lytton, 1803-1873)tamatu k�lattil pirapaliyam惜avar�yirunt�r. pi웛�lattavar avarai atikam p�r葉�uvatillai. �yi춙m cuntarampi應ai avarka� k�lattil 涉kila ilakkiya v�cakari�aiy� 'palarum p틹웫m' ilakkiya kartt�v�ka vi�a�ki yiruppare춑atil aiyamillai. to�il mu웏iyila췃i 蜃up葉uk�ra�am�ka 틆 �ciriya� i�춐ruvarait ta�uviy�, mo�i peyartt� n�l camaikki� avviruvarukkum 퉡�vatu u�a춑葉iruttal iyalpu. avv�읂 li葺a� pirapuvukkum, cuntarampi應aikkum ci웒ila o윜umaika� iruppatu pula��kum. mutalil u웫ppi춁r�kavum pi�춁r pirapukka� ma췃a u웫ppi춁r�kavum irunta li葺a�, meyyiyal, cam�ka o�ukkam �kiyava윜il 饍nta 蜃up葉u�aiyavar�y irunt�r. ita춁�ippa�aiyil퉧� i�kil�ntum 涉kil퉧arum (England and the English) e췃a vimarca춁 n�laiyum e�uti��r. varal�윜ut tu웏iyilum viruppu�aiyavar�yirunt�r. v�l�ar sko� (1771-1832) va�arntuvi葺a varal�윜u nav勝attait to�arntu e�uta mu춁intavaru� oruvar-patto춑at�m n�윜性�i� na�uppakutiyil poru乙�amu應a n葉aka�ka�ai e�uti m뱉aiy튋웏 utaviyavaru� oruvar�kavum vi�a�ki��r. tattuvac c�yal pa�inta n�valka� e�utuvatilum 蜃upa葺�r. at퉏amayattil accamum, viyappum嚴�um a웤uta m튻ak kataika�um e�uti��r e춑atum ma춁�ko應a v뱝�iya ceytiy�. li葺a춊� pa�aippukka� cuntarampi應aiyaik kavarntatil viyappetuvumillai. tiruva춁ntapuram mak�r�j�k kall�riyi� p퉟�ciriyar �r.h�rliyi�am m퉘n葉�ut tattuva vic�ra�aiyai na춌u payi췃�r. pi���r t�m� tattuvap p퉟�ciriyar�kavum pa�춊ra椿性�uka� (1885-1897) pa�ipurintu應�r. m튋ku n葉�ut tattuva vic�rattu�a�, v퉡�nta vic�ramum nika�tti vant�r. ittu웏iyil ivarukkuk kuruv�ka vi�a�kiyavar k튻anall�r �r� cuntara cuv�mika�aic c�vaka va�utiyi� kulakuruv惜a cuntara mu춊va��kap pa�aittu應are춑ar. "carittirampa윜i etta춁i �rva� ko椿irunta춁r� atta춁i p퉟�rvam tattuva c�stira vic�ra�aiyilum ivarukku iruntatu" e춌i잀r 1922-il ma�벼ma鰍yattai ira椿�m patipp�kac ci웏nta mu웏iyil ve�iyi葺avarum �r�yccip p퉟�ciriyarum惜a es.vaiy�purip pi應ai. li葺a� pirapuvi� kataipp葉al n惜ku tami� mayam�kkappa葺u應atu e춑atu ku웙ppi�attakkatu. e춊춙m 涉kila vimarcakarka� potuv�ka li葺a� pa윜ik k�웫m ku웙ppukka� i췃u p�rkkump틊u cuntaram pi應aikkum poruntuva춁k�vav퉧u應a춁. "pu춁i kataika�il� virittup poru� k�웏k k嚴iya tattuvam amaippatu li葺a��l avar k�lattu ilakkiyap p튻ki웛uc celuttappa葺a pa�k�kum. li葺a춊� pirat惜a ku웏ip葉uka� y�te춊l ta춁tu pu춁ikataiyil t퉣aikkatikam惜a campava�ka�um, karutti웛um, na�aikkum (Style) a�ikkappa�um a�avu ka�anta mukkiyattuvamum�kum. orupu웏m mikaiy惜a n�� payi웒iyum, tattuvac c�rpum, ila�ciyav�tamum k性appa�um. allatu mikaiy惜a carittiramum, ku윜ac campava�ka�um iya웛aiyikanta nika�ccika�um k性appa�um. ivai avari� n�lka�ukkut tevi葺un ta춎aiyaik ko�ukki췃a춁." ivv�웫 The History of the Novel in England e췃a n�lil p퉟�ciriyarka� (R.M. Lovett, H.S. Hughes) �kiy틆 k�웫ki췃a춁r. ikk�윜up peruma�avu pi應aiyavarka�ukkum 튋pu�aitt�. tamatu mukavuraiyil� pi춚arum�웫 k�웙yu應�r cuntarampi應ai: "ikkataiyi춁iy� r�pakam�l�la�k�ram�kak karutil, tattuva c틊a춁i palikkavu� k嚴um. appa�i uruvaka m�laiy�kak ko應u�k�l... immu웏iy� p�vittu uyttu�arntu ko應av뱝�iyatu." inta vakaiyilum p�rati v튋upa葺ava��kak k性appa�uki잀�. m묶葉�ut tattuva tarica춁�ka�ai ava� mu웏iy�kap pa�itt惜alla�. potu a웙v� iruntatu. 涉kilak kavi쨅ru� �elli, paira�, v뱉svort, k蜃s, �e춊ca� mutal惜틆aiyum amerikkak kavi v�l�vi�ma춁iyum ava� 蜃up葉�u�a� ka윜irunt惜e춑atu ippo�utu na춌a웙yappa葺a ceytiy�kum. e춊춙m n퉟a�iy惜a ira椿oru mo�ipeyarppukka�ait tavira ma춁tti웛up pi�itta kavi쨅rka�i� pa�aippukka�ai u�v涉kit ta춁t�kkip putut tami� p葉alka乙kki�惜. kaviyu應attaiy� peritum p틹웙�惜; karuttukka�aiya췃u. ava춁tu ne�um p葉alka�il p西c�li capatam pa�aiya terinta katai. k�latti웛튋웏 vakaiyil putuppikkappa葺atu. p西c�liyaip p�ratam�t�v�kak ko椿u ta춁tu capatatti춁ik k�웙�惜. kuyi웤葉�u mu윜ilum ka웤a춁i, p葉ali� i웫tiyil, "惜웏 tami�ppulav�r ka웤a춁iy� y惜�lum v퉡�ntam�ka virittup poru�u raikka y�t惜u� ca윜� i�amirunt�� k�잆r�?" e췃u k뱉�iruppi춙m, p葉alai n�m uruvaka m�laiy�kkik ko應a v뱝�iyatillai. ta�춁�avi� p�rttiyu웫m ka웤a춁ip p葉al kuyi웤葉�u kavi쨅춊� k밸vi putumaiy惜ata췃u. amerikka ilakkiyat ti웏��yv贍ar tiru.s蠢va춎�kkas k�웙yu應atu p튽a, 'cila kavi쨅r tamatu pa�aippil� va�arkkap pa葺ava윜i춊�aiy� amaiti k性pata웛�kap p葉ali� i웫tiyil putiyat틆 e黜attaip pukutti vi�uvar. i�춙� cilar� 퉡�vatu k밸viyai e�uppivi�uvar. ivvuttika� kavitaipa윜iya karuttu v튋up葉uka�aiyum mayakka�ka�aiyum u椿�kkuvatu椿u." itu vimarcakar karuttu. 惜�l p�ratikk� etuvita aiyamumirukkavillai. "namakkut to�il kavitai n葉�i� ku�aittal" e췃irunta ava춙kkut tattuvam, camayam, viㄴ惜am, araciyal mutaliya y�vum kavip poru乙kit te�inta u應ak k葉cika乙ka amainta춁. ituk�웫m n�m k�웙yava윜ait tokuttu n튻kumi�attup p�ratiyi� kavit�yukam pi웏kkap p틍ataiya웙vittu ni웤atup튽 cuntarampi應aiyi� ilakkiyam k性appa�um. cuntarampi應aip�l matippum, avar ku�umpattu�a� neru�kiya to�arpumu�aiya vaiy�purippi應ai pi춚arum�웫 matipp蜃u ceytu應�r: "pa椿ita varkkatti춁raiyum orup�l ta�uvi mu웤튻k贍araiyum orup�l ta�uvi inta ariya n葉akam iya윜ap pe윜ate춁c collal�m." cuntarampi應aiyi� n튻kam oruk�l avv�웙runtirukkal�m. 惜�l n�lil pa�amaip pa�pum, pa椿ita varkkac c�rpum� mikkuk k性appa�uki췃a춁. itilo췃um porunt�maiyillai. cuntarampi應aiyu�a� oru�k� vaittu e黜attakka tami�a웙쨅rum, camak�lattavarum na�parum惜a p嶪�i ara�kan�ta mutaliy�r (1844-1893), ve應akk�l pa.cuppira ma�iya mutaliy�r (1856-1938) �kiya iruvaraiyum e�uttuk ko�v튾. ara�kan�ta mutaliy�rum cuntaram pi應aiyaipp벼읂 em.�.pa葺am pe윜avar; ka�ita n�� p퉟�ciriyar�yiruntavar. u.v�. c�min�taiyaraic cilak�lam p빙ittavar. avar ariya kavit� muya웒iy�kak kaccik kalampakam e췃a n�lai iya윜i��r. "ell�m p葉ik kalampakam p葉u" e춑atu pa�amo�i. �yi춙m putuppa춙val�kak ka�i춁m惜a kalampaka n�laiy퉧iya윜i��r. "pa椿itar ku犁�ka� inn�laip p�r葉�i춁r." ve應akk�l mutaliy�r 涉kilak kavi ir葉caca�惜a mil�a춁it tami�il (cuvarkka n�kkam) peyarttavar 1914-il akaliyai ve�p� e췃a cuvaimikka kataipp葉alai iya윜iyavar. J.Merrick e춑�r y�tta (The Chameleon) e췃a p葉alait ta�uvi k튾piviruttam p葉iyavar. avar� cuyam�ka nellaic cil뱉ai ve�p� e췃a ka�i춁m惜a n�lai iya윜i��r. "nellai e�춙m collai �c�ka vaittu n�웫 cil뱉ai k�웫tal mikak ko椿葉a웤�윜u" e췃u a췃aiya viv퉗ap惜u e췃a ca쨇ikai vimarca춁 me�uti yiruntatu. mutaliy�ri� k튾pi viruttam ve�ivanta po�utu, ci.vai.t�m틊aram pi應aiyavarka�, "pa椿itarum vittiy�rttika�um oru nikar�ka i춑am a춙pavikka 튋웏 n�l" e췃u p�r葉�i춁r. poru�amaiti orupu웏mirukka ve應akk�l mutaliy�rum. p嶪�i mutaliy�rum cuntarampi應aiyaipp튽a pa�aiya y�ppu vakaika�aiy� paya춑a�uttiyamaiyum kava춊kkattakkatu. e춁v� putumaip pa�pu ku웏iv�kavum, pa�amai k嚴utal�kavum� p�ratikku muntiya ippulavar peru makka�i�attuk k性appa葺a춁. innilaiyil pi.�r�. ku웙ppi�uvatup튽a cuntarampi應ai, "p�ratiy�r p튽 putiya cantam n葉비i me葺u mutaliyava윜aik kaiy贍avillai. ir�mali�ka cuv�miyaip p튽 kummi, ka黜i mutaliya me葺ukka�aiyum kaiy贍avillai. putiya karuttukka�aiyum pa�aiya p�vakaiyil퉧� amaittirukki잀r." pirak쨅i p�rvam�kap putiyatum, potu makka� c�rntatum惜a poru�aiyum, va�ivattaiyum, ta춁kkutt惜� amaittuk ko椿ata��l퉧� ta�춙�arv비um, ta�춁mpikkaiyu�a춙m p�rati pi� varum�웫 p葉a mu�intatu: "kaviyaracar tami� n葉�i� killaiye�춙m vacaiye���� ka�inta ta췃� cuvaiputitu poru�putitu va�amputitu co웤utitu c틊imikka navakavitai enn贍um a�iy�ta mak�kavitai." ilakkiya varal�윜a�ippa�aiyi� p�rkkum po�utu i�aikk�lak kavitai marap惜atu 19�m n�윜性�i� perumpulavaru� oruvar惜a mak� vittuv惜 tiricipuram m勝葉cicuntaram pi應aiyavarka�u�a� mu�iva�aiki웏tu e춁l�m. talapur性am, pi應ait tami� m�lai, ant�ti p벼웏 marapu va�ivanta pirapanta�ka�ai n�윜ukka�akk�kap p葉iya mak�vittuv惜 n�윜ukku n�웫v�tam pa�amaiva�i ni췃avar�var. avarukkup pi� ta춊ppa葺a cilar pirapanta�ka�aip p葉iyu應a춁re춊춙m mak� vittuv惜aip p튽 paruvak�la m퉗a�ka�aipp튽ac ceyyu�ka�aip po�iyum caktiyill�tavar. mak�vittuv惜 v퉗am�kapp葉ap pi웏r ceyyu�ka�ai e�utuvar. pa�aiya v�ymo�i yilakkiyatti� micca coccam ammu웏i e췃u ko應al�m. 涉kilamum tami�um ka윜up putuppu춙valka� iya윜iya y�varum t�m� e�utupavarka�. cevippula춊liruntu ka�pula춙kku ematu k�latti� kavitai i�am peyarntiruppatai a웙v튾. ata� to�akkattai ma�벼ma鰍ya �ciriyar mutaliy틆i� k性al�m. �yi춙m y�ppu, mo�i na�ai �kiya춁va윜ai a�avu k튽�kak ko椿�l pa�amaiy� talait�kki ni웛ak k性al�m. pi.�r�. k�웫vatup튽a v뱝�um�yi� "pa�amaikkum putumaikkum p�lam�ka"k ko應al�m. 惜�l p�ratiyu�a�퉧� putumaiyu�arvu (Modern Consciousness) ematu kavitaiyi� pirav퉏ikki췃atu. 湜attuk kavi쨅r murukaiya� p葉uvatup튽a, p�rati, "kalai meruke춑a titu ve춁kk葉�ik karuttulaki� niluvaiyai m퉘um mikuvikka vant惜 nilaittuvi葺惜" cuntarampi應ai p벼읃ru�a� oppun튻kik ka웛ump틊ut惜 p�ratiyi� ta춊ttuvamum k�la u�arvum te�iv�ki췃a춁. atu ma葺umalla; p�ratiyi� kavitaic ci웏ppi� a�ippa�aika�um pula��ki췃a춁. 11. p�ratiyum m묶葉�uk kavi쨅rum v饍aiya�i v饍aiye춁 varum tami�p pulavar tirukk嚴�attil� t惜umoruva춅춁 urimai p�r葉�ikko椿a p�ratiy�r i�a�k�, kampa�, va應uva�, auvai, t�yum惜avar, ir�mali�ka cuv�mika�, 饍v�rka�, n�ya춎�r mutaliya pa�an tami�k kavi쨅rka�ai ma葺uma췃ip pa椿aiya v퉡a mu춊varaiyum, k贍it�ca� p벼웏 va�amo�ik k�viya kartt�kka�aiyum, irav�ntaran�t t�k�r p벼웏 camak�la intiyak kavi쨅raiyum �rvatt비u cuvaittavar. ti웏m惜a pulamaikku eppo�utum talaiva�akkam ceytavar p�ratiy�r. ta춁kku muntiya kavic celvattaiyell�m ta춁t�kki atil� ta�춁iyu�kalantu, ve應atti� 'perukkaipp튽' kavipperukkup p�ycciya p�rati, 'pi웏n葉�u nalla웙쨅r c�ttira�ka�ai' avai ti웏m惜a pulamaiyu�aiya춁 ve춊l ta춁t�kkat tava웙yatillai. ta춁tu k�lattu i�ai쨅r 涉kilak kalviye췃a peyaril p뱉ik kalviy� pe웫ki췃a춁r e췃u u應am erintu p葉iya kavi쨅� 涉kilak kavi쨅rai �rvattu�a� pa�itt惜. cuyacaritai e췃a p葉alil� akk�la 涉kilak kalviyi� vi�aiv�ka, "celavu tantaik k틆�yiram ce췃atu t�te춁kkup pall�yira� c퉟nta춁 nalam� re葺u�aiyu� ka椿il묶itai n�웤at�yiram k틐ili� colluv묶" e췃u �v퉏attu�a� p葉i��r. e춊춙m pa應ikk嚴a�ka�il� a췃u k性appa葺a p葉at ti葺atti춁ik ku웏ik�웙��r퉧a췃i 涉kilak kalviyaiya췃u. "ce췃i�uv�r e葺uttikkum - kalaic celva�ka� y�vum ko�arnti�ku c퉟pp�r" e췃u p葉iyu應a pulava� etta춁iy� mo�ika�iliruntu ta춁kku �kkamum �kkamum t뱉ikko椿惜. pi웏n葉�uk kavi쨅raip p葉apputtakam�kap pa�ippataivi�a, avar tam k�viya�ka�il '饍ntirukkum kaviyu應am' k性av뱝�um e춑atu p�ratiyi� karuttu. ut�ra�am�ka japp惜iyak kavitai e췃a talaippil e�utiya ka葺uraiyo췃il pi웏mo�ik kavitaika�ait t�m a�ukiya vitattait te�iv�kkiyu應�r. uy�n� n튻ucci e췃a japp惜iyak kavi쨅ri� karuttukka�aiyum, amerikkap pe�p�웤ulavar mis r�s e춑�ratu, 'kavi muttukka�aiyum' ma춁m�rap p틹웫ki잀r p�rati. japp惜iya mo�iyil pati�및acai ko椿a hokku e�춙m p�vakaiyi� k性appa�um co웒e葺ai u�a�ku�irntu p�r葉�ivi葺u, "m튋pa�i hokkupp葉�aip pa�ittuvi葺ut tirumpat tirumpa ma춁춁m ceyya v뱝�um. pa�ippava춙�aiya a춙pavatti웛ut takkapa�i atiliruntu n�웫 vakaiy惜a ma웏iporu� t벼웫m. k뱉pava춙應attil� kavitaiyu�arvai e�uppi vi�uvatu ci웏nta kavitai e춌i잀r. "namakku應� tirukku웏� irukki웏tu. 'ka�ukait tu�aitt및 ka�alaip puka葺ik ku웫kat ta웙tta ku웏�' tami� n葉�il� mu웛�lattil� itu mikavum matippeyti ni췃atu. 惜�lum or� ya�iy�yk kavitai curu�kiy� p틐vi葺�l nallata췃u...'epporu� y�ry�r v�yk k뱉pi춙m apporu� meypporu� k性pata웙vu." ivv�웫 evva�avut惜 uyarnta karutt�yi춙m ata춁it ta춁tu a�avuk튽ko椿u matippi葺� 튋잀r p�ratiy�r. inta a�ippa�aiyu�maiyai ma춁ttiruttip p�ratiyaik kavarnta cilam묶葉�uk kavi쨅raip pa윜ic ci웙tu k�웏l�m. p�ratiy�r v饍nta k�lat tami�akattaip pa윜i potuv�ka y�varuma웙var. t饍vu윜u, va웫mai mi쨇i, vi�utalai tava웙k ke葺up p饍pa葺u ni췃a p�rata n葉�il ni췃u ata춁i v饍vikka v뱝�ume췃u tu�ittavar kavi쨅r. anta ma�� nilaiyil t퉏appa윜u, vi�utalai v뱉kai, putumai m튻am �kiya춁 p�ratiy�rai i웫kap pa윜ikko椿irunta춁. avai e�kirunt�lum t뱉ik ka椿u p틹웙��r kavi쨅r. avvu�arc cika�ukkuk kuralko�utta 涉kila- amerikkap pulavarka� p�ratiyaik kavarntatil viyappetuvumillaiyallav�? p�ratiyaik kavarnta m묶葉�up pulavarka�ait tokuttup p�rkkump틊u 튋att饍a 및u pulavarka� nammu� t벼웫ki췃a춁r. amerikka kavi쨅r v�l� vi�ma�, pe�p�� pulavar mis r�s, 涉kilak kavi쨅rka乙춁 �elli, paira�, k蜃s, v뱉s varttu, peljiyak kavi쨅r惜a emil verhar묶, �kiy틆 pala va�ika�il p�ratiyi� kavit� ve웙kkut t�pami葺u應a춁r. t퉏appa윜u, vi�utalai v뱉kai, putamai m튻am �kiyava윜ai m튋k�웙ya pulavarka�i�attup p�rati ka椿u p틹웙��re춑atai va웤u웫ttav뱝�iya avaciyamillai. v�l� vi�ma� (1819-92) amerikk�vi� talaiy�ya ca춁n�yakak kaviy�v�r. irupat�m n�윜性�il� v�l� vi�ma춁ip p�r葉焌ta ilakkiya kartt�kka� ilare췃� k�웙vi�al�m. nakaram e췃a ka葺uraiyil� vi�ma� pa윜ip p�ratiy�r pala v�잀ka e�utiyu應�r. ori�attil�, "ku�iy葉ci, ja��tik�ram e췃a ko�kaikku mantiri ri�ika�il oruvar�ka inta v�l� vi�ma춁i air틄piya j�tiy�r ni춁ikki잀rka�. ell� ma춊tarum, 性um pe黜um, ku�antaika�um ell�rum cam惜am e췃a catyattai pa웏iya�itta mah惜ka�il ivar talaimaiy惜avar... inta mah惜 oru nakaram ka웤a춁i pa黜uki잀r. anta nakarattil 性um pe黜um capatattil tu쨇�r. a�k� a�imaiyillai. 性�aiyumillai... a�k� pe�ka� v�tika�il 性ka�aipp튽av� k嚴�a�k嚴i �rvalam varuki잀rka�. a�k� potuk k嚴�a�ka�il pe�ka�um, 性ka�ukku nikar惜a i�am pe웫ki잀rka�.... ell�rukkum vi�utalaiyum, camattuvamum u應at�kiya nakaram ka�mu��� t벼웫vatai virump�ta ma춊ta춙m u椿�?" e췃u e�utic celki잀r p�ratiy�r. ka�iy葉ci, 性pe� camattuvam, vi�utalai �kiya pa�puka�ai vi�ma춊�am ka椿u p틹웙yu應�r p�ratiy�r. "ku�imakka� co�춁pa�i ku�iv饍vu m묶maiyu웏k ku�imai n�ti" e췃um "a�imaikkut ta�aiyillai y�rumipp틊u a�imaiyillai a웙ka e췃�r" e췃um p�ratiy�r p葉ump틊u vi�ma춙�aiya kuralaik k뱉patu p벼웏 piramai 튋pa�uki웏tu. "e葺uma웙vi춊l 性ukki�k� pe� i�aippillai k性e췃u kummiya�i" e췃u p�ratiy�r p葉umpo�utum at� kuralaik k뱉ki췃튾. vi�ma춙kkum, p�ratikkum, "u應akkalappu" e웤a�uvata웛uk k�ra�a�ka� pala. iruvari� v饍kaiyilum pala o윜umaika� k性appa�uki췃a춁. i�amaiyil퉧� kavitt�kam,o�u�ka윜a kalvi, nilaiya윜a c�viyam, �ciriyat to�il (pattirikait to�il), cam�ka araciyal v퉗am, pirac�ra muya웒i ivai iruvarukkum potuv惜a v饍kkai mu웏iy�kak k性appa�uki췃a춁. vi�ma춙kku v퉡�ntap pa윜u iruntatu. p�ratiy� v퉡�ntak ka춊. innilaiyil p�ratiy�r vi�ma춁i 'mak惜' e췃u e�utiyatil �ccariyappa�uvata웛o췃umillai. vi�ma� amerikk�vi� t퉏iyap perumpulava� e춑ar. o윜umaippa葺a amerikk�vaik ka웤a춁iyil ka椿uka�itta vi�ma�, "p�rata n葉u", "p�rata t퉏am" mutaliya p葉alka�aip p葉iya p�ratiyaik kavarnt�r e춑ata웛u nirampiya �t�ra�ka� u�a. (Starting from Paumanak) p튾an튻kiliruntu tuva�ki (ipp틊u l븝jala�� e춁ppa�um i�atti웛u amerikka intiyari葺a peyar p튾an튻 e춑atu. a�kut惜 vi�ma� pi웏nt�r) e�춙m p葉alil� amerikka m�k性a�ka� ovvo췃aiyum ava윜i� ci웏ppiyalpuka類�u p葉ic celki잀r vi�ma�. p�rata t퉏am e�춙m p葉alil� namatu kavi쨅r ve應ip pa춊malai. c퉡u, va�kam, cintu nati, c퉟a na��葉u, cuntarat telu�ku, ci�ka mar葉�iyar, r�caputa춁m e췃ell�m a�ukkikko椿u p튻umpo�utu vi�ma춙�aiya celv�kkait te�iv�kak k性amu�iki웏tu. ata춁ip p튽av� t�yi� ma�ikko�i e췃a p�ratiy�r p葉al vaika웏iyil� ko�ip p葉�u (Song of the Banner at Daybreak) e췃a vi�ma� p葉alukkup peritum iyaipu�aiyat�kak k性appa�uki웏tu. ivaip튽ap pala o윜umaika�aik k性al�m. vi�ma춊� ca춁n�yakap p葉�ukka�um p�ratiyaik kavarntirukkum e춑atil aiyamillai. kavitaip poru�il ma葺uma췃i, kavit� va�ivattilum vi�ma� p�ratiyaik kavarnt�r. vaca춁 kavitaikkut tantaiy� vi�ma� t惜. amerikkap pe�p�� pulavar惜a mis r�s e춑�rum vi�ma춙m p�ratiyi� vaca춁 kavitai va�ivatti웛u va�ik葉�ika乙ka allatu t嶪�uk튽�ka irunta춁r e춁t tu�intu k�웙vi�al�m. pe�maiyai p틹웫vatilum vi�ma춙m p�ratiyum karutto윜umai u�aiyavarka�. pe�maiyaip pavittiram�kak ko椿惜 vi�ma�. "t�yi춙� ci웏ntatetuvumillai e춁k k�웫ki읂�" e춌i잀� vi�ma�. "pe윜at�y na윜ava v惜i춙m na춊 ci웏ntava�" e춑atu p�rati v�kku. p�rati pe黜aip par�caktiy�kav� ka椿ava�. ita��l vi�ma� ka椿a pe�maiyilum k嚴iya�avu camayap pa�pu t틐ntat�kap p�rati ko椿葉iya pe�mai amaintatu. 惜�l m묶葉�uk kavi쨅� oruva� pe黜ai mika uyarv�kap p퉏iyatu p�ratiyaik kavarntu u웒�kappa�uttiyatu e춑atil aiyam퉧illai. ivv�웫 collilum poru�ilum pa웤ala oppumaika� k性appa�i춙m cila mukkiya v튋up葉uka�um u應a춁. ut�ra�am�ka ca춁n�yakav�tiy�ka v饍nta vi�ma�, y�ppu pa�amaiyi� ci�춁me췃um, nilappiraputtuvatti� micca coccame췃um nampi�惜. e춁v� y�ppill�tu e�uti�惜. nav勝a ilakkiyattil uraina�aikkum ceyyu�ukku mu應a v튋up葉u irukkakk嚴�tu e춑atu ava� ko�kai. p�rati 'vaca춁 kavitai' e�utiyu應惜e춊춙m atuv� talai ci웏nta c�ta춁m e춁k karuti�惜alla�. atu ma葺uma췃u p�ratiyi� 'vaca춁 kavitai' v퉡a k�ta�ka�aiyum �윜�kak ko椿atu. a�av비u paya춑a�uttappa葺atu. vi�ma춁ipp튽a, ka�m嚴itta춁m�kavum u�arccip p�rvam�kavum y�ppai ava� uta웙tta應avillai. putiya ceyyu� vakaika�aip paya춑a�utti ve윜ika椿惜퉧a췃i y�ppai oru vila�k�kak karuti�惜 alla�. pa�aiya p� vakaika�aip p틊iya�avu kaiy性�u應惜. i�kut惜 vi�ma춙kkum p�ratikkumu應a a�ippa�ai v튋up葉u, pa�icci�uki웏tu. p퉟iyakka mo췃i� k�ra�am�kavum periya kaviy�kavum tika�nta p�rati, kavitaiyaik k�rmaimikka �yutam�kak ko椿惜. "p葉�ut ti웏tt�l� ivvaiyattaip p�litti�a v뱝�um" e춁 mu춁intu ni췃惜. anta vakaiyil camut�yattil y�ry�r p葉uki췃a춁r� avari�attiliruntell�m j�vacattup pe윜惜. va椿ikk�ra� p葉�iliruntu ku�uku�uppaik k�ra춁tu p葉�uvarai y�va윜aiyum p葉itt�rtt惜. ta춊 ma춊tarukkuk ku웙 collum ku�u ku�uppaip p葉�ait t�kki ni웫ttit ta춁tu cam�kattukku varuvaturaitt惜. vi�ma�� kavitaiyaip p퉟iyakkatti� a�kam�kak k性�tapa�iy�l, ta춁tu conta �tma ve�ipp葉�ukkuk karuviy�kav� ko椿惜. kavitai urakkap p葉uvata웛a췃i, 耶ak ka黜�� p�rttu ma춁ttukku� pa�ittuc cintippata웛u e춁 nampi�惜. viㄴ惜am, camut�yam v뱝�ume춑atu ava� karuttu. i�tu vaca춁tti� pa�iy�kum. �kav�, ira椿i웛um v튋up葉u irukkakk嚴�tu e춁 v�ti葺惜. amerikk�vaip puttam putiya t퉏am�kat ta�aiyi� amca�ka乙kak ko椿惜. p�ratiy� n�ya춎�ri� t퉣�ra�ka�iliruntu n葉비ip p葉alka� varai ka葺amaitiyu應a y�va윜aiyum ta춁t�kkip paric�la춁i ceyt惜. ituvum pi웏 k�ra�a�ka�um p�ratiyai vi�ma춊lum ci웏nta-uyarnta-kavi쨅��kki춁. namatu k�lattu yantirap pura�ciyaiyum va�arcciyaiyum varav튋웏 pulava� u웤attit to�ilaip piramat퉣a� kalaiye췃u n�makara�am ceyt惜. inta vakaiyil p�ratiyaik kavarnta pulava� emil herhar묶 (1855-1916) e�춙m peljiya n葉�uk kavi쨅r. kavitaikku uriya poru� i춊yatum, nallatum e췃a marapu�arcciyi� k�ra�am�kak k�윜aiyum, v惜aiyum, vayalaiyum, matiyaiyum, ku�attaiyum, pe黜aiyum, k�talaiyum� pulavarka� tirumpat tirumpa p葉ivanta춁r. innilaiyil퉧� m튋ku n�karikatti� vi�ai poru�ka乙춁 yantira�ka�, �laika�, kappalka� �kiyava윜aiyum a�akup poru�ka乙kak ka椿u nakara n�karikattaip p葉i��r emil. anta vakaiyil� avar mu��비it惜. "putiya kavitai pulavarka�i�am t벼웏v뱝�um. enta jill�kkupp�, entak kir�mattukkup p�, enta vitv惜 vant�lum it� katait惜. tami� n葉�u ja춁�ka�ukku irumpukk�t�ka iruppat�l tirumpat tirumpa... p葉�uka�ai varu�akka�akk�kak k뱉�uk ko椿irukki잀rka�. putiya putiya k�rtta춁�ka�ai ve�iy� ko�ara v뱝�um." e췃u k�웙kko椿u vanta p�ratikku peljiyak kavi쨅ratu poru� m�윜am pi�ittukko椿atu. pi춚arum�웫 e�utiyu應�r: emil herhar묶 e춑avaru�aiya ko�kai y�te췃�l: "valimaiy� a�aku. oru poru�i� ve�iyuruvaip p�rttu atu a�ak�? illaiy�? e췃u t�rm惜a� ceyyal�k�tu. yantira�ka�il� valimai tika�ki췃atu. �tal�l avai a�aku�aiya춁. ava윜aik kavi puka�cci ceytal takum. valimai 틆 a�aku, a�aku 틆 valimai. yantira �lai, n�r�vi va椿i, n�r�vik kappal, v惜at t퉟, periya p�ra�ki ell�m a�akut惜...." ivvu�maiyaip p�ratiy�r 틆a�avukku u�a춑葉�kak ko椿amaiy�l� t惜 a�akut teyvattai ma�kiyat틆 nilavi춊l� ka춁vil ma葺uma췃i - allik ku�attaruk� 涉k틆 mullaic ce�iyata춑�l ma葺uma췃i ma黜ulakattu 튰aika� palava윜ilum ka椿u p葉i��r. "valimai valimai e췃u p葉uv튾" e췃um, "v饍u� cu�ark kulattai n葉uv튾, kaliyaip pi�anti�ak kaiy븝ki�튾-ne쨇il kavalai yiru�a춁ittum n薪ki�튾." e췃um potuv�ka valimaiy�l kaliyaip pi�akka vi�ainta kavi쨅r ci웏pp�ka vall�yuta�ka�ai v饍tti��r. "irumpaik k�ycci urukki�uv�r� yantira�ka� vakutti�uv�r�" e췃um, "�yuta� ceyv튾 nalla k�kitam ceyv튾 �laika� vaipp튾 kalvic c�laika� vaipp튾" e췃um "na�aiyum pa웏ppumu�ar va椿ika� ceyv튾 ㅰlam na�u�kavarum kappalka� ceyv튾" e췃u valimaiyil� a�akuka椿u tami�kkavitaikk� putiya poru�ka�aip pukuttip pura�ci ceyt�r. ivv�웫 pa�amaiyaiyum putumaiyaiyum i�aittup p�rkka mu�intamaiy�l퉡惜. "etta춁i k비i i춑am vaitt�y" e췃u i웏iva춁i viyakka mu�intatu. p�ratiy�r e葺aiyapurattil irunta k�lattil퉧� �elliyai 蜃up葉�u�a� ka윜�r e춑ata웛uc c惜웫ka� u�a. "�ellit�ca�" e춑atu p�ratiyi� i�amaikk�lap pu춁i peyarka�ilo췃u. "�elli ki�ap" o췃uk嚴a na焌tti��r p�rati. irav�ntiran�t t�k�rum i�amaiyil �elli t�ca��kav� irunt�r. 涉kil퉧aratu kal�cc�rac celv�kkup paraviya pala t퉏a�ka�il �elli navayukattaik k�viya�aitta vi�ive應ik kavi쨅��ka mi�irnt惜. a�imai, mi�imai, ma�amai, va웫mai mutaliya춁 e�춁 va�ivattil e�kirunt�lum ava윜ai u�aittut takartte웙yat tu�itta ar�jakak kavi쨅� �elli; pe�ka� vi�utalaiyilum �elliyilum 蜃up葉u; enta vitam惜a ta�aika�umi췃i ma춊ta� cutta cuyampuv惜a cutantarap pi웏viy�kat tula�ka v뱝�ume춑atu �elliyi� ka춁vu. mu�iyaracai nir�karitta ku�iyaracuk kavi쨅� ava�. ittakaiya pa�puka� vi葺u vi�utalaiy�ki ni웛at tu�itta ematu kavi쨅춁ik kavarntatil viyappillai. e�ke�ku ma춊ta� ta�aika�ilirukki잀�� a�kell�m vi�utalaiyi� ca�kan�tam mu�a�kav뱝�ume췃u p葉iyava� �elli. �elliyi� t�raka mantiram atuv�kav� iruntatu. p�rati pala i�a�ka�il �elliyi� v�kkiya�ka�ai u�v涉kit ta춁t�kkip p葉iyu應�r e췃u k�웏t t벼웫ki웏tu. �elli ta춁tu Skylark e�춁m p葉alil kavit� ve웙yai Harmonious Madness e춌i잀�. p�ratiy�r�, 'mu�춊k kavitai ve웙 m耶朱 na춁va�iya' e춌i잀r. v惜attil ma웏intu k惜acarattaic coriki췃atu pa웏vai e춌i췃惜 �elli; v惜attu m튻i춊y贍 i�춊cait t�mp葉al icaittirukkum ne�um p葉alil� k性appa�um pakutika� pala p�ratiyai ni춁iv嚴�avalla춁. "p�ma椿alattil� a춑um po웏iyum vi�a�kuka, tu춑amum mi�imaiyum n틍um c�vum n薪kic c�rnta palluyirell�m i춑u윜u v饍ka" e췃ut惜 �elliyum tu�itt惜. kir퉗ka itik�ca�ka�ilum, paur性ikak kataika�ilum (Prometheus) pur튾attiyas e�춙m p�ttiram v�rkkappa葺u應atu. t퉣arka�i�amiruntu neruppait tiru�i m惜i�arkkuk ko�utt惜 e춑ata웛�kat t퉣arka� ava춁ik ka葺ic ci웏ippa�utti춁r e춑atu pur性akkatai, e춊춙m pi웛�lak kir퉗karka� pur튾attiyasai ma춊ta puttiyi� ci�춁m�kav� karuti vi�akkam k�웙yu應a춁r. "m惜u�a� ta�춁ik k葉�iya ta�aiyell�m cita웫ka" e췃u t퉣araiy� etirtta caktiy�kap pur튾attiyasaik ko椿a춁r. intap paur性ikak kataiyai a�itta�am�kak ko椿u �elli ta춁tu k�ppiyam惜a (Prometheus unbound) ka葺a웫tta pur튾attiyas e춑ata춁ip pa�aitt惜. atu m惜i�atti� ve윜iyaik k�웏 e�unta makatt惜a navak�viyam. ivv�읂 kaliyukam pa윜iya pa�aiya u�arvaip p�ratiy�r n�ta춁m惜a v퉡tu�a� tamatu kavitaika�i� kaiy性�u應�r. a웏m, ma웏m e췃a k비p葉�i웛u� a�a�kiyirunta akkataikku araciyal cam�ka arttattaip peyt�r avar. tamatu k�lattu a�imai, mi�imai, ma�amai, va웫mai ko�umai mutaliyava윜i� ci�춁m�kavum kaliyai amaitt�r. j�r cakkaravarttiyi� v湜cciyaippa윜ik k�웏vantavar ava춁tu a�ivaik kaliyi� a�iv�kak k性patilirunt� ettu�ai araciyal utv퉗attu�a춙m, u應u�arvu�a춙m pa�aiya karuttaik kaiy贍uki잀r e춑atu pula��kum, "i�ipa葺a cuvar p튽a kalivi�unt惜 kirutayukam e�uka m�t�!" ittakaiya oppumaika� pala u�a. ka윜�raik ka윜�r k�mu웫vatu p튽a kaviyu應am ta춁tu i춁ttait t뱉ik ka椿u ko�ki웏tu. itu iya웛ai t惜�. paira� (1788-1824) �elliyi� na�pa�; �elliyaivi�ak k嚴iya camut�ya u�arvu v�ykkap pe윜irunt惜. ta춁tu k�lattuc camut�yattil� k性appa葺a mura�p葉uka�aiyum, ko�umaika�aiyum, m惜u�a춁ik ka葺iyu應a ta�aika�aiyell�m ka椿u kotitte�unta t퉏iyak kavi. kir퉗ka n葉�i� vi�utalaip p틆il pa�ku pa윜i ann葉�il퉧� puka�u�ampeytiya paira�, piraputtuvak ku�umpatti� pi웏ntu ca춁n�yakav�tiy�ka m�웙yava�. p�rppa춁k ku�umpattil� pi웏ntu pa웏iyarukkum, pulaiyarukkum pa應up p葉iya p�ratip튽a m튋kattiya n�karikatti� karuv�lam�kiya kir퉗ka t퉏am anniyar vacappa葺u ata� pur�ta춁p perumaiyi�antu nalintirunta nilaika椿u 뱄ki�惜 paira�. (Don Jaun) e�춙m k�viyattil varum isles of Greece e�춙m ceyyu�ka� pa椿ai nika�ccika�ai ma춁ttiraiyi� k性um p葉alka�. p�ratiy�r p葉iya "entaiyum t�yum" e췃u to�a�kum p葉al ipp葉alka�i� c�yalaip peruma�avu pe윜irukki췃atu. "e�ka� t�y", "p�rata m�t�", "p�ratam�t� tiruppa應iye�ucci" mutaliya p葉alka�il mu�춁r n葉u tika�nta perumaiyaiye黜i ye黜i itayam p�rikkaiyil paira춙�aiya ni춁ivu namakku varuki웏tu. Child Harolds Pilgrimage e�춙m ne�um p葉alil� itt�li, kir�s �kiya n葉uka�aip pa윜ip paira� k�웫mi�a�ka�il acco웛a�ai n�kkivi葺u intiy� e�춙m patattai vaittup pa�itt�lum poruntum. "entaiyum t�yum" e췃u to�a�kum i춊mai kalanta p�ratiy�r p葉alil�, "ka�춊ya r�ki nilavi춊 l葉ik ka�ittatum inn葉�" e춑atu p벼웏 a�ika� Don Juan e�춙m k�viyattil varum isles of Grees "kir퉗kat t�vuka�" e�춙m p葉alil�, "kir퉗kat t�vuka鍮! ca�p� k�talittup p葉i, maki�ntatu umm�t�. p틆i� kalaika�um amaitiyun tava�ntatu umm�t�. a�iy�ta vacantam tava�um t�vuka鍮! �el튰um p�pacum utittatum ummi�att�" e췃u paira� a�ika�i� n퉟 etiroliy�kak k性appa�uki췃a춁. j벼 k蜃s (1795-1821) 涉kila 'rom性�ik' kavi쨅ru� ta춊tta춎ai v�ytava�. i�avayati� c튻a mara�ama�ainta k蜃s ku웫kiya k�lattukku� a춙pavitta ko�untuyar k�ra�am�ka nittiyattait t뱉ikko椿ava� e춁l�m. anta vakaiyi� paira� �elli mutaliy틆i춙m �tm惜upavamum paripakkuvamum atikam�kap pe윜ava� e춑ar. 'pirivuttuyari� pi웏vik kavi쨅�' e춁p p�r葉�appe웫m ki�s, i�a�kavi쨅rukku e췃um� ila�ciya puru�a��ka iruntu vantu應惜. kavik ka춁vuka� m�t�rap pe윜a p�ratiy�r virumpik ka윜avaril k蜃s oruva�. ita웛u akacc惜웫ka�um pu웏cc惜웫ka�um u應a춁. p�ratiyai u應um pu웏mum a웙ntavar惜a ma椿ayam �r�niv�cc�riy�r k�웏ki잀r: avarukku i�kil實 p晟ai teriy�te췃um atilu應a p퉟e黜a�ka�ai avar ika�nt�re췃um e黜al�k�tu. atu r晟�ira p晟ai e췃u nam t�y mo�ika�ukkum mu� ataic ci웫varka�ukku valuvil puka葺uvatu tava웫 e춑at� avar karuttu. avarukkut takka vayatu vantu k�ciyil vacittap틊u co웤a k�lattil �elli, k蜃s, v퉟�s vort e�춙m periya periya 涉kil퉧a iya웛aik kavitaika�aic cuvaiy비u pa�ikkal惜�r." (cittirap�rati mukavurai) ku웫kiya v饍n贍il 饍am惜a v饍kkait tattuvam o췃ai vakuttukko椿ava� k蜃s. �yi춙m potuv�kak k蜃s e췃avu�a� ni춁ivukku varuvatu "Beauty is truth, truth beauty" e�춙m p葉ala�iy�kum. Ode on a Grecian urn- kir퉗kat t饍i o췃a춎�tu p葉al- m튋k�웙ya a�iyai mutt�ypp�yk ko椿atu. p�rkka e�imaiy惜a k�윜e춊춙m, kavi쨅춐ruva춁tu tattuvattaiy� tira葺ittarum v�kkiyam�kaiy�l atu poru乙�am mikkatu. 涉kilat ti웏��yv贍ari�aiy� itupa윜it t벼웙ya v�tap pirativ�ta�ka� pala. avaiyevv�잀yi춙m p�rati, pirapalyam惜a ivva�iyaic cuvaittirukki잀�. pala va�ika�il ava춙kku ikk비p葉u u�a춑葉�. ㅰ춁ratam e췃a vaca춁 k�viyattil ikk비p葉�ai e�uttukk�웙 vi�akkuki잀� kavi쨅�; p�rati kaiyil atu p�rat�yatti� a�kam�kivi�uki웏tu. "sauntariyattait t�kattu�a� t뱉uv틆ka�ukku sattiyamum akappa葺uvi�um. 'u�maiy� va춁ppu, va춁pp� u�mai' e췃u 틆 ㅰ춊 colliyirukki잀r... teyvame춑atu y�tu? teyvame춑atu �tarcam; teyvame춑atu citta la�ciyam. teyvame춑atu u�mai. teyvame춑atu va춁ppu. m튋k�윜il� '틆 ㅰ춊' e췃u p�ratiy�r ku웙ppi�uvatu k蜃saitt惜. lu�vik vi�ke춖 �ai� e�춙m a웙쨅r "o�ukkaviyalum a�akiyalum o췃�" e춁k k�웙yu應�r. itupa윜iyum tattuvav�tika�i�aiy� apippir�ya p퉡amu椿u. "a�aku�aip poru� nittiya 惜antam taruvatu" e췃um k�웙�惜 k蜃s. a�akai racippata웛up p�ratiy�r y�ri�amum p葉a�k뱉ka v뱝�iya nilaiyil irukka villai. cattiyam, cuntaram, civam e췃a k비p葉�ai u�arccip p�rvam�kat terintirunt�r. 惜�l i�aikk�lattil at�ta va웫mai k�ra�am�kavum, ma�amai k�ra�am�kavum intiya e�utt贍arum kavi쨅rum a�akut tattuvattai a�iy비u ma웏ntiruntataik ka椿惜 p�rati. annilaiyil퉧�, a�akut tattuvattai 性ittaram�kak k�웙ya m퉘ai n葉�u iya웛aik kavi쨅r-ku웙pp�kak k蜃s p벼웏varka�- p�ratikku �kkam a�ipp�r�yi춁r. a�akut tattuvattai m辰�um m辰�um kavitaiyi� p葉uvata웛u m묶葉�uk kavi쨅r �tarcam�ka irunta춁r e춁l�m. "karmay튻i" pattirikaiyil� pi춚arum�웫 u�arcci tatumpa e�uti��r p�rati: "ulakattil e�ku p�rtt�lum ni웏intu ki�akkum l�va�ya�ka�ait tami�arka� kava춊ppatu ki�aiy�tu. ca춊kki�amai c�ya�k�lant틹um ku�akkaraika�i� p틐kkaru�a� p�rppata웛e췃�l nammavarka� k嚴�a�k嚴�am�ka 비uki잀rka�. c�riy�stama춁 k�lattil v惜attil� t벼웫m aticaya�ka�aip p�rkka oruva춌嚴ap p튻i웏tillai. namatu n葉�il v퉡ak�lattu ri�ika� pirakirutiyi� cauntarya�ka�aik ka椿u m튻ittup param惜anta meytiyavarka乙yp pala aticayam惜a p葉alka� p葉iyirukki잀rka�. pirakirutiyi� a�akaik ka椿u paravacameytik k贍it�ca� mutaliya peru�kavika� a웤utak kavitaika� ceytirukki췃a춁r. ikk�lattil퉡惜 inta turatiru亢a nilai ko椿a n葉�il v惜am p�rtta웙y�ta kuru�ar ka�ell�rum kavika�e췃u colli ve�ivaruki잀rka�." it� kuralil� palavi�a�ka�i� p�rati a�akaik ka椿a춙pavikkum 惜antattaippa윜i e�utiyu應惜. "a�akut teyvam" e췃a p�rati p葉alum ni춁ivu k�rattakkat�. k蜃s p葉iya "ir�kkuyil p葉�u" (Ode to Nightingale) p�ratiyi� kuyi웤葉�ukku a�iye�uttuk ko�uttirukkal�me춑atu palaratu apippir�yam. coll葉ciyilum poru�amaippilum ira椿i춙kkum cila ku웙ppi�attakka oppuvamaika� u應a춁. "antam西 c튽ai yata춊l틆 k�laiyil� p뱉aik kuyilo췃u pe�pu웏v틆 v惜ki�aiyil v�윜irunt�... i�춊cait t�mp葉al icaittirukkam vintaika�ai" e�춙ma�ika� k蜃s e�utiyava윜i� n퉟a�i mo�i peyarpp� e췃u katuruma�avi웛u o윜umaiyu�aiyavaiy�yk k性appa�uki췃a춁. k蜃s e�utiya kuyi웤葉�ai ma葺umi췃i ava춁tu uyir틍iyam惜a (Endymion) e椿imiy벼aiyum p�rati ilayittup pa�ittirukka v뱝�um. m�윜amum, tu춑amum, nilaiy�maiyum niyatiy�yu應a ivvulakil, nirantaram惜a-nittiya i춑attait t뱉uvat� e椿imiy벼 u�arttum tattuvam. k�tal u�arvu attakaiya oru "p퉟i춑a" nilaiyaiyu�arttuki웏tu. "k�talittuk k嚴ik ka�iyu�a�� v饍튾�? n�tak ka춁vil nammuyiraip p튻k튾�?" e췃u pala e黜um kavi쨅� kuyilp葉�il nittiyattait t뱉uki잀� e춁k ko應al�m. kuyil k�웫vatu p튽a k�tali� uyar tattuvam. k�tal� a�aku; a�ak� k�tal. k蜃s p葉iya k�viyattil e椿imiy벼 ta춁tu cak틊ari pi類��vi�am t惜 ka椿a a웤utak ka춁vaik k�웫ki잀�. p�ra�a i춊maiyaik ka椿at�kak k�웫ki잀�. ka춁vi� ka椿a a�akuk k�tal teyvattait t뱉uki잀�. p�ratiyum kuyi� p葉�il� ka춁vil� ka椿a kuyi웤e黜ait t뱉i ni웛i잀�. "vintaic ci웫kuyilaik k性an惜 v뱝�ik karaika�anta v뱉kaiyu�a� k빎amel西 cu윜imarak kompaiyel�m n튻aki vant묶" e췃u u춎atta��yp p葉um po�utu mu웛�웙ya t뱉utal teriki웏tu. p�ratiyi� navak�viyatti� i웫tip pakuti ikka黜비�atti� p�rkkum po�utu poruttam ni웏intu t벼웫ki웏tu. "a춑u�a�� y惜um aru�kuyilaik kaikko椿u mu춑uvaittu n튻kiyapi� m嶪�uvarum i춑ave웙 ko椿ata춁i muttami葺묶. k튻ilattaik k性avillai vi椿uraikka m葉焌ta vintaiya焌! vintaiya焌! �caikka�ali� amuta焌! a웤utatti� t퉏ama焌! pe�mait惜 teyvikam�m k葉ciya焌! pe黜orutti a�ku ni췃贍; p퉟uvakai ko椿ut惜 ka黜e�ukk� te�춁ik ka�appo�utu n튻ki�贍 ca윜� talaiku춊nt贍. c�m� iva�a�akai e윜� tami�il icaitti�uv묶..." vi椿uraikka m葉焌ta "a웤utak k葉ciy�" kavi쨅� n葉it t뱉iya p퉟i춑am�kum. 惜�l atuvum ka�appo�utukkuriyatut惜. ir�kkuyil p葉iya i춑attil ta�춁i ma웏ntu "ka�aippu. k�yccal, ericcal �kiyava윜비u ma춊tarka� v湜ntu ki�antu oruvari� mu춁kalai ma윜oruvar k뱉kum c養alaiyum, na�ukka v�tattil na�u�kum naraimayiraiyum, mutumaiyaiyum u應avarka� tuyart틐nta vi�ika�i��l a�akaik ka黜e�uttum p�rkkam葉焌ta c養alaiyum" ta웛�likam�ka vi葺o�ittup p葉�il ilayittu irukkaiyil yat�rtta ulakam ku웫kki�uki웏tu; k蜃s mu�ikki잀�: "m惜atak k葉ciy�, paka웛a춁v�? k惜am mu�intatu: n惜 vi�ipp�, u웏kkam�!" p�ratiy�rukkum mu�ivil pu웏 ulakatti� u�arvu 튋pa�uki웏tu: "c養ntirukkum pa椿aiccuva�i, e�utuk튽, pattirikaik k嚴�am, pa�amp�y-varicaiyell�m" nijaulaki� tu춑attai u�arttuki췃a춁. ivai y�va윜aiyum p�rkkump틊u k蜃si� p葉alka� p�ratiyi� kuyil p葉�il pirikka iyal�tapa�i ira椿a웏k kalantu應a춁 e췃u k�웏t t벼웫ki웏tu. p�ratiy�ri� kuyil p葉�il� amarattuvam pe윜uvi葺a m西c튽ai ve웫m ka웤a춁iyalla e춑atu palarukkut terinta ceytiy�. putucc퉟iyil muttiy�lup p뱉�aikkaruk� kiru巷ac�mi ce葺iy�r e춑avarukkuc contam惜a ni�al ni웏inta oru m�nt틄p� kuyi웤葉�il varuvatu. p�ratiy�r att틄pil ma�ikka�akk�yc ca쨇aripp�r�m. u�maiyulakilu應a att틄pai a�ippa�aiy�kak ko椿u ka웤a춁ik k�viyam o췃ai �kki��r p�ratiy�r. mu�umaiy惜a apperum p葉alaip pirittup piyttup p�rppatil arttamillai. 惜�l kuyil p葉�i� ci웒ila pakutika� p�ratiy�r ne쨇i� palak�lam �웙yiruntirukki췃a춁. ut�ra�am�ka v퉝pamaram e췃a kataiyil, oru ka춁vu k性ki잀r; v퉝pamaram ka춁vil� katai colluki웏tu. katai pi춚arum�웫 mu�iva�aiki웏tu. "ka黜ukkup pulappa焌ta ma웏iviliruntu 틆性 kuyilum oru pe� kuyilum o췃ukko췃u k�ta� p葉�ukka� p葉ikko椿irunta춁. 性kuyil p葉uki웏tu- tuh�,tuh�,tuh� tuh�,tuh�,tuh�, ita� poru� :- n�, n�, n� n�, n�, n� r�taiya�i! pe� kuyil p葉uki웏tu:- tuh�,tuh�,tuh�, r�t�kru巷a, kru巷a, kru巷a! v퉝pamaram ta춁tu paciya ilaika�ai veyilil mella mella acaintukko椿iruntatu. 'e�춁 �ccaryam惜a ka춁vu ka椿튾 'e췃e黜iye黜i viyappu윜묶. mupperum p葉alka�il o췃惜a kuyil p葉�i� cita웏lka鍮 ivai p벼웏 pakutika�. itil vai巷ava tattuvam irukki웏tu. kuyil p葉�i� 'cut퉏iya'p pa�pai ippakuti k葉�uki웏tu. �yi춙m mottam�kap p�rkkump틊u kuyil p葉�i� uruv�kkattil k蜃s e�utiya e椿imiy벼, ir�k kuyilp葉�u mutaliya춁vum pi웏p葉alka�um pa�ku ko椿u應a춁 e춑atai ma웫kka mu�iy�tu. pi웏 kavi쨅raip p튽av� k蜃saiyum p�rati ta춁t�kkit tami� mayappa�utti urum�윜a� ceytu vi�uki잀�. 惜�lum oppu n튻kumpo�utu m�latti� a�uttam惜a c�yal tulakkam�kat teriki웏tu. �e춊ca� (1809-1892) ce췃a n�윜性�i� puka�mikka 涉kilak kavi쨅r; 涉kila aracavaip pulavar�kavum iruntavar. tamatu na�pa� �rtar h�lam i웏ntap틊u avar piriv�윜�tu p葉iya 'i춎em틆iyam' e췃a ira�ka� p�kk틍aiyaip p�ratiy�r 蜃up葉�u�a� pa�ittirukki잀r. kaviyu應attil� ni춁ivalaika� tirai e웙yum po�utu u�arvuka� o췃aiyo췃u pi�춊p pi�aiva춁. pirivuttuyar �e춊ca춙kku tuyarmikunta v튋upala u�arvuka�ai e�uppiyatu. m�rka�im�tak ka�aici iravil putuvaru�ap pi웏ppi춁ik ku웙kkum ma�iy튰ai olittukko椿irukkump틊u, k�lattaiy� kavipporu乙kak ko椿�r �e춊ca�. tu춑amum a웙y�maiyum nirampiya pa�aiya 性�aip 'p� p�' e췃um, 惜antamum a웙vo�iyum nirampiya putt性�ai "v� v�" e췃um p葉i��r. �e춊ca춙�aiya p葉al p�rati ne쨇il to�arpu�aiya pala cinta춁ika�aiyum u�arvuka@ai$yum pi웏ppittu應atu. p�rati p葉iya "valimaiya윜a t븍i��y p� p�" e췃u to�a�kum p葉ali� m�lam ituv�. �e춊ca춁ip pa�itta p�rati ta춁tu k�lattaiyum n葉�aiyu� cintikki잀�. ka웤a춁ik ka黜�l p튻i췃a p�ratattaiyum varuki췃a p�rattaiyum n튻kuki췃惜. kampa� ka椿a ka웤a춁iyulakam�m ay틊ti p튽a ell�m ni웏inta oru n葉�ai n�v�rak k�viya�aikki췃惜. itu pa윜i �i.k�.ci. k�웙yu應atu poruttam�kak k性appa�uki웏tu. "m�lattukkum p�ratiy�r p葉alukkum campantam� illai e췃u collumpa�i avva�avu v튋upa葺atu. 퉡� �e춊ca� e�utiya 涉kilak kavi p�ratiy�rai anta vi�aya�ka� campantam�kac cintikkac ceytatu; avva�avut惜. u�arcci e�untatum ata웛ut takkapa�i tami�c ceyyu� vantu utaviyatum p�va�ka�i� putumaiyum v퉗amum ell�m ta춊... m�lattil u應a c튻am eppa�iy� p�ratiy�rukku 涉k�rattai u椿u pa黜ivi葺atu. 涉k�ra p�vam tami�c ceyyu乙ka uruvam e�uttatu" ta춁tu mo�ip pa윜um n葉�up pa윜um nirampap pe윜irunta p�rati m묶葉�up pulavari� �tma v뱉kaika�aiyum na춌a웙ntu peljiyam, ra�y�, kir퉗kam, itt�li mutaliya n葉uka�i� va�arcci t퉧vuka�aiyum u�arntapa�iyi��윜惜 ulakak ka黜비�attu�a� ma춊ta춁ip p葉i�惜. "namatu p葉�u mi�춁lu�aitt�kuka, namatu v�kku mi춑튽i�itti�uka" e췃u vi�ainta p�ratiyai, irupat�m n�윜性�u ulakak kavi쨅ru� oruva��kka ava� ka윜uc cuvaittut ta춁t�kkiya pi웏mo�ik k�viya�ka�um utavi춁 e춑atu u�mai. mu��튋ic cellum entac caktiyum ulaka乙viyat�yiruttal avaciyam. mu�iv�kac cilav�rttaika� k�웏l�m. p�ratiyaikkavarnta 涉kilap pulavaril �elliyum paira춙m 'rom性�ik e춁ppa�um ta�춙�arccik kavit� ne웙yi� talaimakka乙var. "ivv�웫t惜 kavipporu�um amaintiruttal v뱝�um" e췃a Neoclassical 튋p葉�aiyetirttu, tamatu cuya u�arvai uraikall�kak ko椿u mu춁ipp�kak kavitai p葉iyavarka� ivarka�. p�ratiyum "poru� putitu, cuvai putitu" e췃u ta� mu춁ippu�a� p葉iyava��. anta vakaiyil� ma춁pp튻kil p�ratikkum p�ratikkum avarka�ukkum neru�kiya oppumaiyu椿u. 'mu�춊k kavitai ve웙m嶪�u na춁va�iya'p p葉iyava춁llav� p�rati? ulaka ilakkiya a�avuk튽ka�aik ko椿u p�rkkumpo�utu p�ratiyai ta�춙�arccik kavi e췃� k�웏v뱝�um. 惜�l ivvoppumaikku� ci웒ila v튋웏maika�um u�a. ut�ra�am�ka, �elli uram pe윜a nir�ccurav�ti: ettakaiya ka葺upp葉�aiyum virump�ta ar�jaka� ava�. m惜u�a춁ik ka葺iya ta�aika� y�vum n薪ka v뱝�um e췃u p�ratiyum tu�itu�itt惜�yi춙m, camayattu웏iyil ava� 'ka葺a웫ttava�' alla�. camayatta�attil c�kta춁k�vum, tattuv�rtta ma葺attil atvaitiy�kavum irunt惜. "atvaita nilai ka椿�l mara�amu椿�?" e췃u k뱉ki잀� ta춁tu cuyacaritaiyil. �elliyi�attu �kka n튻kilum a�ivu n튻k� atikam e춁l�m. p�ratiyi�attu �kka n튻k� talait�kki ni췃atu. p�ratiyi� camaya nampikkaiy� ita웛u a�ippa�aiye춁l�m. i췃u pi��튻kip p�rkkump틊u p�rati i�춙� ci웙tu t�vira v�tiy�ka iruntirunt�l k嚴iya nala� vi�aintirukkum e춁t t벼웫ki웏tu. 惜�l at� camayattil ivv튋up葉� p�ratiyai nirantara "�ellit�ca��" vi葺u vaikk�tu navatami�k kavitaiyi� n�yaka��kkiyatu. p�ratiyaiyum m묶葉�uk kavi쨅raiyum oppu n튻kump틊u, p�ratiyi� palamum palav勝amum te�iv�ki췃a춁. uc�ttu�ai n�lka� attiy�yam : 1 atkins. J.W.H., Literary Criticism in antiquity 2 vols. London, 1952. Burrow, T., The Sanskrit language, London, 1950. Chadwick, H.M. & N.K., The Growth of Literature, Cambridge, 1932-40. Hutten, E.H. The Origins of Science, London, 1962. Huxley, a. Literature and Science, London, 1963. Khan, S.J., Science and aesthetic Judgement, London, 1953. Levy, H & Spalding, H.Literature for an age of Science, London, 1952. Richards, i.a., Principles of Literary Criticism, London, 1944. re춊 vell�k, �s�i춚�ra�, ilakkiyak ko�kai, ce�춁i, 1966. attiy�yam : 2 iyer, V.V.S. Kambaramayana-a Study, New Delhi, 1950. Kailasapathy, K., Tamil Heroic Poetry, Oxford, 1968. Subramaniam. V.i., et al, Four Papers, Madras, 1968. vaiy�purippi應ai, es., k�viya k�lam, ce�춁i, 1957. attiy�yam : 3 Bowra, C.M., Heroic Poetry, London, London, 1952. Lord, a.B., The Singer of Tales, London, 1960. attiy�yam : 4 Ferguson, J. Moral Values in the ancient World, London, 1958. Murry, G. The Rise of the Greek Epic, Oxford, 1907. Subramaniam, V.i., index to Purananuru, Trivandrum, 1962. Thomson, G. Studies in ancient Greek Society, London, 1964. tolk�ppiyar, tolk�ppiyam-poru�atik�ram. attiy�yam : 5 Briffault, R. The Mothers, London, 1927. Chadwick, H.M., The Cult of Othin, London, 1899. Davidson, R.R.E. Gods and Myths of Northern Europe, London, 1964. attiy�yam : 6 Burn, a.R. The World of Hesoid, London, 1936. Burnett, J., Early Greek Philosophy, London, 1930. Chadwick, H.M., The Heroic age, Cambridge, 1912. Sidhanta, N.K., The Heroic age of india, London, 1929. cap�pati n�valar, tir�vi�ap pirak�cikai, ce�춁i, 1927. kail�capati, ka., pa椿ait tami�ar v饍vum va�ip葉um, ce�춁i, 1966. attiy�yam : 7 Finely, M.i., The World of Odysseus, London, 1964. Laceliere, R., Love in ancient Greece, London, 1962. Licht, H. Sexual Life in ancient Greece, London, 1933. Willetts, R.F. aristocratic Society in ancien` Crete, London, 1955. tolk�ppiyar - tolk�ppiyam - poru�atik�ram. m性ikkam, cupa., tami�kk�tal, ce�춁i, 1962. attiy�yam : 8 Chattopadhyaya. D.P., Lokayata, New Delhi., 1959. Cowell, E.B., and Gough, a.E., The Serva Darsana Sangraha (tr.) London, 1914. Fung yu-Lan. The Spirit of Chinese Philosophy, London, 1947. Lau, D., (ed. and tr.) Lao-Tzu, Tao Te Ching, London, 1963. Needham, J., Science and Civilization in China, Vol.2 Cambridge, 1956. Thomson, G., The First Philosophers, London, 1961. Ray, P.C. 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Murry, J.M., Keats and Shakespeare, Oxford, 1925. mutaliy�r �i.k�.ci., itaya oli, te춌�ci, 1958. n�l�ciriyar akara varicai akattiyam 3, 96 akapp퉧ac cittar 190 a黜�malai re葺iy�r 194, 186 -7, 192-2, 194, 196 appar 131-2, 173 app�tturai k�. 203 aperkurompi 49 ara�kan�ta mutaliy�r p� 164, 199, 216-7 aris柱葺il 76, 93-4 aru�akiri 192 aru鎚calak kavir�yar 186-7 a�akiya cokkan�ta pi應ai 187 a�akiric�mi ku., 45-5, 194 �r춁l� m�ttiy� 19 �latt�r ki犁r 73, i�aikk葉�uc cittar 190 iy�ripi蠢s 70-1 ir�kava aiya�k�r 23, 42, 119 ir�cam性ikkam 173-4, 177 ir�makiru巷a� es 31, 33 ir�mac�mi aiyar, em.es., 194 ir�mali�ka cuv�mika� 158-9, 179-80, 184, 186-1, 196, 217, 219 ir�jacuntaram ci.vi. 44-5 i�a�k� 180, 219 i�amp�ra�ar 4, 62, 68, 70, 76, 119-21, 122-3, 124-5, 126 i�am peruva�uti 66 i�ava�aka��r 120 empi柱kki�is 93-4 eliya� �i.es. 133 aiyar, va.v�.cu., 23, 33, 39-40 o葺akk�ttar 282 auvaiy�r 52, 174, 219 �papi鍮ciliyar 226 �pi읂sar 44 �pi춍i, em.ai. 277 �pu�yu-l惜 151-2, 155-6 ka�avu� m�mu춊var 13-4 ka�ikai namacciv�yap pulavar 183 ka�ikai muttup pulavar 183 ka黜appa mutaliy�r 6, 89 ka�apatip pi應ai ka., 47 ka�apatip pi應ai ci 103-4 kantac�mip pi應ai n�., 164 kapilar 52 kap�r 53 kampa� 3, 27-30, 32-3, 39-40, 80, 82, 97, 98, 111, 124, 180, 182, 189-90, 193, 219, 226 kar�v�rk katappi應ai 67 kalki 37 kaliy性a cuntara��r 188 kalaiv性a� 94, 98 ka犁ttalaiy�r 141 ka춁kacapaip pi應ai, pi.99 ka춁karat춁 up�ttiy�r, 159 k�pk� 34 k�ppe췃ar 18-19 k�l�uvel 35-36 k贍it�ca� 28, 202, 219 k惜� 28 kiru巷ac�mi aiya�k�r 23, 48 ki읂mar es.e�. 20 k蜃s 33, 192, 221, 229-235 kuppuc�mi mutaliy�r 289-290 kumarakuruparar 266 kum�rac�mi 47 k퉟, �api�y� 49 k퉟k, ji.es., 32-33 ko춑�ciyas, 13, 251 k틄�lakiru巷a p�ratiy�r 179-180, 181, 184, 186-187, 194 k틍intapakava� 144 kau�ilyar 4, 13-14 cakal�kama pa椿itar, 6 ca�kara 28 caccit惜anta�, vi. 33 ca葺arji 82 cant惜am 97 cantirac퉗ara� 33 cap�pati n�valar 99 campanta mutaliy�r 203 campantar 131, 189-190 caya�ko椿�r 190 cavarir�ja pi應ai 203 c葉vik, ec.em. 48, 50, 85, 85-86 c葉vik, n틆� 16, 20 c�tta��r 4 c�mi-citampara��r 140, 148 c�min�ta aiyar, u.v�, 23, 181, 184, 196, 216 ci�k�rav퉘u, es, 38, 42 citt�nt�, e�,k�, 23, 24, 36, 48, 83 citamparan�ta mutaliy�r 31, 236 civaㅰ춁m, ma.po. 186-187 civaㅰ춁 y튻ika� 4, 6 civappirak�ca cuv�mika� 204 civar�ca pi應ai, k�.e�., 23 203, 206 civav�kkiyar 142-143 c�niv�ca aiya�k�r, pi.�i. 86 c勝iv�ca r�kava�, a. 31, 33 cuntaram pi應ai 14, 23, 177, 179, 196-218 cuntarar 131, 133 cuppirama�iya pi應ai, k�., 141, 203, 207 cuprama�iya mutaliy�r, ve. 29-30, 164, 173-174, 198, 216 cuprama�iya�, ti.n�. 147 cuprama�iya�, n�., 41, 44 cuprama�iya� pi.�r. 41, 44-46, cuprama�iya� vi.ai 40, 42, 45, 46, 47 cuprama�iya� ka.n�. 31 cellapp� 31 celi�ev i.pi. 43, 51 c퉗ki犁r 129, 133 c퉡uppi應ai, r�.pi. 203 c퉟am惜 perum贍 129, 132, 133, 134 c묶�varaiyar 3,4,6 c벋aiyar, k�.ji. 23, 199 c튾acuntarap pulavar 162 c튾acuntara p�ratiy�r 162-164, 173-74, 187, 198 焌rvi� 44-45, 147 �e춊ca� 24, 235, 236 �ailar 44 tattuvar�yar 186-187 tami� n�ka��r 101 ta춊n�yakam 26, 39, 49 t�k�r 39, 43, 219, 227 t�nt� 32-33, 133 t�m틊arampi應ai 21, 22, 199, 216 t�yum惜avar 173, 219 tiy�kar�cac ce葺iy�r 162 tirik嚴ar�cappar 186-187, 191, 192 tiruttakkat퉣ar 135 tiruma�kaiy饍v�r 132 tirum�lar 276, 277 tiruva應uvar 13-14, 14, 39-40, 64, 70, 81, 94-95, 122-123, 131, 180, 219. turkkaim 44 turaic�mippi應ai 85, 203, tuvij퉚tiral�l r�yar, 197 tu�icit�s 39-40 teyi� 10-11, 20-21 t퉏ika� 31 t퉣an퉧app�v性ar 203 tomsa� ji. 32-33, 150 tolk�ppiyar 5, 58, 61, 76, 79, 116, 121, 122-123, 125, 129, 173-174, 179 nakka黜aiy�r 130 nakk�rar 52 nacci��rkki춊yar 163 namm饍v�r 109, 113 nall�ta��r 76 na���ka��r 53 n�valar �웫muka 159, 157 niv퉡it� 172 n�t�m j�., 150, 153, 155, 156, 157 nocci niyama�ki犁r 64 n튻ucci, u., 64, 220 n비o porulos 32-33 pa�kim cantirar 197 para�ar 52, 81 pari, milma� 18-19, 20, 32,33, 49, 50, 51 paritim�� kalai쨅r 167, 179, 196, 197, 198, 209, parim퉘a�akar 63, 64, 65 pav惜antam pi應ai 85-86, 87, 124, 209 pa읃 �i., 203 p�mp葉�ic cittar 142, 156, 158, 190 p�rati 3, 27, 28, 30, 33, 36, 43, 44, 61-62, 69, 104-105, 107-109, 110, 114-115, 148, 158 p�ratit�ca� 167, 193, 282 p�lakiru巷a� 28 pir惜cis-tomca� 133 pilipki j惜 45-46 pi鍮葺�, 76-123 pi.�r� 31, 186-87, 211, 217 puka瑠ntip pulavar 189-99 putumaip pitta� 34, 35, 144-115 pur� k틄piyas 85 p�tant퉣a��r 63 per�葉咸 34 periyac�mitt�ra� 210 peruntalaic c�tta��r 56 p뱝a�, j�., 92, 94 p퉟kkar, he., 44-45 p퉟�ciriyar 179 p퉟eyi� mu웫val�r 80 paira� 214, 221, 228, 229, 236 p틄, ji.y�., 23, 48, 49, 263-67, 198 paur�, ci.em. 22-23, 59, matuc�ta춁 tattar, 170, 197 mayilain�tar 94-95 ma읂, kilper� 70, 71, 72, 74 ma웏imalaiya�ika� 101, 114, 198, 203, 207, 209, 211 m涉ku�imaruta� 52 m性ikkam 2, 49, 68, 123 m性ikka n�yakkar, p�.v�., 29-30, m性ikkav�cakar 102, 132, 133-134, 173, 182-183, 204 m�tavar, 143-144 m�tavaiy�, 165, 207, 210 m�m�la��r 84 m�r, j�.�r., 26, 149 m�rks avur퉘iyas 13 m�r類, ki., 200 m惜s�p�l� 34 mil�a� 26, 27, 32-33, 107 mi�aikkanta�, 55, 200, 216 m勝葉ci cuntaram pi應ai 162, 180, 117 m勝葉ci cuntara��r 38, 39, 47 mukarji �i.pi. 182-183 muttut t性�avar 187 muttuv�rappak kavir�yar 183 murukaiya� 105-107, 174, 201, 218 meyil, piye 52 merik 216 m틆ka� el.c. 44-53 mau춊 34 yatukiri amm贍 175, rakun�ta� 31, 33, 104, 171, 188, 210, 211 rama�i 44, 45 r�jak틄�la� e�. 44-45 r�jamaiyar pi.�r. 199 r�s 220, 221, 223-24 li葺a� pirapu 212-216, l비 �.pi., 20, 32-33, 57 l틆a춖, �i.ec 34 va춑ara�ar 69 v�ra� 틇�i� 20 v惜m�kan�ta� 33 v惜m�ki 3, 27, 29-30, 32 v惜am�malai n�., 43-46 vi�ke춖�ai� 231 vi�ma� 33, 214, 221-223 vipul�nantar 47 viy�car 3, 27, 32 villiyappa pi應ai 157 v�rar�kava aiyar, k�.ci. 141, 142, 148-49 verjil 26-27 verhara� 221, 225-6 vell�k, re춊 20, 22 v뱉jeri 18-19 v뱉svort 216, 221 v퉡an�yakam pi應ai 287 vaiy�purip pi應ai 23, 24, 25, 36, 42, 49, 175-183, 189-190, 214, 215 웣pa�ca� cimit, 44, jakann�ta�.ki.v�., 199 jayasv�l, 28 jeyak�nta�, 34 h틐s j�., 34 j벼ca� �.es. 148 �r� niv�c�cc�riy�r 230 �elli 33, 110, 176, 214-221, 227-229, 236, 237 乏kspiyar 28, 173-74, 200, 202, 207 sko� v�l�ar 34, 197, 213 s蠢va� m�kkas 215 ham�t k�.pi.es. 41, 44 h�r� j�.el. 42, 43 h�ciyo� 10, 74, 75 huvai l� 186 h튾ar 10, 18, 23, 27, 28, 31-33, 48, 49, 51, 71, 74, 90-108, 223-226 mu윜um. oppiyal ilakkiyam ilakkiyamum ata� vi�ai nilam�kiya camut�yamum ulakap potuv惜a niyatika�ukku 튋pa na�appa춁v�. inn�lilu應a ka葺uraika� y�va윜ilum oppiyal n튻ku i�aiy비i yiruppataik k性al�m. 'oppiyali� tattuva�ka�' e췃a muta� ka葺urai ilakkiyatti� nilaiyaiyum oppiyal �r�ycciyi� viㄴ惜ap pa�puka�aiyum �r�yki웏tu. tami�il oppiyal �yvu na�antiruppataiyum tami�il v�rayukapp葉alka� e췃a ka葺urai k�웫m. pa�amai p틹웫m pa�pum k�tali� ka葺upp葉um kir퉗ka ilakkiyattu�a� oppu n튻kappa葺u應atu. tami�akac cittar c勝a t�v틐ika�u�a� i�aintu p�rkkappa葺u應a춁r. cintukkut tantai e췃a p�rati, cuntaram pi應aiyu�a춙m �elli, paira�, v�l� vi�ma� �kiya m퉘n葉�uk kavi쨅ru�a춙m oppu n튻ki �r�yappa葺u應惜. ittakaiya oppiyal �yvu poru� vi�akkatti웛um p퉟utavi puriyum. This page was first put up on Feb. 6, 2001